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Absolute pitch (AP), often called perfect pitch, is a rare ability of a person to identify or re-create a given musical note without the benefit of a reference tone, it is estimated that 1 in 10,000 people (0.01%) have perfect pitch. AP may be demonstrated using linguistic labeling, associating mental imagery with the note, or sensorimotor responses. For example, an AP possessor can accurately reproduce a heard tone on a musical instrument without "hunting" for the correct pitch.
Cognition refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses". It encompasses all aspects of intellectual functions and processes such as: perception, attention, thought, intelligence, the formation of knowledge, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and computation, problem solving and decision making, comprehension and production of language. Imagination is also a cognitive process, it is considered as such because it involves thinking about possibilities. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and discover new knowledge.
Deutsch's scale illusion is an auditory illusion in which two series of unconnected notes appear to combine into a single recognisable melody, when played simultaneously into the left and right ears of a listener.
An earworm, sometimes referred to as a brainworm, sticky music, stuck song syndrome, or, most commonly after earworms, Involuntary Musical Imagery (INMI), is a catchy and/or memorable piece of music or saying that continuously occupies a person's mind even after it is no longer being played or spoken about. Involuntary musical imagery as a label is not solely restricted to earworms; musical hallucinations also fall into this category, although they are not the same thing. Earworms are considered to be a common type of involuntary cognition. Some of the phrases often used to describe earworms include "musical imagery repetition" and "involuntary musical imagery".
Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives. This general knowledge is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture. We can learn about new concepts by applying our knowledge learned from things in the past.
In music cognition and musical analysis, the study of melodic expectation considers the engagement of the brain's predictive mechanisms in response to music. For example, if the ascending musical partial octave "do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-..." is heard, listeners familiar with Western music will have a strong expectation to hear or provide one more note, "do", to complete the octave.
Semantic dementia (SD), also known as semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. However, the most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain. Semantic dementia is a disorder of semantic memory that causes patients to lose the ability to match words or images to their meanings. However, it is fairly rare for patients with semantic dementia to develop category specific impairments, though there have been documented cases of it occurring. Typically, a more generalized semantic impairment results from dimmed semantic representations in the brain.
Visual search is a type of perceptual task requiring attention that typically involves an active scan of the visual environment for a particular object or feature among other objects or features. Visual search can take place with or without eye movements. The ability to consciously locate an object or target amongst a complex array of stimuli has been extensively studied over the past 40 years. Practical examples of using visual search can be seen in everyday life, such as when one is picking out a product on a supermarket shelf, when animals are searching for food among piles of leaves, when trying to find a friend in a large crowd of people, or simply when playing visual search games such as Where's Wally?
Music psychology, or the psychology of music, may be regarded as a branch of both psychology and musicology. It aims to explain and understand musical behaviour and experience, including the processes through which music is perceived, created, responded to, and incorporated into everyday life. Modern music psychology is primarily empirical; its knowledge tends to advance on the basis of interpretations of data collected by systematic observation of and interaction with human participants. Music psychology is a field of research with practical relevance for many areas, including music performance, composition, education, criticism, and therapy, as well as investigations of human attitude, skill, performance, intelligence, creativity, and social behavior.
The generation effect is a phenomenon where information is better remembered if it is generated from one's own mind rather than simply read. Researchers have struggled to account for why the generated information is better recalled than read information, but no single explanation has been sufficient.
Albert Stanley "Al" Bregman is a Canadian professor and researcher in experimental psychology, cognitive science, and Gestalt psychology, primarily in the perceptual organization of sound.
Roberta "Bobby Lou" Klatzky is a Professor of Psychology at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). She specializes in human perception and cognition, particularly relating to visual and non-visual perception and representation of space and geometric shapes. Klatzky received a B.A. in mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1968 and a Ph.D in psychology from Stanford University in 1972. She has done extensive research on human haptic and visual object recognition, navigation under visual and nonvisual guidance, and perceptually guided action.
Musical memory refers to the ability to remember music-related information, such as melodic content and other progressions of tones or pitches. The differences found between linguistic memory and musical memory have led researchers to theorize that musical memory is encoded differently from language and may constitute an independent part of the phonological loop. The use of this term is problematic, however, since it implies input from a verbal system, whereas music is in principle nonverbal.
Cognitive musicology is a branch of cognitive science concerned with computationally modeling musical knowledge with the goal of understanding both music and cognition.
Haptic memory is the form of sensory memory specific to touch stimuli. Haptic memory is used regularly when assessing the necessary forces for gripping and interacting with familiar objects. It may also influence one's interactions with novel objects of an apparently similar size and density. Similar to visual iconic memory, traces of haptically acquired information are short lived and prone to decay after approximately two seconds. Haptic memory is best for stimuli applied to areas of the skin that are more sensitive to touch. Haptics involves at least two subsystems; cutaneous, or everything skin related, and kinesthetic, or joint angle and the relative location of body. Haptics generally involves active, manual examination and is quite capable of processing physical traits of objects and surfaces.
Representational momentum is a small, but reliable, error in our visual perception of moving objects. Representational moment was discovered and named by Jennifer Freyd and Ronald Finke. Instead of knowing the exact location of a moving object, viewers actually think it is a bit further along its trajectory as time goes forward. For example, people viewing an object moving from left to right that suddenly disappears will report they saw it a bit further to the right than where it actually vanished. While not a big error, it has been found in a variety of different events ranging from simple rotations to camera movement through a scene. The name "representational momentum" initially reflected the idea that the forward displacement was the result of the perceptual system having internalized, or evolved to include, basic principles of Newtonian physics, but it has come to mean forward displacements that continue a presented pattern along a variety of dimensions, not just position or orientation. As with many areas of cognitive psychology, theories can focus on bottom-up or top-down aspects of the task. Bottom-up theories of representational momentum highlight the role of eye movements and stimulus presentation, while top-down theories highlight the role of the observer's experience and expectations regarding the presented event.
Culture in music cognition refers to the impact that a person's culture has on their music cognition, including their preferences, emotion recognition, and musical memory. Musical preferences are biased toward culturally familiar musical traditions beginning in infancy, and adults' classification of the emotion of a musical piece depends on both culturally specific and universal structural features. Additionally, individuals' musical memory abilities are greater for culturally familiar music than for culturally unfamiliar music. The sum of these effects makes culture a powerful influence in music cognition.
For patients with Alzheimer's disease, music therapy provides a beneficial interaction between a patient and an individualized musical regimen and has been shown to increase cognition and slow the deterioration of memory loss. Music therapy is a clinical and evidence-based intervention that involves music in some capacity and includes both a participant and a music therapist who have completed an accredited music therapy program.
In music cognition, melodic fission, is a phenomenon in which one line of pitches is heard as two or more separate melodic lines. This occurs when a phrase contains groups of pitches at two or more distinct registers or with two or more distinct timbres.
Although there are many physiological and psychological gender differences in humans, memory, in general, is fairly stable across the sexes. By studying the specific instances in which males and females demonstrate differences in memory, we are able to further understand the brain structures and functions associated with memory.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Cuddy, Lola L. (2009). "Development of music perception and cognition research: An autobiographical account from a Canadian perspective". Psychomusicology: Music, Mind and Brain. 20 (1–2): 43–52. doi:10.1037/h0094225. ISSN 2162-1535.
- 1 2 "Dr. Lola Cuddy | Education with Impact - 2 | The University of Winnipeg". University of Winnipeg. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- 1 2 3 4 "Lola Cuddy CV" (PDF). Queen's University. 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
- ↑ Jansman, Anita (2013-09-20). "Psychology professor a pioneer in music perception and cognition". Queen's Gazette | Queen's University. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- ↑ "How music affects the brain". University Affairs. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- 1 2 Elliott, Trisha (2019-02-15). "For those with dementia, music brings comfort, connection and joy". The UC Observer. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "SMPC honors MP Editor Lola Cuddy with Lifetime Achievement Award | Music Perception". Music Perception. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- ↑ Cuddy, Lola L.; Lunney, Carole A. (1995). "Expectancies generated by melodic intervals: Perceptual judgments of melodic continuity". Perception & Psychophysics. 57 (4): 451–462. doi: 10.3758/BF03213071 . ISSN 0031-5117. PMID 7596743.
- ↑ Cuddy, Lola L. (1968). "Practice Effects in the Absolute Judgment of Pitch". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 43 (5): 1069–1076. Bibcode:1968ASAJ...43.1069C. doi:10.1121/1.1910941. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 5648097.
- ↑ Jakobson, Lorna S.; Cuddy, Lola L.; Kilgour, Andrea R. (2003). "Time Tagging: A Key to Musicians' Superior Memory". Music Perception. 20 (3): 307–313. doi:10.1525/mp.2003.20.3.307. ISSN 0730-7829.
- ↑ "Memory for Melodies and Lyrics in Alzheimer's Disease". Music Perception. 29 (5): 479–491. 2012. doi:10.1525/mp.2012.29.5.479.
- ↑ Cuddy, Lola L.; Sikka, Ritu; Vanstone, Ashley (2015). "Preservation of musical memory and engagement in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease: Musical memory in Alzheimer's disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1337 (1): 223–231. doi:10.1111/nyas.12617. PMID 25773638.
- ↑ Cuddy, Lola L.; Duffin, Jacalyn (2005). "Music, memory, and Alzheimer's disease: is music recognition spared in dementia, and how can it be assessed?". Medical Hypotheses. 64 (2): 229–235. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.09.005. PMID 15607545.
- 1 2 "The Alzheimer patient who sang 'Oh, what a beautiful morning!'". www.elsevier.com. Retrieved 2019-12-23.
- ↑ Glauberzon, Olivia (2009-02-25). "More to music than catchy tunes". Investment Executive. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- ↑ "APS Fellows". Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved 2019-12-21.