Marble (toy)

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German handmade marbles dating from the 1850s - 1880s on an antique solitaire gaming board Photo I took of my own antique German handmade marble collection.jpg
German handmade marbles dating from the 1850s – 1880s on an antique solitaire gaming board
Kids playing 'Kancha' Marble (toy) game near Shambhunath Temple, Nepal Kids playing 'Kancha' Marble (toy) game in Nepal.jpg
Kids playing 'Kancha' Marble (toy) game near Shambhunath Temple, Nepal

A marble is a small spherical object often made from glass, clay, steel, plastic, or agate. They vary in size, and most commonly are about 13 mm (12 in) in diameter. These toys can be used for a variety of games called marbles, as well being placed in marble runs or races, or created as a form of art. They are often collected, both for nostalgia and for their aesthetic colors.

Contents

Sizes may vary, but usually range from about 0.5 cm to 3.5 cm in diameter. [1]

In the North of England the objects and the game are called "taws", with larger taws being called "bottle washers" after the use of a marble in Codd-neck bottles, which were often collected for play.

Games

History

Roman children playing with nuts, child sarcophagi circa 270-300. Museum Pio Clementino, Vatican Jeu de noix.jpg
Roman children playing with nuts, child sarcophagi circa 270–300. Museum Pio Clementino, Vatican

In the early twentieth century, small balls of stone from about 2500 BCE, identified by archaeologists as marbles, were found by excavation near Mohenjo-daro, in a site associated with the Indus Valley civilization. [2] :553 In modern India the game is called "kanche". Marbles are often mentioned in Roman literature, as in Ovid's poem "Nux" (which mentions playing the game with walnuts), and there are many examples of marbles from excavations of sites associated with Chaldeans of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. They were commonly made of clay, stone or glass. Marbles arrived in Britain, imported from the Low Countries, during the medieval era. [3] :19

In 1503, the town council of Nuremberg, Germany, limited the playing of marble games to a meadow outside the town. [4] [ unreliable source? ] The name "marble", used for the little toy balls, comes from this region and era, and refers to such balls being made of marble. [5] At this point, marbles were made in mills and quarries by polishing small fragments of real stone like marble, agate, alabaster, limestone, and even brass.

It is unknown where marbles were first manufactured. [6] A German glassblower invented marble scissors, a device for making marbles, in 1846. [7] :148 Ceramic marbles entered inexpensive mass production in the 1870s.[ citation needed ]

The game has become popular throughout the US and other countries. [8] The first mass-produced toy marbles (clay) made in the US were made in Akron, Ohio, by S. C. Dyke, in the early 1890s. Some of the first US-produced glass marbles were also made in Akron by James Harvey Leighton. In 1903, Martin Frederick Christensen—also of Akron—made the first machine-made glass marbles on his patented machine. His company, M. F. Christensen & Son Co., manufactured millions of toy and industrial glass marbles until they ceased operations in 1917. The next US company to enter the glass marble market was Akro Agate. This company was started by Akronites in 1911, but located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Today, there is only one American-based toy marble manufacturer: Marble King, in Paden City, West Virginia. [9] [10]

Types of game

Game of Marbles, Karol D. Witkowski Karl Witkowski - Game of Marbles.jpg
Game of Marbles, Karol D. Witkowski

Various games can be played with marbles.

One game popular in the United Kingdom and United States is ring taw (or "ringer"), where a ring is drawn on the ground and a number of small marbles placed within it. Players take turns to flick a larger "taw" marble at these marbles, attempting to knock them out of the ring. [11]

World championship

The British and World Marbles Championship has been held at Tinsley Green, West Sussex, England, every year since 1932. [12] [13] [14] (Marbles has been played in Tinsley Green and the surrounding area for many centuries: [12] [15] TIME magazine traces its origins to 1588. [16] ) Traditionally, the marbles-playing season started on Ash Wednesday and lasted until midday on Good Friday: playing after that was thought to bring bad luck. [13] More than 20 teams from around the world take part in the championship, each Good Friday; German teams have been successful several times since 2000, [12] [15] [17] although local teams from Crawley, Copthorne and other Sussex and Surrey villages often take part as well; [12] [16] [18] the first championship in 1932 was won by Ellen Geary, a young girl from London.

Gameplay terminology

Types of marbles

A clay marble, found in a field in the East Midlands Clay marble.png
A clay marble, found in a field in the East Midlands
An orange and white toothpaste marble Marble toy 2009.JPG
An orange and white toothpaste marble
Glass marbles from Indonesia Marbles from Indonesia.jpg
Glass marbles from Indonesia
A green glass marble in India Marble (toy).jpg
A green glass marble in India

There are various types of marbles, and names vary from locality to locality. [19]

Art marbles

Art marbles are high-quality collectible marbles arising out of the art glass movement. They are sometimes referred to as contemporary glass marbles to differentiate them from collectible antique marbles, and are spherical works of art glass.

Collectible contemporary marbles are made mostly in the United States by individual artists such as Josh Simpson.

Art marbles are usually around 50 millimetres (2.0 in) in diameter (a size also known as a "toe breaker"), but can vary, depending on the artist and the print.

Marble collecting

Some historic marbles Historic Marbles.jpg
Some historic marbles

Marble players often grow to collect marbles after having outgrown the game. Marbles are categorized by many factors including condition, size, type, manufacturer/artisan, age, style, materials, scarcity, and the existence of original packaging (which is further rated in terms of condition). A marble's worth is primarily determined by type, size, condition and eye-appeal, coupled with the law of supply and demand. Ugly, but rare marbles may be valued as much as those of very fine quality. However, this is the exception, rather than the rule, and normally "condition is king" when it comes to marbles. Any surface damage (characterized by missing glass, such as chips or pits) typically cuts book value by 50% or more.

Due to the large market, there are many related side businesses that have sprung up such as numerous books and guides, web sites dedicated to live auctions of marbles only, and collector conventions. Additionally, many glass artisans produce art marbles for the collectors' market only, with some selling for thousands of dollars. [21]

Manufacturing

A very large American-made marble-making machine at Bovey Tracey, Devon, England Marble Machine, at House of Marbles - geograph.org.uk - 506883.jpg
A very large American-made marble-making machine at Bovey Tracey, Devon, England

Marbles are made using many techniques. They can be categorized into two general types: hand-made and machine-made.

Marbles were originally made by hand. Stone or ivory marbles can be fashioned by grinding. Clay, pottery, ceramic, or porcelain marbles can be made by rolling the material into a ball, and then letting dry, or firing, and then can be left natural, painted, or glazed. Clay marbles, also known as crock marbles or commies (common), are made of slightly porous clay, traditionally from local clay or leftover earthenware ("crockery"), rolled into balls, then glazed and fired at low heat, creating an opaque imperfect sphere that is frequently sold as an "old timey" marble. Glass marbles can be fashioned through the production of glass rods which are stacked together to form the desired pattern, cutting the rod into marble-sized pieces using marble scissors, and rounding the still-malleable glass. [22]

One mechanical technique is dropping globules of molten glass into a groove made by two interlocking parallel screws. As the screws rotate, the marble travels along them, gradually being shaped into a sphere as it cools. Color is added to the main batch glass and to additional glass streams that are combined with the main stream in a variety of ways. For example, in the "cat's-eye" style, colored glass veins are injected into a transparent main stream. Applying more expensive colored glass to the surface of cheaper transparent or white glass is also a common technique.

Currently, the world's largest manufacturer of playing marbles is Vacor de Mexico. Founded in 1934, the company now makes 90 percent of the world's marbles. [23] Over 12 million are produced daily.

U.S. machine made manufacturers

Video games

Other

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

Notes

  1. Elvan, Mehmet (2023-07-25). "The Dimensions of a Marble A Small Wonder". Tureks. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  2. Marshall, John, ed. (1931). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations Carried out by the Government of India between the Years 1922 and 1927. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN   978-812061179-5.
  3. Joy, Jody; Gunn, Imogen; Harknett, Sarah-Jane; Wilkinson, Eleanor (2016). Hide and Seek: Looking for Children in the Past. Cambridge: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge. ISBN   978-0-947595-23-4.
  4. "History of Marbles - Corner Cafe Message Board". The baby corner. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  5. Marbles — Encyclopedia
  6. Abernethy, Francis Edward (12 November 1997). Texas Toys and Games. University of North Texas Press. ISBN   978-1-57441037-2 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 via Google Books.
  7. Acton, Johnny; Adams, Tania; Packer, Matt (2006). Origin of Everyday Things. Barnes & Noble.
  8. "Marble History". Thinkquest. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17.
  9. "Marbles". WV Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  10. "Marble King now only marble manufacturer that remains in U.S." West Virginia Explorer. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  11. "British team defeats Germans to win World Marble Championship". Reuters. 2016-03-28. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Losing your Marbles". BBC Inside Out programme. BBC. 9 June 2003. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  13. 1 2 Collins 2007 , p. 88.
  14. Aitch, Iain (4 April 2009). "Event preview: British And World Marbles Championship, Tinsley Green". The Guardian . London: Guardian News and Media Ltd. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  15. 1 2 Sandy, Matt (7 April 2007). "Village rolls out a welcome for a World Marbles Championships". The Times . London: Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  16. 1 2 "Sport: At Tinsley Green". TIME magazine . TIME Inc. 17 April 1939. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  17. Pearson, Harry (26 April 2003). "Going under in the marble halls of Tinsley Green". The Guardian . London: Guardian News and Media Ltd. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  18. Gwynne 1990 , p. 172.
  19. Media, Cider Press. "Kinds of Marbles – Antique, Vintage and Collectable Marbles". Imarbles.com. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  20. "Vintage Cat's Eye Marbles". inkspotantiques.com. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  21. Jenkins, Tiffany (25 February 2016). Keeping Their Marbles: How the Treasures of the Past Ended Up in Museums - And Why They Should Stay There. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780191631887 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 via Google Books.
  22. "Agates, Corkscrews, and Onionskins: Fun with Antique Marbles". Collectorsweekly.com. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  23. "Marbles by foreign manufacturers". Marble collecting. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  24. "M. F. Christensen & Son Company". Marble Collectors Society of America. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  25. "Akro Agate Company". Marble Collectors Society of America. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  26. "Akro Agate Company". Ohio History Central. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  27. "Christensen Agate Company". Marble Collectors Society of America. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  28. "Peltier Glass Company". Marble Collectors Society of America. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "All Other American Marble Companies". Marble Collectors Society of America. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  30. "Lawrence Alley Companies". Marble Collectors Society of America. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  31. "Master Marble Company / Master Glass Company". Marble Collectors Society of America. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  32. "Vitro Agate Company". Marble Collectors Society of America. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  33. "Vitro Agate Marble Co". Mackey's Antiques and Clock Repair. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  34. 1 2 3 "Heaton Glass Company". Marble Collectors Society of America. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  35. "Berry Pink / Marble King". Marble Collectors Society of America. Retrieved August 25, 2022.

Sources