Nazi analogies

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American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive poster comparing the blockade of Biafra to the Holocaust in terms of casualties 6 million Biafra poster.webp
American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive poster comparing the blockade of Biafra to the Holocaust in terms of casualties

Nazi analogies or Nazi comparisons are any comparisons or parallels which are related to Nazism or Nazi Germany, which often reference Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, the SS , or the Holocaust. [1] Despite criticism, such comparisons have been employed for a wide variety of reasons since Hitler's rise to power. Some Nazi comparisons are logical fallacies, such as reductio ad Hitlerum . Godwin's law asserts that a Nazi analogy is increasingly likely the longer an internet discussion continues; Mike Godwin also stated that not all Nazi comparisons are invalid.

Contents

Origins

During the Nazi era, Adolf Hitler was frequently compared to previous leaders including Napoleon, Philip of Macedon, and Nebuchadnezzar. The comparers wanted to make Hitler understandable to their audiences by comparing him to known leaders, but according to historian Gavriel Rosenfeld the comparisons obscured Hitler's radical evil. When Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, Hitler was compared to Napoleon by The Brooklyn Eagle and Middletown Times. The Night of Long Knives was compared at the time to such events as the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, a 1572 massacre of French Huguenots by Catholics. The comparison between Hitler and Philip of Macedon was used by some American journalists who advocated the United States's entry into World War II. Others felt that this did not go far enough and used other metaphors such as Nebuchadnezzar and Tamerlane: Harold Denny of The New York Times visited Buchenwald and later stated that "Tamerlane built his mountain of skulls ... Hitler’s horrors … dwarf all previous crimes". [2] In a public radio broadcast of 24 August 1941, Winston Churchill compared Nazi war crimes in the Soviet Union to the Mongol invasion of Europe, saying "There has never [since] been methodical, merciless butchery on such a scale, or approaching such a scale." [3]

Nazism has come to be a metaphor for evil, according to academic Brian Johnson, leading to Nazi comparisons. [4] The Anti-Defamation League suggested that the Nazi era had become the "most available historical event illustrating right versus wrong." [5] Rosenfeld noted that Hitler "gained immortality as a historical analogy" and that he became: [2]

... a hegemonic historical analogy. He did not so much join the ranks of earlier historical symbols of evil as render them unusable. Indeed, perhaps because Western observers became convinced that wartime analogies had underestimated the Nazi dictator’s radicalism, they began to employ Hitler as the baseline for evaluating all new threats.

According to the ACLU, calling someone a Nazi is protected free speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. [6] In 2008, British radio presenter Jon Gaunt called a guest a Nazi on a BBC radio, for which he was fired. An Ofcom complaint against TalkSport, his employer, was upheld by the United Kingdom High Court of Justice in 2010. [7] [8] In 2019, the Ukrainian S14 group won a defamation suit against Hromadske, a newspaper which had labeled them neo-Nazi, despite such a characterization having been used by Reuters and The Washington Post . [9] In Israel, a law was proposed in 2014 that would make it illegal to call someone a Nazi or use symbols associated with the Holocaust (such as striped clothing or yellow stars), in order to respect Holocaust survivors. [10]

Fallacies

Reductio ad Hitlerum , first coined in 1951 by Leo Strauss, is a logical fallacy which discounts an idea because it was promoted by Hitler or Nazis. [11] Godwin's law, coined in 1990 by Mike Godwin, asserts that "as an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches 1". [12] A related convention is "Whoever mentions Hitler first, loses the argument." [5] [13] [14] However, Godwin has said that not all Nazi comparisons are invalid. [15] [16]

List

Animals

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Holocaust analogy in animal rights.[ edit ]
Several individuals and groups have drawn direct comparisons between animal cruelty and the Holocaust. The analogies began soon after the end of World War II, when literary figures, many of them Holocaust survivors, Jewish or both, began to draw parallels between the treatment of animals by humans and the treatments of prisoners in Nazi death camps. The Letter Writer, a 1968 short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer, is a literary work often cited as the seminal use of the analogy. [17] The comparison has been criticized by organizations that campaign against antisemitism, including the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, particularly since 2006, when PETA began to make heavy use of the analogy as part of campaigns for improved animal welfare. [18]

Anti-smoking

Public health measures adopted since World War II in order to reduce smoking have been compared with anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany, which is considered by proponents of anti-smoking measures to be a fallacious reductio ad Hitlerum which often exaggerates how much the Nazis actually opposed smoking. [19] [20] Historian of science Robert N. Proctor speculates that Nazi associations "forestall[ed] the development of effective anti-tobacco measures by several decades". [21]

Bioethics

According to an editorial by Arthur Caplan in Science , bioethics questions including "stem cell research, end-of-life care, the conduct of clinical trials in poor nations, abortion, embryo research, animal experimentation, genetic testing, or human experimentation involving vulnerable populations" are often compared to Nazi eugenics and Nazi human experimentation. According to Caplan, the Nazi analogy has the potential to shut down debate and its capricious use is unethical. [22] Similar arguments were made by Nat Hentoff in 1988, writing for The Hastings Center Report . [23]

Chinese Communist Party

Analogies between China and Nazi Germany have also been drawn by Australian politician Andrew Hastie. [24] However, China–Nazi comparisons are considered by Edward Luce to be a form of anti-Chinese sentiment and potentially a self-fulfilling prophecy. [25] In July 2020, British Jewish leader Marie van der Zyl said that there were "similarities" between the treatment of the Uyghurs in China and the crimes committed by Nazi Germany. [26]

Chinazi flag

"Chinazi" flag 2019 Hong Kong protest banner.svg
"Chinazi" flag
This section is an excerpt from Art of the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests § Chinazi.[ edit ]
The "Chinazi" (赤納粹) flag – a portmanteau of "China" and "Nazi" [27] [28] [29] — was created by combining the flag of the People's Republic of China and that of the Nazi Party to draw comparisons between the Chinese and the 1933–1945 German Nazi governments. Variations include golden stars forming a Nazi swastika on a red background [30] [31] and Nazi swastikas replacing the golden stars on the Chinese flag. [32] American journalist and political commentator Nicholas Kristof mentioned graffiti in Hong Kong using the 'Chinazi' label to denounce the influence of the Chinese government, he reported in The New York Times . [33]

Donald Trump

Protestor opposing the 2018 state visit of Donald Trump to the United Kingdom Trump - the Fascist Tangerine. (42730197674).jpg
Protestor opposing the 2018 state visit of Donald Trump to the United Kingdom

While qualified comparisons between Hitler's rise to power and the victory of Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election have been made by some historians, [34] [35] NeverTrump Republicans, and Democrats, [36] the comparison is opposed by other scholars and commentators who cite reasons such as Trump lacking a coherent ideology, not supporting a dictatorship or political violence, and his rejection of interventionist foreign policy. [37] According to Rosenfeld's research, the frequency of comparisons between Trump and Hitler in the media peaked in 2017 and the number of internet searches for "Trump and Hitler" has also decreased from a high point between mid-2015 and mid-2017. [38]

European Union

Some Eurosceptic politicians, including UKIP's Gerard Batten [39] and Finns Party MP Ville Tavio, have compared the European Union to Nazi Germany. [40] Then Ukrainian politician Viktor Medvedchuk of the pro-Russia party Ukrainian Choice argues that "objectively" the European Union is the heir of Nazi Germany. [41] In many Greek newspapers during the Greek government-debt crisis, caricatures appeared depicting the European troika and Angela Merkel as Nazis preparing to reenact the Axis occupation of Greece. [42] Merkel was also depicted as Hitler during demonstrations against her 2016 visit to the Czech Republic; the demonstrators objected to her approach to the European migrant crisis. [43] Opponents argue that the Nazi empire was formed by conquest and that joining the EU is voluntary, among other differences. [44]

Indian Wars

The Nazi war of annihilation on the Eastern Front has been compared to the United States Army's conduct in the Indian Wars. [45] [46] However, Native American demographic collapse was mostly caused by introduced disease, rather than warfare, and historians disagree as to whether the Indian Wars, or parts thereof, can be considered a form of genocide. [47]

Islamism and Islamic fundamentalism

Some historians, including Matthias Küntzel, Wolfgang G. Schwanitz and Barry Rubin, argue that there is a high degree of similarity between the ideologies of Nazism and Islamism, especially in their radical antisemitism and xenophobia. [48] [49]

Israel

Pro-Palestine protest in Cali, Colombia Protesta Pro-Palestina Santiago de Cali 2014 14.jpg
Pro-Palestine protest in Cali, Colombia

Whether comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany are intrinsically antisemitic is disputed. [50] The Jewish Anti-Defamation League considers the comparison to be inaccurate and antisemitic, [51] and is part of the Working Definition of Antisemitism. [52] However, some Holocaust survivors have made that comparison themselves, mirroring their experiences to those of Palestinians. [53]

LGBT issues

A protestor opposing gay marriage in Boston in 2007 makes a comparison between the contemporary United States ("Today") and Nazi Germany. Anti-Gay-Protester Boston 2007.jpg
A protestor opposing gay marriage in Boston in 2007 makes a comparison between the contemporary United States ("Today") and Nazi Germany.

The AIDS–Holocaust metaphor can be controversial. [54] While Susan Sontag said that "It's wrong to compare a situation in which there was real culpability to one in which there is none", it is also the case that homophobic views resulted in dismissal of the suggestion of research and treatment being supported, severely exacerbating the epidemic. [55] [56]

In 2017, Patriarch Kirill, the highest authority in the Russian Orthodox Church, compared same-sex marriage to Nazism because in his opinion both were a threat to traditional family. [57] In 2019, Pope Francis criticized politicians who lash out at homosexuals, Romani people, and Jews, saying that it reminded him of Adolf Hitler's speeches in the 1930s. [58]

Some advocates of trans-exclusionary radical feminism have compared transgender medical care to Nazi human experimentation or transsexuality to Nazism. [59]

Paul Kagame

In a speech made on 9 December 2023, Félix Tshisekedi, the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, compared Rwandan President Paul Kagame to Hitler, saying that if he "[wants] to behave like Adolf Hitler by having expansionist aims, I promise he will end up like Adolf Hitler". A Rwandan government spokesperson condemned this statement, accusing Tshisekedi of making "a loud and clear threat". [60] This remark was made in the context of an offensive in the DRC launched by the March 23 Movement, a rebel group widely considered to be directly supported by Rwanda, [61] [62] [63] [64] despite official Rwandan denials. [65] [66]

"Second Holocaust"

The term "second Holocaust" is used for perceived threats to the State of Israel, Jews, and Jewish life. [67] In 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said "Iran wants a second Holocaust" and to "destroy another six million plus Jews", after his Iranian counterpart described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor". [68] In 2019, Israeli education minister Rafi Peretz compared Jewish intermarriage to a "second Holocaust". [69]

Stalinism

At a demonstration in Prague in April 1990, a swastika is drawn on an anti-KSC (Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) election banner. Prague Demonstration April 1990.jpg
At a demonstration in Prague in April 1990, a swastika is drawn on an anti-KSČ (Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) election banner.
This paragraph is an excerpt from Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism.[ edit ]
Some historians and other authors have carried out comparisons of Nazism and Stalinism. They have considered the similarities and differences between the two ideologies and political systems, the relationship between the two regimes, and why both came to prominence simultaneously. During the 20th century, the comparison of Nazism and Stalinism was made on totalitarianism, ideology, and personality cult. Both regimes were seen in contrast to the liberal democratic Western world, emphasising the similarities between the two. [70]

Vladimir Putin

Comparisons have been made between Vladimir Putin and Adolf Hitler especially during the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine.

Wealth

In 2014, venture capitalist and billionaire Thomas Perkins wrote to The Wall Street Journal to compare what he called "the progressive war on the American one percent" to what Jews faced during Kristallnacht. According to Jordan Weissmann, writing in The Atlantic , this is "the worst historical analogy you will read for a long, long time". [71] [72] Perkins was also criticized on Twitter, with The New York Times journalist Steven Greenhouse writing, "As someone who lost numerous relatives to the Nazi gas chambers, I find statements like this revolting & inexplicable". [71] Perkins later apologized for the comparison. [73]

Criticism

According to a press release of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Careless Holocaust analogies may demonize, demean, and intimidate their targets." [74] Jonathan Greenblatt, director of the Anti-Defamation League, said that "misplaced comparisons trivialise this unique tragedy in human history... particularly when public figures invoke the Holocaust in an effort to score political points." [5]

In 2017, the German journalist Pieke Biermann argued that Nazi comparisons were undergoing a process akin to inflation due to their increased and inappropriate use. [75]

Amanda Moorghen, a researcher for the English Speaking Union, said that Nazi comparisons were not often persuasive: "Wielding accusations of fascism as an insult doesn't help to get your audience on side - instead, you raise the stakes of the debate, forcing a polarisation between 'good' and 'evil' into a discussion that may have reasonable positions on both sides." Instead, she recommended criticizing the opponent's argument directly. [5]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Godwin's law</span> Internet adage about Nazi comparisons

Godwin's law, short for Godwin's lawof Nazi analogies, is an Internet adage asserting: "As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches 1."

The Institute for Historical Review (IHR) is a United States–based nonprofit organization which promotes Holocaust denial. It is considered by many scholars to be central to the international Holocaust denial movement. Self-described as a "historical revisionist" organization, the IHR promotes antisemitic viewpoints and has links to several neo-Nazi and neo-fascist organizations.

<i>Reductio ad Hitlerum</i> Logical fallacy

Reductio ad Hitlerum, also known as playing the Nazi card, is an attempt to invalidate someone else's argument on the basis that the same idea was promoted or practised by Adolf Hitler or the Nazi Party. Arguments can be termed reductio ad Hitlerum if they are fallacious. Contrarily, straightforward arguments critiquing specifically fascist components of Nazism like Führerprinzip are not part of the association fallacy.

The Fourth Reich is a hypothetical Nazi Reich that is the successor to Adolf Hitler's Third Reich (1933–1945). The term has also been used to refer to the possible resurgence of Nazi ideas, as well as pejoratively of political opponents.

Antisemitic tropes or antisemitic canards are "sensational reports, misrepresentations, or fabrications" that are defamatory towards Judaism as a religion or defamatory towards Jews as an ethnic or religious group. Since as early as the 2nd century, libels or allegations of Jewish guilt and cruelty emerged as a recurring motif along with antisemitic conspiracy theories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Jews in Belgium</span>

The history of the Jews in Belgium goes back to the 1st century CE until today. The Jewish community numbered 66,000 on the eve of the Second World War but after the war and The Holocaust, now is less than half that number.

Holocaust trivialization refers to any comparison or analogy that diminishes the scale and severity of the atrocities that were carried out by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. The Wiesel Commission defined trivialization as the abusive use of comparisons with the aim of minimizing the Holocaust and banalizing its atrocities. Originally, holocaust meant a type of sacrifice that is completely burnt to ashes; starting from the late 19th century, it started to denote extensive destruction of a group, usually people or animals. The 1915 Armenian genocide was described as a "holocaust" by contemporary observers.

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Different opinions exist among historians regarding the extent of antisemitism in American history and how American antisemitism contrasted with its European counterpart. In contrast to the horrors of European history, John Higham states that in the United States "no decisive event, no deep crisis, no powerful social movement, no great individual is associated primarily with, or significant chiefly because of anti-Semitism." Accordingly, David A. Gerber concludes that antisemitism "has been a distinctly minor feature of the nation's historical development."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mike Godwin</span> American attorney and author

Michael Wayne Godwin is an American attorney and author. He was the first staff counsel of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), and he created the Internet adage Godwin's law and the notion of an Internet meme. From July 2007 to October 2010, he was general counsel for the Wikimedia Foundation. In March 2011, he was elected to the Open Source Initiative board. Godwin has served as a contributing editor of Reason magazine since 1994. In April 2019, he was elected to the Internet Society board. From 2015 to 2020, he was general counsel and director of innovation policy at the R Street Institute. In August 2020, he and the Blackstone Law Group filed a lawsuit against the Trump administration on behalf of the employees of TikTok, and worked there between June 2021 and June 2022. Since October 2022, he has worked as the policy and privacy lead at Anonym, a "privacy-safe advertising" startup.

Gavriel David Rosenfeld is President of the Center for Jewish History in New York City and Professor of History at Fairfield University. His areas of academic specialization include the history of Nazi Germany, memory studies, and counterfactual history. He is an editor of The Journal of Holocaust Research and edits the blog, The Counterfactual History Review, which features news, analysis, and commentary from the world of counterfactual and alternate history.

Several individuals and groups have drawn direct comparisons between animal cruelty and the Holocaust. The analogies began soon after the end of World War II, when literary figures, many of them Holocaust survivors, Jewish or both, began to draw parallels between the treatment of animals by humans and the treatments of prisoners in Nazi death camps. The Letter Writer, a 1968 short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer, is a literary work often cited as the seminal use of the analogy. The comparison has been criticized by organizations that campaign against antisemitism, including the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, particularly since 2006, when PETA began to make heavy use of the analogy as part of campaigns for improved animal welfare.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nazi gun control argument</span> 1992 fringe theory about gun regulations

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This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group, in the 21st century. It includes events in the history of antisemitic thought, actions taken to combat or relieve the effects of antisemitism, and events that affected the prevalence of antisemitism in later years. The history of antisemitism can be traced from ancient times to the present day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany</span>

Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany occur frequently in some veins of anti-Zionism in relation to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The legitimacy of these comparisons and their potential antisemitic nature is a matter of debate. Historically, figures like historian Arnold J. Toynbee have drawn parallels between Zionism and Nazism, a stance he maintained despite criticism. Scholar David Feldman suggests these comparisons are often rhetorical tools without specific antisemitic intent. The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) sees them as diminishing the Holocaust's significance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</span> Comparison of genocides

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While there is no notable neo-Nazi movement in Taiwan, the use of Nazi symbolism and imagery in the country has been observed throughout the years, often causing controversy. Those occasions involve a Nazi themed parade at a school, restaurants serving dishes honouring Nazis or displaying Nazi-related pictures and other decor, which led to public outcries.

References

  1. ↑ "Fox News Is Outraged by Nazi Analogies—and Other Big Lies". FAIR. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  2. 1 2 Rosenfeld, Gavriel (9 October 2018). "How Americans Described Evil Before Hitler". The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  3. ↑ Breitman, Richard (26 July 2016). "Hitler and Genghis Khan". Journal of Contemporary History. 25 (2): 337–351. doi:10.1177/002200949002500209. S2CID   159541260.
  4. ↑ Johnson, Brian (2017). The Nazi Card: Nazi Comparisons at the Beginning of the Cold War. Lexington Books. pp. 171, 179. ISBN   978-1-4985-3291-4.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Molloy, David (24 November 2017). "Why does everyone keep making Nazi comparisons?". BBC News. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  6. ↑ Eidelman, Vera (17 April 2019). "There's No Such Thing as a Right Not to Be Called a Nazi". American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  7. ↑ McFarlane, Andrew (14 July 2010). "Is 'Nazi' ever an acceptable jibe?". BBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  8. ↑ Robinson, James (13 July 2010). "Jon Gaunt loses legal battle over 'Nazi' jibe". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  9. ↑ "Ukrainian nationalist group wins defamation suit after being labeled neo-Nazi". Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  10. ↑ Nachmias, Ormi (2014). "השרים אישרו: חצי שנת מאסר לאדם שיכנה אחר "נאצי". Walla! . Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  11. ↑ "Godwin's Law, or Playing the Nazi Card". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  12. ↑ Godwin, Mike (October 1994). "Meme, Counter-meme". Wired . Retrieved 24 March 2006.
  13. ↑ Elbaum, Daniel (20 June 2018). "When Is It Okay to Evoke Hitler and the Nazis?". AJC. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  14. ↑ Chivers, Tom (23 October 2009). "Internet rules and laws: the top 10, from Godwin to Poe". The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  15. ↑ Ohlheiser, Abby (2017). "The creator of Godwin's Law explains why some Nazi comparisons don't break his famous Internet rule". Washington Post. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  16. ↑ Amira, Dan (8 March 2013). "Mike Godwin on Godwin's Law, Whether Nazi Comparisons Have Gotten Worse, and Being Compared to Hitler by His Daughter". Intelligencer. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  17. ↑ Spiro, Amy (17 July 2018). "Natalie Portman pays vegan tribute to Isaac Bashevis Singer". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  18. ↑ Willoughby, Brian (7 March 2003). "PETA Turns Holocaust into Pig Pen". Tolerance.org. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006.
  19. ↑ Schneider, N. K; Glantz, S. A (1 October 2008). ""Nicotine Nazis strike again": a brief analysis of the use of Nazi rhetoric in attacking tobacco control advocacy". Tobacco Control. 17 (5): 291–296. doi:10.1136/tc.2007.024653. PMC   2736555 . PMID   18818222.
  20. ↑ Proctor, R. N (1 October 2008). "On playing the Nazi card". Tobacco Control. 17 (5): 289–290. doi: 10.1136/tc.2008.026344 . PMID   18818221.
  21. ↑ Proctor, Robert N. (1 February 2001). "Commentary: Schairer and Schöniger's forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity". International Journal of Epidemiology. 30 (1): 31–34. doi: 10.1093/ije/30.1.31 . ISSN   0300-5771. PMID   11171846.
  22. ↑ Caplan, A. L. (2005). "Misusing the Nazi Analogy". Science. 309 (5734): 535. doi: 10.1126/science.1115437 . PMID   16040671.
  23. ↑ Hentoff, Nat; Callahan, Daniel; Crum, Gary E.; Cohen, Cynthia B. (1988). "Contested Terrain: The Nazi Analogy in Bioethics". The Hastings Center Report. 18 (4): 29–33. doi:10.2307/3563233. ISSN   0093-0334. JSTOR   3563233. PMID   3065286.
  24. ↑ "Australian lawmaker likens China threat to Nazi Germany". Deutsche Welle . 8 August 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  25. ↑ Luce, Edward (16 September 2019). "The reckless analogy between China and Nazi Germany" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  26. ↑ Courea, Eleni (21 July 2020). "Treatment of Uighurs in China 'is reminder of Nazi crimes'". The Times . Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  27. ↑ Hui, Mary. "How Hong Kong protesters are defending their use of Nazi imagery". Quartz. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  28. ↑ 中時電子報 (31 August 2019). 香港示威者展偽五星旗 標榜「赤納粹」 – 兩岸. 中時電子報 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  29. ↑ 修例風波：遊行人士展示仿五星旗 砌納粹標誌. on.cc東網 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 31 August 2019. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  30. ↑ 戲仿納粹辱國旗 冒犯國家涉違法 – 香港文匯報. Wen Wei Po (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  31. ↑ 【盛世一景】赤纳粹旗（ChiNazi flag） – 中国数字时代 (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  32. ↑ "As it happened: How protest march against extradition bill turned ugly". South China Morning Post. 9 June 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  33. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas (28 August 2019). "Opinion | Straining Through the Tear Gas". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  34. ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (5 October 2018). "A leading Holocaust historian just seriously compared the US to Nazi Germany". Vox. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  35. ↑ Taschka, Sylvia (12 March 2018). "Trump-Hitler comparisons too easy and ignore the murderous history". The Conversation. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  36. ↑ Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (2019a). "An American Führer? Nazi Analogies and the Struggle to Explain Donald Trump". Central European History. 52 (4): 27. doi: 10.1017/S0008938919000840 .
  37. ↑ Rosenfeld 2019, pp. 15–16.
  38. ↑ Rosenfeld 2019, p. 2.
  39. ↑ "Hitler's Nazis designed the EU, Ukip MEP claims" . The Independent. 16 May 2016. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  40. ↑ Teivainen, Aleksi (13 December 2018). "Finns Party lawmaker likens EU to Nazi Germany". www.helsinkitimes.fi. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  41. ↑ "Европа прячет свои истинные намерения за так называемыми демократическими ценностями, - Медведчук". РБК-Украина.
  42. ↑ Droumpouki, Anna Maria (2013). "Trivialization of World War Two and Shoah in Greece: Uses, Misuses and Analogies in Light of the Current Debt Crisis". Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 21 (2): 191. doi:10.1080/14782804.2013.815463. S2CID   145093418.
  43. ↑ Gerstenfeld, Manfred (14 March 2018). "The Ongoing Major Distortion of the Holocaust". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  44. ↑ "Is the EU a Nazi project? Debunking an enduring myth". openDemocracy . Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  45. ↑ Westermann, Edward B. (2016). Hitler's Ostkrieg and the Indian Wars: Comparing Genocide and Conquest. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN   978-0-8061-5713-9.
  46. ↑ Kakel, C. (2011). The American West and the Nazi East: A Comparative and Interpretive Perspective. Springer. ISBN   978-0-230-30706-3.
  47. ↑ Madley, Benjamin (February 2015). "Reexamining the American Genocide Debate: Meaning, Historiography, and New Methods". The American Historical Review. 120 (1): 98–139. doi: 10.1093/ahr/120.1.98 .
  48. ↑ "The Nazi-Islamist Connection - Herbert Eiteneier". www.jcpa.org.
  49. ↑ Rodman, David (February 2016). "Nazis, Islamists and the making of the modern Middle East". Israel Affairs. 22 (1): 252–254. doi:10.1080/13537121.2016.1120968. S2CID   147394007.
  50. ↑ Rosenfeld, Alvin H. (9 January 2019). Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: The Dynamics of Delegitimization. Indiana University Press. p. 175-178, 186. ISBN   978-0-253-03872-2
  51. ↑ "Response To Common Inaccuracy: Israel Acts Like Nazis". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 28 April 2020. To make such a comparison constitutes blatant hostility toward Jews, Jewish history and the legitimacy of the Jewish State of Israel.
  52. ↑ "State Department redefines antisemitism: Don't compare Israel to the Nazi". The Jerusalem Post. 8 August 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  53. ↑ "Corbyn apologises over event where Israel was compared to Nazis". The Guardian. The main talk at the event, called Never Again for Anyone – Auschwitz to Gaza, was given by Hajo Meyer, a Jewish survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp. He repeatedly compared Israeli action in Gaza to the mass killing of Jewish people in the Holocaust.
  54. ↑ Stein, Arlene (2016). "Whose Memories? Whose Victimhood? Contests for the Holocaust Frame in Recent Social Movement Discourse". Sociological Perspectives. 41 (3): 522. doi:10.2307/1389562. JSTOR   1389562. S2CID   147317075.
  55. ↑ Shnayerson, Michael (21 August 2013). "The Silent Devastation of AIDS on New York's Art and Fashion Worlds". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  56. ↑ "Reagan Administration's Chilling Response to the AIDS Crisis". Vanity Fair. 1 December 2015.
  57. ↑ "Russian Bishop Likens Gay Marriage Laws to Nazi Germany". Time. 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  58. ↑ "Pope compares politicians who rage against gays to Hitler". Reuters. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  59. ↑ Schotten, C. Heike (2022). "TERFism, Zionism, and Right-Wing Annihilationism". TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. 9 (3): 334–364. doi:10.1215/23289252-9836022. S2CID   253054403.
  60. ↑ "DR Congo President Tshisekedi compares Rwanda counterpart Kagame to Hitler". BBC News. 9 December 2023.
  61. ↑ "Rwanda 'supporting DR Congo mutineers'". BBC News. 28 May 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
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  63. ↑ "RDC : le gouvernement salue le rapport de l'ONU sur le soutien du Rwanda au M23" [DRC: government welcomes UN report on Rwanda's support for M23]. RadioOkapi (in French). 5 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023.
  64. ↑ "M23 Rebels' Vow to Retreat at Odds With Hazy Reality in DR Congo". The Defense Post. 6 January 2023. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023.
  65. ↑ "DR Congo accuses Rwanda of 'invasion' as rebels attack town". DW. 14 June 2022. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022.
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  67. ↑ Peleg, Ilan (2019). Victimhood Discourse in Contemporary Israel. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 63, 95–96. ISBN   978-1-4985-5351-3.
  68. ↑ Harpin, Lee (5 June 2018). "'Iran wants second Holocaust', says Benjamin Netanyahu". Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  69. ↑ "Israel's education minister: Intermarriage among US Jews 'like second Holocaust'". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
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  73. ↑ Kopan, Tal. "Perkins apologizes for 'Kristallnacht'". POLITICO. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
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