Nicholas Orsini

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Not to be confused with Nicolás Orsini.For other people with similar names, see Niccolò Orsini.
Nicholas Orsini
Seal of the despotes Nikolaos.png
Byzantine-style seal of Nicholas with a bust of Saint Nicholas, and with his title of despot
Despot of Epirus
Reign1318–1323
Predecessor Thomas Komnenos Doukas
Successor John II Orsini
Count palatine of Cephalonia
Reign1317–1323
Predecessor John I Orsini
SuccessorJohn II Orsini
Died1323
Spouse Anna Palaiologina
Dynasty Orsini ('apostolic' branch  [ it ])
Father John I Orsini
MotherMaria Komnene Doukaina

Nicholas Orsini (Italian : Nicolò Orsini; [1] Greek : Νικόλαος Ορσίνι, romanized: Nikolaos Orsini) was a Greek–Italian nobleman who was count palatine of Cephalonia from 1317 to 1323 and ruler of southern Epirus around Arta from 1318 to 1323. The son of Count John I Orsini and an Epirote princess, he succeeded his father upon the latter's death, and in the next year murdered his uncle, Thomas Komnenos Doukas, and usurped his rule of Epirus. While able to secure his control over southern Epirus, however, the north with the city of Ioannina were taken over by the Byzantine Empire. Nicholas' attempts to ally with the Republic of Venice and recover Ioannina failed, and he was in turn killed by his brother John II Orsini in 1323.

Contents

Life

Nicholas was the son of Count John I Orsini of Cephalonia by Maria, a daughter of Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas of Epirus by Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene. [2] His father governed Cephalonia as a vassal of King Charles II of Naples, [3] and had acquired Leukas as his wife's dowry. John had a close relationship with his father-in-law, and with his wife lived at the Epirote court at Arta until 1303, when John succeeded his father, Richard Orsini. [4] John nevertheless joined in attacks on Epirus ordered by his Angevin suzerains, King Charles II of Naples and Philip of Taranto in 1304 and 1306. John appears to have played a part in instigating these attacks, apparently aiming to become the new ruler of Epirus. [5] [6]

Nicholas succeeded to the county on his father's death in 1317, and like his father also set his sights on Epirus. [3] [7] In 1318 he surprised and murdered his childless uncle, Thomas I Komnenos Doukas of Epirus, [8] [9] and easily subdued the entire southern portion of the principality around Arta. To solidify his position among the local population, Nicholas espoused Eastern Orthodoxy, used the Greek language, and married his uncle's widow, Anna Palaiologina, daughter of the Byzantine co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos and granddaughter of Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. [3] [10] Although Anna was his aunt, the Church appears to have acquiesced to their marriage. [11] The historian Donald Nicol suggests that Anna may have been involved in Thomas' murder, as he had mistreated her. [12]

The Angevins did not entirely welcome Nicholas' actions, as they clashed with their own claims over Epirus. [3] [10] While Nicholas had sworn allegiance to the new Prince of Achaea, John of Gravina in 1318 as the latter's feudal vassal, [11] in the next year, when prompted to render homage as ruler of Epirus as well, he refused. [11] [13] At the same time, the Byzantines took advantage of Nicholas' lack of legitimacy to occupy the northern part of the Epirote realm, including Ioannina, which declared itself for the Byzantine emperor as soon as the murder of Thomas became known. [3] [14]

When Nicholas sent to Emperor Andronikos to seek recognition of his new status, the emperor agreed to award him the title of despot (in 1319/20) [1] in exchange for Nicholas' pledge to recognize the loss of Ioannina. [15] In the meantime, Nicholas tried to form an alliance with the Republic of Venice, which had wide-ranging commercial and political interests in the area. In May 1320 he sent ambassadors to Venice, offering to acknowledge Venetian overlordship and hand over either the lucrative fishing grounds of Lake Butrint, or the sugarcane plantations of Parga. Not wishing to alienate the Byzantines, the Venetians politely refused. [16] [17] Nevertheless, already in 1320, Nicholas began harassing the Byzantine domains in Epirus, and his ties to the Byzantine court ended when his wife Anna died in the same year. [18]

Following the outbreak of a Byzantine civil war shortly after, Nicholas saw an excellent opportunity to recover the Epirote to his north. Within a short time, he was besieging Ioannina. He was aided by the Venetians, who under the command of Giovanni Michiel opportunistically attacked the port of Valona. Nevertheless, both attacks were repulsed by the Byzantine garrisons. [17] [19] In Ioannina in particular, the local citizens eagerly participated in the defence of both their city and the extensive privileges granted to them by Andronikos II. [20] Shortly after, in 1323, he was killed—either by murder or as a result of a brief conflict—by his brother John II Orsini. [1] [3] [20]

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John I Orsini was the count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos from 1303 or 1304 to his death in 1317. Married to an Epirote princess, John spent a decade at the Epirote court before succeeding his father, Richard Orsini, as count palatine. As a vassal of the Principality of Achaea, he was involved in its domestic affairs and especially the dynastic dispute between the infante Ferdinand of Majorca and Princess Matilda of Hainaut in 1315–16, and participated in a number of Latin campaigns against Epirus, which he aspired to rule. A year after his death, his son and heir Nicholas Orsini seized Epirus and brought it under the Orsini family's rule.

Anna Palaiologina was a queen-consort of the Despotate of Epirus as wife of John II Orsini. She was regent for her son Nikephoros II Orsini in 1337–1338. She later married the Lord of Valona, John Komnenos Asen.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 PLP, 224. <Ἄγγελος> Νικόλαος.
  2. ↑ Fine 1994, pp. 236, 247.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fine 1994, p. 247.
  4. ↑ Nicol 1984, p. 43.
  5. ↑ Nicol 1984, pp. 57–59, 61.
  6. ↑ Longnon 1969, pp. 267–269.
  7. ↑ Nicol 1984, p. 81.
  8. ↑ Miller 1908, p. 249.
  9. ↑ Nicol 1984, pp. 80, 81.
  10. 1 2 Topping 1975, p. 121.
  11. 1 2 3 Nicol 1984, p. 82.
  12. ↑ Nicol 1984, pp. 82–83.
  13. ↑ Topping 1975, pp. 121–122.
  14. ↑ Nicol 1984, p. 83.
  15. ↑ Nicol 1984, p. 89.
  16. ↑ Nicol 1984, pp. 89–90.
  17. 1 2 Miller 1908, pp. 249–250.
  18. ↑ Nicol 1984, p. 91.
  19. ↑ Nicol 1984, pp. 91–92.
  20. 1 2 Nicol 1984, p. 92.

Sources

Nicholas Orsini
Born: unknown Died: 1323
Preceded by Despot of Epirus
1318–1323		Succeeded by
Preceded by Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
1317–1323
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