The following list shows different orders of magnitude of force.
Since weight under gravity is a force, several of these examples refer to the weight of various objects. Unless otherwise stated, these are weights under average Earth gravity at sea level.
| Factor (N) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−47 | 3.6×10−17 qN | Gravitational attraction of the proton and the electron in hydrogen atom [1] |
| 10−30 quectonewton (qN) | 8.9 qN | Weight of an electron [1] |
| 10−26 | 16 rN | Weight of a hydrogen atom [1] |
| 10−24 yoctonewton (yN) | 5 yN | Force necessary to synchronize the motion of a single trapped ion with an external signal measured in a 2010 experiment [2] [3] |
| 10−22 | 170 yN | Force measured in a 2010 experiment by perturbing 60 beryllium-9 ions [4] [5] |
| 10−15 femtonewton (fN) | ||
| 10−14 | ~10 fN | Brownian motion force on an E. coli bacterium averaged over 1 second [6] |
| ~10 fN | Weight of an E. coli bacterium [7] [8] | |
| 10−13 | ~100 fN | Force to stretch double-stranded DNA to 50% relative extension [6] |
| 10−12 piconewton (pN) | ~4 pN | Force to break a hydrogen bond [6] |
| ~5 pN | Maximum force of a molecular motor [6] | |
| 10−11 | ||
| 10−10 | ~160 pN | Force to break a typical noncovalent bond [6] |
| 10−9 nanonewton (nN) | ~1.6 nN | Force to break a typical covalent bond [6] |
| 10−8 | 8.2×10−8 N | Force on an electron in a hydrogen atom [1] |
| 10−7 | 2×10−7 N | Force between two 1 meter long conductors, 1 meter apart by an outdated definition of one ampere |
| 10−6 micronewton (μN) | 1–150 μN | Output of FEEP ion thrusters used in NASA's Laser Interferometer Space Antenna [9] |
| 10−4 | ||
| 10−3 millinewton (mN) | ||
| 10−2 | 19-92 mN | Thrust of the NSTAR ion engine tested on NASA's space probe Deep Space 1 [10] |
| 10−1 | ||
| Magnitude | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 1 N | 1.4 N | The weight of a smartphone [11] [12] |
| 2.5 N | Typical thrust of a Dual-Stage 4-Grid ion thruster. | |
| 9.8 N | One kilogram-force, nominal weight of a 1 kg (2.2 lb) object at sea level on Earth [13] | |
| 10 N | 50 N | Average force to break the shell of a chicken egg from a young hen [14] |
| 102 N | 720 N | Average force of human bite, measured at molars [15] |
| 103 N kilonewton (kN) | 5 kN | The force applied by the engine of a small car during peak acceleration[ citation needed ] |
| 8 kN | The maximum force achieved by weight lifters during a 'clean and jerk' lift [16] (During the clean part) | |
| 9 kN | The bite force of one adult American alligator [17] | |
| 104 N | 16.5 kN | The bite force of a 5.2 m (17 ft) saltwater crocodile [18] |
| 18 kN | The estimated bite force of a 6.1 m (20 ft) adult great white shark [19] | |
| 25 kN | Approximate force applied by the motors of a Tesla Model S during maximal acceleration [20] | |
| 25.5 to 34.5 kN | The estimated bite force of a large 6.7 m (22 ft) adult saltwater crocodile [21] | |
| 105 N | 100 kN | The average force applied by seatbelt and airbag to a restrained passenger in a car which hits a stationary barrier at 100 km/h [22] |
| 569 kN | Maximum thrust of a large turbofan engine (General Electric GE90) | |
| 890 kN | Maximum pulling force (tractive effort) of a single large diesel-electric locomotive [1] | |
| 106 N meganewton (MN) | 1.8 MN | Thrust of Space Shuttle Main Engine at lift-off [23] [24] [25] |
| 1.9 MN | Weight of the largest Blue Whale [1] | |
| 107 N | 35 MN | Thrust of Saturn V rocket at lift-off [26] |
| 108 N | 570 MN | Simplistic estimate of force of sunlight on Earth [27] |
| 109 N giganewton (GN) | ||
| 1020 N | 200 EN | Gravitational attraction between Earth and Moon [28] |
| 1022 N | 35 ZN | Gravitational attraction between Earth and Sun [29] |
| 1029 N | ≈450 RN | Gravitational attraction between our Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy [30] |
| 1044 N | 120 QTN | Planck force |
detection of forces as small as 174 yN
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)thrust from 19 mN to 92 mN
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)The "winners"—saltwater crocodiles—slammed their jaws shut with 3,700 pounds per square inch (psi), or 16,460 newtons, of bite force.
a bite force of 9,320 Newton at the tip of its jaws and 18,216 N at the back of its jaws
scientifically documented 6.7-meter long Crocodylus porosus individuals were likely capable of molariform bite forces of approximately 27,531 N to 34,424 N (6,187 to 7,736 lbs).
109% power level at sea level: 418,000 lb
Launches normally used 104% ... as a maximum
The rocket generated 34.5 million newtons ... of thrust at launch
Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different elementary particles, theoretically with the same amount of matter, have nonetheless different masses. Mass in modern physics has multiple definitions which are conceptually distinct, but physically equivalent. Mass can be experimentally defined as a measure of the body's inertia, meaning the resistance to acceleration when a net force is applied. The object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies.
An ion thruster, ion drive, or ion engine is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion. An ion thruster creates a cloud of positive ions from a neutral gas by ionizing it to extract some electrons from its atoms. The ions are then accelerated using electricity to create thrust. Ion thrusters are categorized as either electrostatic or electromagnetic.
Crocodiles or true crocodiles are large semiaquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. The term crocodile is sometimes used even more loosely to include all extant members of the order Crocodilia, which includes the alligators and caimans, the gharial and false gharial among other extinct taxa.
The gravitational constant is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. It is also known as the universal gravitational constant, the Newtonian constant of gravitation, or the Cavendish gravitational constant, denoted by the capital letter G.
Specific impulse is a measure of how efficiently a reaction mass engine, such as a rocket using propellant or a jet engine using fuel, generates thrust.
Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure, is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere is a unit of pressure defined as 101,325 Pa (1,013.25 hPa), which is equivalent to 1,013.25 millibars, 760 mm Hg, 29.9212 inches Hg, or 14.696 psi. The atm unit is roughly equivalent to the mean sea-level atmospheric pressure on Earth; that is, the Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1 atm.
The newton is the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as , the force which gives a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second squared.
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kg and 1052 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.
An alligator, or colloquially gator, is a large reptile in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae of the order Crocodilia. The two extant species are the American alligator and the Chinese alligator. Additionally, several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains. Alligators first appeared during the late Eocene epoch about 37 million years ago.
The American alligator, sometimes referred to as a gator or common alligator, is a large crocodilian reptile native to the Southeastern United States and a small section of northeastern Mexico. It is one of the two extant species in the genus Alligator, and is larger than the only other living alligator species, the Chinese alligator.
Thrust-to-weight ratio is a dimensionless ratio of thrust to weight of a rocket, jet engine, propeller engine, or a vehicle propelled by such an engine that is an indicator of the performance of the engine or vehicle.
This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.
Gavialis is a genus of crocodylians that includes the living gharial Gavialis gangeticus and one known extinct species, Gavialis bengawanicus.G. gangeticus comes from the Indian Subcontinent, while G. bengawanicus is known from Java. Gavialis likely first appeared in the Indian Subcontinent in the Pliocene and dispersed into the Malay Archipelago through a path called the Siva–Malayan route in the Quaternary. Remains attributed to Gavialis have also been found on Sulawesi and Woodlark Island east of the Wallace Line, suggesting a prehistoric lineage of Gavialis was able to traverse marine environments and reach places possibly as far as western Oceania.
The false gharial, also known by the names Malayan gharial, Sunda gharial and tomistoma, is a freshwater crocodilian of the family Gavialidae native to Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra and Java. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, as the global population is estimated at around 2,500 to 10,000 mature individuals.
The Siamese crocodile is a medium-sized freshwater crocodile native to Indonesia, Brunei, East Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. The species is critically endangered and already extirpated from many regions. Its other common names include Siamese freshwater crocodile, Singapore small-grain, and soft-belly.
The West African slender-snouted crocodile, or slender-snouted crocodile, is a critically endangered species of African crocodile. It is one of five species of crocodile in Africa, the other four being the Central African slender-snouted, Nile, West African and dwarf crocodiles.
A gravity tractor is a theoretical spacecraft that would deflect another object in space, typically a potentially hazardous asteroid that might impact Earth, without physically contacting it, using only its gravitational field to transmit the required impulse. The gravitational force of a nearby space vehicle, though small, is able to alter the path of a much larger asteroid if the vehicle spends enough time close to it; all that is required is that the vehicle thrust in a consistent direction relative to the asteroid's path, and that neither the vehicle nor its expelled reaction mass come in direct contact with the asteroid. The tractor spacecraft could either hover near the object being deflected, or orbit it, directing its exhaust perpendicular to the plane of the orbit.
This page lists examples of the acceleration occurring in various situations. They are grouped by orders of magnitude.
The NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) is a type of spacecraft ion thruster called electrostatic ion thruster. It is a highly efficient low-thrust spacecraft propulsion running on electrical power generated by solar arrays. It uses high-voltage electrodes to accelerate ions with electrostatic forces.
Longirostres is a clade of crocodilians that includes the crocodiles and the gavialids, to the exclusion of the alligatoroids. Defined in 2003 by Harshman et al., Longirostres is a crown group defined phylogenetically as including the last common ancestor of Crocodylus niloticus and Gavialis gangeticus and all of its descendants.
