Partnership for Peace

Last updated

Partnership for Peace
Partnership for Peace members.svg
NATO Headquarters Brussels, Belgium
Type Intergovernmental organisation
Membership18 participating states
Establishment
• Founded
1994
Website
www.nato.int
1994 Moldovan postage stamp dedicated to the Partnership for Peace Stamp of Moldova 160.gif
1994 Moldovan postage stamp dedicated to the Partnership for Peace

The Partnership for Peace (PfP; French : Partenariat pour la paix) is a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) program aimed at creating trust and cooperation between the member states of NATO and other states mostly in Europe, including post-Soviet states; 18 states are members. [1] The program contains 6 areas of cooperation, which aims to build relationships with partners through military-to-military cooperation on training, exercises, disaster planning and response, science and environmental issues, professionalization, policy planning, and relations with civilian government. [2] [3] During policy negotiations in the 1990s, a primary controversy regarding PfP was its ability to be interpreted as a program that is a stepping stone for joining NATO with full Article 5 guarantees.

Contents

Amidst the security concerns in Eastern Europe after the Cold War and dissolution of the Soviet Union, and also due to the failure of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC), the program was launched during the summit in Brussels, Belgium between January 10 and 11, 1994. [4] In the process, neutral countries also faced a situation in which they had to reconsider maintaining military neutrality; therefore, countries such as Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the Partnership for Peace field activities in 1997. [5]

In 2002, it began the Individual Partnership Action Plan to provide members an opportunity to be granted further assistance from NATO without having to commit to becoming full members of NATO. [6] The program has additionally started an initiative for education, specifically military education. Over the course of its creation, the program has struggled with funding due to its ever-changing formation of members. [6]

Background

Amidst the security concerns of the post–Cold War era, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) was established in 1991 to pay attention to security issues in Eastern Europe. [7] The NACC was first announced at the Rome summit in November 1991 as NATO's first attempt to incorporate the former Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies into European security frameworks. This was intended to form diplomatic links between NATO and Eastern European military officials on industrial and military conversations. [3] After 1991, the NACC held annual ministerial meetings and regular consultations between Eastern and Western representatives of NATO's political, economic, and military committees. The objective of these meetings was to strengthen the relations between Eastern and Western Europe, thereby contributing to the regional political and military stability. However, the council contained 36 members of considerable geographic, economic, and cultural diversity who were at times in political dispute with each other. Eventually, this caused limited actions on the NACC's primary mission. By 1993, a range of Eastern European countries lost confidence in the NACC. The emergence of new states such as Croatia and Ukraine, along with the split of Czechoslovakia, led to Slovakian Foreign Minister, Milan Kňažko, urging the creation of a security framework that would facilitate cooperation on all levels with NATO. [8] The shortcomings of the NACC in their insufficiency when dealing with fast-paced regional events, resulted in heightened pressure by NACC members for a membership into the NATO alliance and also the formation of an alternative program. [3]

The concept of the PfP was first discussed by the Bulgarian society Novae, after being proposed as an American initiative at the meeting of NATO defense ministers in Travemünde, Germany, between October 20 and 21, 1993, and it was formally launched on January 10–11, 1994, at the NATO summit in Brussels, Belgium. [9] According to declassified U.S. State Department records, [10] President Clinton characterized to President Yeltsin the PfP as a "track that will lead to NATO membership" and that "does not draw another line dividing Europe a few hundred miles to the east". [11] In September 1994 Clinton told Yeltsin that NATO would expand, but there was no timetable. [12] [13] By that time, Yeltsin had claimed a Russian sphere of influence covering the Commonwealth of Independent States. [14]

Purpose

Between October 20 and 21, 1993, in Travemünde, Germany, a meeting for NATO defense ministers was held. In the meeting, the US proposed a program called the Partnership for Peace in response to issues in Eastern Europe. [9] This initiative was designed by the US Secretary of Defense Les Aspin who did not want to exclude Russia from international security arrangements. [15] This was mainly an initiative launched to encourage states to build democracy and active participation towards maintaining international security. [15] The program was also put in place in order to strengthen security cooperation with states in Central and Eastern Europe that were not part of the NATO alliance. [16] In the NATO summit held between January 10 and 11, 1994, the PfP was established by NATO under the North Atlantic Council (NAC). [3] [15] It was claimed by Clinton that the partnership would give way for countries in Eastern Europe, including those that were part of the Soviet Union and even Russia itself to work together "for the best possible future for Europe". [9]

The PfP Framework Document presented six areas of cooperation, including: [17]

States were also promised offices at the NATO headquarters and at a Partnership Coordination Cell which was located near the SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe). [9] States participating in the initiative were to receive perks for cooperating, albeit less than states who had already had full membership in the NATO alliance. [16] NATO along with the US government announced that the existing alliance members would only need minimal contributions towards the cost of the initiative while the PfP members would have to fund for most of the cost of the program. [15] The PfP also increased the possibility for participating states who were not part of the NATO alliance to be an official member, but never actually guaranteed a NATO membership. It was claimed[ by whom? ] that the PfP was used to delay decisions regarding the move towards expanding NATO membership to non-NATO members in Europe. [9] It was also perceived[ by whom? ] as a devised plot by the West to prepare Eastern European states for the formation of a European Union by turning them into democratic states through military cooperation. [16] By mid-October 1994, 22 states were part of the PfP. [15]

Membership

European NATO members (1994) Current NATO members which were formerly PfP members Partnership for Peace members States which aspire for PfP membership Partnership for Peace members.svg

On April 26, 1995, Malta became a member of PfP; [18] it left on October 27, 1996, in order to maintain its neutrality. [19] On March 20, 2008, Malta decided to reactivate its PfP membership; [20] this was accepted by NATO at the summit in Bucharest on April 3, 2008. [21] During the NATO summit in Riga on November 29, 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia were invited to join PfP, [22] which they did [23] on December 14, 2006. [24]

Current members

CountryPfP membership [23] Notes
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia October 5, 1994 CSTO member
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria February 10, 1995 EU member
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan May 4, 1994 GUAM member
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus January 11, 1995CSTO member
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina December 14, 2006
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia March 23, 1994GUAM member
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland December 1, 1999EU member
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan May 27, 1994CSTO member
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan June 1, 1994CSTO member
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta April 26, 1995 [18] [lower-alpha 1] EU member
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova March 16, 1994GUAM member
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia June 22, 1994CSTO member
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia December 14, 2006CSTO observer
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland December 11, 1996
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan February 20, 2002CSTO member
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan May 10, 1994
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine February 8, 1994GUAM member
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan July 13, 1994
  1. ↑ Withdrew on October 27, 1996; [19] reactivated its membership on March 20, 2008; [20] this was accepted by NATO on April 3, 2008. [21]

Austria

Austria's participation in PfP was strengthened in 1996. Their views on PfP focused on maintaining the ability and readiness to contribute to operations "under the authority and/or responsibility of the United Nations and/or NATO and/or the OSCE". An important area of Austrian PfP contribution is private emergency planning. 30% of all PfP activities in this field came from Austria in 1997. In that year, Austria participated in 227 activities, including 14 peacekeeping operations involving 713 people, within the framework of the NATO/PfP program. [5]

Aspiring members

Cyprus

Cyprus is the only European Union member state that is neither a NATO member state nor a member of the PfP program. [25] The Parliament of Cyprus adopted a resolution in February 2011 in favor of PfP membership, but President Demetris Christofias said it would hamper his attempts to negotiate an end to the Cyprus dispute and demilitarize the island. [26] [27] Turkey, a full member of NATO, is likely to veto any attempt by Cyprus to engage with NATO until the dispute is resolved. [28] President Nicos Anastasiades publicly supported PfP membership for Cyprus, [29] though his foreign minister and successor Nikos Christodoulides has dismissed the idea, preferring to keep the country's foreign and defence affairs within the framework of the European Union. [30]

Kosovo

Kosovo has described PfP membership as a tactical and strategic objective of the government. [31] Kosovo submitted an application to join the PfP program in July 2012. However, four NATO member states, Greece, Romania, Spain and Slovakia, do not recognize Kosovo's independence and have threatened to block their participation in the program. [32] [33] To be eligible to join, the Kosovar Armed Forces must be established [34] from the Kosovo Security Force.

Previous members

16 former member states of the PfP (namely Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden) have subsequently joined NATO.

NATO members that were previously PfP members [23]
CountryJoined PfPBecame full NATO member
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland February 2, 1994March 12, 1999
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary February 8, 1994
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic March 10, 1994
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania January 26, 1994March 29, 2004
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania January 27, 1994
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia February 3, 1994
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia February 9, 1994
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia February 14, 1994
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia March 30, 1994
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania February 23, 1994April 1, 2009
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia May 25, 2000
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro December 14, 2006June 5, 2017
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia November 15, 1995 March 27, 2020
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland May 9, 1994April 4, 2023
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden March 7, 2024

Note

1. ^ Known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia before February 15, 2019. [35]

Legacy

During the post-Cold War era, equal distribution of opportunities to contribute to peacekeeping operations was made, but the status of middle and neutral powers such as Sweden, Finland, and Ireland also decreased. Therefore, neutral countries also faced a situation in which they had to reconsider maintaining military neutrality in the current international political unipolar system. In June 1997, a senior NATO official said a broader role was aimed at working closer with NATO and finally joining the alliance. While the PfP provides a framework for cooperative relations with Russia, it did not include a membership into NATO. Although the PfP has made important contributions to crisis management, such as peacekeeping operations, Ireland and Austria are still not NATO members. [5]

Evolution

In 2001, NATO granted participation in its Membership Action Plan (MAP) to nine of the 26 PfP countries. In 2002, NATO began the Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP) initiative during the 2002 Prague Summit. [6] The goal of this plan was to provide member states of PfP a chance to be granted assistance from NATO to "establish reform goals" without the pressure of committing to NATO. [6]

In 2003, the alliance assumed strategic command, control, and coordination of the mission and established a permanent International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) headquarters in Kabul. Since then, the operation has grown to about 120,000 troops from 47 countries. [6]

During NATO's 2004 Istanbul Summit, the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative was launched. During this summit, six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council were included. Over the course of the summit, NATO also established the less formalized Partners across the Globe initiative. [6]

The 2008 Russo-Georgian War had implications for the Partnership for Peace. [36] President Dmitry Medvedev referred to an attack by Georgia against a Russian military base in Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, as "Russia's 9/11". [36] The subsequent expansion of the previously bilateral Georgia Train and Equip Program, which had been established within the context of Georgia's participation in the PfP, was viewed with alarm in Moscow. [6] [36]

As of 2023, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only remaining participant in NATO's Membership Action Plan (MAP). [37]

Partnership for Peace Education Initiative

The PfP has pushed for education programs amongst members of both NATO and the PfP composed of professional military education. Its purpose is to "contribute to peace and security in the Euro-Atlantic region and beyond". These education programs and training are mostly focused on Central Asia and the South Caucasus. [38]

Struggles with funding

The Partnership for Peace has had ramification on its budget caused by the ever-changing formation of members. For instance, the average annual Wales Initiative Funding (WIF) established for the program was set at $43 million during the fiscal years of 1996 to 2005. In consequence of a decline in the number of countries participating in the program, annual funding was reduced to $29 million in fiscal years 2006 through 2010. [6] Another factor includes the reduction of distribution of WIF funding in the program amongst aspiring members of NATO. [6]

See also

Notes

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">NATO</span> Intergovernmental military alliance

    The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber. The organization's strategic concepts include deterrence.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</span> Multilateral forum of NATO states

    The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a post–Cold War, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) institution. The EAPC is a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and Central Asia. States meet to cooperate and discuss political and security issues. It was formed on 29 May 1997 at a Ministers’ meeting held in Sintra, Portugal, as the successor to the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC), which was created in 1991.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">State Partnership Program</span> Protocol used by the National Guard of the United States

    The State Partnership Program (SPP) is a joint program of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) and the individual states, territories, and District of Columbia. The program and the concept originated in 1993 as a simplified form of the previously established (1992) Joint Contact Team Program (JCTP). The JCTP aimed at assisting former Warsaw Pact and Soviet Union Republics, now independent, to form democracies and defense forces of their own. It featured long-term presence of extensive and expensive teams of advisory specialists. The SPP shortened the advisory presence to a United States National Guard unit of a designated state, called a partner, which would conduct joint exercises with the host. It is cheaper, has a lesser American presence, and can comprise contacts with civilian agencies. Today both programs are funded.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Riga summit</span> 2006 NATO summit meeting in Riga, Latvia

    The 2006 Riga summit or the 19th NATO Summit was a NATO summit held in the Olympic Sports Centre, Riga, Latvia from 28 to 29 November 2006. The most important topics discussed were the War in Afghanistan and the future role and borders of the alliance. Further, the summit focused on the alliance's continued transformation, taking stock of what has been accomplished since the 2002 Prague Summit. NATO also committed itself to extending further membership invitations in the upcoming 2008 Bucharest Summit. This summit was the first NATO summit held on the territory of the Baltic states.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgia–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

    Georgia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) enjoy cordial relations. Georgia is not currently a member of NATO, but has been promised by NATO to be admitted in the future.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Romania in NATO</span> Bilateral relations

    Romania joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on March 29, 2004, following the decision taken at the Prague Summit, in November 2002. For Romania, this has represented a major evolution, with decisive influence upon the foreign and domestic policy of Romania. NATO membership represents the guarantee of security and external stability, which is vital for ensuring the prosperous development of the country. Romania is playing an active role in promoting the values and objectives of the Alliance, by both participating in the operations and missions of the Alliance and involving in its conceptual initiatives and evolutions.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Enlargement of NATO</span> Collective geopolitical action by NATO states

    NATO is a military alliance of thirty-two European and North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense. The process of joining the alliance is governed by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which allows for the invitation of "other European States" only and by subsequent agreements. Countries wishing to join must meet certain requirements and complete a multi-step process involving political dialog and military integration. The accession process is overseen by the North Atlantic Council, NATO's governing body. NATO was formed in 1949 with twelve founding members and has added new members ten times. The first additions were Greece and Turkey in 1952. In May 1955, West Germany joined NATO, which was one of the conditions agreed to as part of the end of the country's occupation by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own collective security alliance later that month. Following the end of the Franco regime, newly democratic Spain chose to join NATO in 1982.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Russia–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

    Relations between the NATO military alliance and the Russian Federation were established in 1991 within the framework of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. In 1994, Russia joined the Partnership for Peace program, and on 27 May 1997, the NATO–Russia Founding Act (NRFA) was signed at the 1997 Paris NATO Summit in France, enabling the creation of the NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council (NRPJC). Through the early part of 2010s NATO and Russia signed several additional agreements on cooperation. The NRPJC was replaced in 2002 by the NATO–Russia Council (NRC), which was established in an effort to partner on security issues and joint projects together.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Albania–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

    The accession of Albania to NATO took place in 2009. Albania's relationship with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) began in 1992 when it joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. In 1994, it entered NATO's Partnership for Peace, which began Albania's process of accession into the alliance. In 1999, the country received a Membership Action Plan (MAP). The country received an invitation to join at the 2008 Bucharest Summit and became a full member on April 1, 2009.

    The 1994 Brussels summit was the 13th NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time. The formal sessions and informal meetings in Brussels, Belgium took place on 10–11 January 1994.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of NATO</span> Overview of multilateral relations

    NATO maintains foreign relations with many non-member countries across the globe. NATO runs a number of programs which provide a framework for the partnerships between itself and these non-member nations, typically based on that country's location. These include the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Partnership for Peace.

    The Partnership for Peace Consortium is a network of over 800 defense academies and security studies institutes across 60 countries. Founded in 1998 during the NATO Summit, the PfPC was chartered to promote defense institution building and foster regional stability through multinational education and research, which the PfPC accomplishes via a network of educators and researchers. It is based at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch, Germany. According to the PfPC Annual Report of 2012, in 2012 eight hundred defense academies and security studies institutes in 59 countries worked with the PfPC in 69 defense education/defense institution building and policy-relevant events. The Consortium publishes an academic quarterly journal CONNECTIONS in English and Russian. The journal is run by an international Editorial Board of experts and is distributed to over 1,000 institutions in 54 countries.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Ireland–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

    Ireland and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have had a formal relationship since 1999, when Ireland joined as a member of the NATO Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and signed up to NATO's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). To date, Ireland has not sought to become a member of NATO due to its traditional policy of military neutrality.

    Serbia is a member state of several international organizations :

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Azerbaijan–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

    The relationship between Azerbaijan and NATO started in 1992 when Azerbaijan joined the newly created North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Considerable partnership between NATO and Azerbaijan dates back to 1994, when the latter joined Partnership for Peace program. Azerbaijan established a diplomatic Mission to NATO in 1997 by the Presidential Decree on 21 November.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Withdrawal from NATO</span> Legal process of Article 13 of the North Atlantic Treaty

    Withdrawal from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the legal and political process whereby a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation withdraws from the North Atlantic Treaty, and thus the country in question ceases to be a member of NATO. The formal process is stated in article 13 of the Treaty. This says that any country that wants to leave must send the United States a "notice of denunciation", which the U.S. would then pass on to the other Allies. After a one-year waiting period, the country that wants to leave would be out.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">European Union–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

    The European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) are two main treaty-based Western organisations for cooperation between member states, both headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. Their natures are different and they operate in different spheres: NATO is a purely intergovernmental organisation functioning as a military alliance, which serves to implement article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty on collective territorial defence. The EU on the other hand is a partly supranational and partly intergovernmental sui generis entity akin to a confederation that entails wider economic and political integration. Unlike NATO, the EU pursues a foreign policy in its own right—based on consensus, and member states have equipped it with tools in the field of defence and crisis management; the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) structure.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenia–NATO relations</span> Armenias relations with NATO

    Armenia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have maintained a formal relationship since 1992, when Armenia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Armenia officially established bilateral relations with NATO in 1994 when it became a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme. In 2002, Armenia became an Associate Member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyprus–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

    Cyprus is one of four European Union (EU) member states which is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the only one not to participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. The others are Austria, Ireland and Malta.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Malta–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

    Malta and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have a close relationship. Malta is one of four members of the European Union that are not members of NATO, the others being Austria, Cyprus and Ireland. Malta has had formal relations with NATO since 1995, when it joined the Partnership for Peace programme. While it withdrew in 1996, it rejoined as a member in 2008.

    References

    1. ↑ North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (December 3, 2009). "Partner countries" . Retrieved December 23, 2009.
    2. ↑ "Partnership for Peace programme". NATO.
    3. 1 2 3 4 Simon, Jeffrey (1994). Partnership for Peace: Stabilizing the East. Defense Technical Information Center. OCLC   713348684.
    4. ↑ Sunley, Johnathan. Tasks for NATO II: improve the partnership for peace. OCLC   82596203.
    5. 1 2 3 Ishizuka, Katsumi (2014). Ireland and International Peacekeeping Operations 1960-2000. Taylor and Francis. ISBN   978-1-135-29526-4. OCLC   879023336.
    6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Christoff, Joseph A. (2009). "GAO Report on NATO Enlargement: Albania and Croatia". Connections: The Quarterly Journal. 08 (2): 75–91. doi: 10.11610/connections.08.2.06 . ISSN   1812-1098.
    7. ↑ Kruzel, Joseph (1995). "Partnership for Peace and the Transformation of North Atlantic Security". In Papacosma, S. V.; Heiss, M. A. (eds.). NATO in the Post-Cold War Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 339–345. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-60836-2_15. ISBN   978-1-349-60838-6 . Retrieved March 18, 2022.
    8. ↑ de Santis, Hugh (December 1994). "Romancing NATO: Partnership for peace and East European stability". Journal of Strategic Studies. 17 (4): 61–81. doi:10.1080/01402399408437570. ISSN   0140-2390.
    9. 1 2 3 4 5 Borawski, John (April 1995). "Partnership for Peace and beyond". International Affairs. 71 (2). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 233–246. doi:10.2307/2623432. JSTOR   2623432.
    10. ↑ "The President's Meeting with Czech Leaders". National Security Archive. William J. Clinton Presidential Library. January 11, 1994 – via George Washington University.
    11. ↑ Savranskaya, Svetlana; Blanton, Tom. "NATO Expansion: What Yeltsin Heard". National Security Archive. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
    12. ↑ Jim Goldberger (November 22, 2019). "Promises Made, Promises Broken? What Yeltsin Was Told About NATO in 1993 and Why It Matters". War on the Rocks. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
    13. ↑ "Background Briefing". Clinton White House. September 21, 1994. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
    14. ↑ John M. Goshko (September 27, 1994). "Yeltsin Claims Russian Sphere of Influence". Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
    15. 1 2 3 4 5 Gallis, Paul E. (1994). Partnership for peace. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. OCLC   299723964.
    16. 1 2 3 Ruhle, Michael; Williams, Nicholas (July 4, 1994). "Partnership for Peace: A Personal View from NATO". The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters. 24 (1). doi: 10.55540/0031-1723.1717 . ISSN   0031-1723. S2CID   221896802.
    17. ↑ "Partnership for Peace: Framework Document issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council". NATO. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
    18. 1 2 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (April 26, 1995). "Secretary General's Council Welcoming Remarks, Visit by Maltese Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Professor Guido de Marco, Wednesday, April 26, 1995" . Retrieved November 30, 2006.
    19. 1 2 Bohlen, Celestine (November 12, 1996). "New Malta Chief Focuses on Neutrality". New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2008. Within hours of taking office, Mr. [Alfred] Sant withdrew Malta's membership in Partnership for Peace, a NATO military cooperation program that is so loosely defined that its sign-up list now spans the spectrum from Russia to Switzerland. [...] Mr. Sant says none of those moves should be interpreted as anti-European or anti-American, but simply as the best way of insuring Malta's security.
    20. 1 2 Gambin, Karl (April 3, 2008). "Malta reactivates Partnership for Peace membership". DI-VE. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008. The cabinet has agreed to reactivate its membership in the Partnership for Peace which was withdrawn in 1996, the government said on Thursday.
    21. 1 2 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (April 3, 2008). "Malta re-engages in the Partnership for Peace Programme" . Retrieved April 3, 2008. At the Bucharest Summit, NATO Heads of State and Government welcomed Malta's return to the Partnership for Peace Programme. At Malta's request, the Allies have re-activated Malta's participation in the Partnership for Peace Programme (PfP).
    22. ↑ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (November 29, 2006). "Alliance offers partnership to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia" . Retrieved November 30, 2006.
    23. 1 2 3 "Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. October 5, 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2006.
    24. ↑ "Serbia inducted into NATO". Associated Press. December 14, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
    25. ↑ Wilson, Damon (April 1, 2019). "NATO membership for Cyprus. Yes, Cyprus". Atlantic Council . Retrieved January 1, 2020.
    26. ↑ "Cypriot parliament votes to join NATO's Partnership for Peace". SETimes. February 25, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
    27. ↑ "Cyprus – Vouli Antiprosopon (House of Representatives)". Inter-Parliamentary Union . Retrieved February 24, 2013.
    28. ↑ Dempsey, Judy (November 24, 2012). "Between the European Union and NATO, Many Walls". New York Times . Retrieved July 19, 2012.
    29. ↑ Kambas, Michele; Babington, Deepa (February 24, 2013). "Cypriot conservative romps to presidential victory". Reuters . Retrieved February 24, 2013.
    30. ↑ "Cyprus dismisses reports on NATO scenarios". KNEWS - Kathimerini Cyprus. June 5, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
    31. ↑ "Hoxhaj në Lituani, merr përkrahje për MSA-në dhe vizat (Video)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo. April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
    32. ↑ "Kosovo seeks to join international organisations". Turkish Weekly. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
    33. ↑ "Kosovo looking to join the Adriatic Charter". January 21, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
    34. ↑ Thaçi, Hashim. "Prioritetet e reja të Politikës së Jashtme të Kosovës". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo.
    35. ↑ "Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)". Brussels: NATO. September 17, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
    36. 1 2 3 Herd, Graeme P.; Flesch, Daniel A. (2008). "The Georgia Crisis: Implications for the Partnership for Peace". Connections: The Quarterly Journal. 08 (1): 1–10. doi: 10.11610/connections.08.1.01 . ISSN   1812-1098.
    37. ↑ "Membership Action Plan (MAP)". Brussels: NATO. October 5, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
    38. ↑ Keagle, James M. (2012). "A Special Relationship: U.S. and NATO Engagement with the Partnership for Peace to Build Partner Capacity Through Education". Connections: The Quarterly Journal. 11 (4): 59–73. doi: 10.11610/connections.11.4.07 . ISSN   1812-1098.
    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.