Paul Cameron

Last updated
Paul Cameron
JKRUK 20191114 PAUL CAMERON KIELCE IMG 8797 (2).jpg
Paul Cameron, lecture in Kielce, November 14, 2019
Born
Paul Drummond Cameron

(1939-11-09) November 9, 1939 (age 84)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Alma mater Los Angeles Pacific College
California State University, Los Angeles
University of Colorado at Boulder
Scientific career
Fields Psychology
Institutions Stout State University
Wayne State University
University of Louisville
Fuller Theological Seminary
University of Nebraska
Family Research Institute

Paul Drummond Cameron (born November 9, 1939) is an American psychologist. While employed at various institutions, including the University of Nebraska, he conducted research on passive smoking, but he is best known today for his claims about homosexuality. After a successful 1982 campaign against a gay rights proposal in Lincoln, Nebraska, he established the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality (ISIS), now known as the Family Research Institute (FRI). As FRI's chairman, Cameron has written contentious papers asserting unproven associations between homosexuality and the perpetration of child sexual abuse and reduced life expectancy. These have been heavily criticized and frequently discredited by others in the field.

Contents

In 1983, the American Psychological Association expelled Cameron for non-cooperation with an ethics investigation. Position statements issued by the American Sociological Association, Canadian Psychological Association, and the Nebraska Psychological Association accuse Cameron of misrepresenting social science research. [1] Cameron has been designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as an anti-gay extremist. [2] [3] [4]

Biography

Early life and career

Cameron was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S., on November 9, 1939. [5] His family moved shortly afterwards to Florida. [6] He received a BA from Los Angeles Pacific College in 1961, an MA from Los Angeles State College (now California State University, Los Angeles) the following year and a PhD from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1966. [5] [7] He held posts as an assistant psychology professor at University of Wisconsin–Stout (1966–67) and Wayne State University (1967–68), before becoming an associate professor at the University of Louisville (1970–73) and the Fuller Graduate School of Psychology (part of the Fuller Theological Seminary) (1976–79). In 1979, he became an associate professor of Marriage and Family Therapy at the University of Nebraska. [5]

During this period, Cameron conducted research on a variety of topics, including the effects of passive smoking [2] and the relation between pet ownership and happiness. In his 1978 book Sexual Gradualism, he supported a middle ground between liberal and conservative Christian attitudes to sexuality, arguing that teenagers should avoid intercourse while experimenting with lower "levels" of sexual intimacy. [6]

In 1980, Cameron left the University of Nebraska and took up private practice as a psychologist in Lincoln, Nebraska. [5] In 1982, when the Lincoln city council asked residents to vote on a proposal to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation, Cameron led the opposition as chairman of the committee to Oppose Special Rights for Homosexuals. [8] Despite his earlier moderate position on teenage relationships, Cameron had come to take a hard-line stance on the topic of homosexuality. He has stated that his approach, emphasizing the harms he believed to be caused by homosexual behavior and its acceptance, was influenced by his work on the "lethal" behavior of smokers. [6]

During the campaign in Lincoln, Cameron delivered a speech at the University of Nebraska Lutheran chapel. This drew much attention after he stated that a four-year-old boy had suffered a brutal homosexual assault in a local mall. Police were unable to confirm the incident, and Cameron acknowledged that he had heard the story only as a rumor. [6] On May 11, Lincoln voters rejected the proposed measure by a 4–1 margin. [8]

Family Research Institute

In 1982, Cameron co-founded the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality in Lincoln. [6] Believing that earlier sex surveys, including those conducted by Playboy magazine, had overestimated the prevalence of homosexuality, Cameron set out in 1983 to conduct what he described as "a fair sexuality poll, not one based on volunteers." His expectation was that the results would support his case for a ban on homosexual acts throughout the United States. Funding, according to Cameron, was provided by businessmen including several Nebraska chief executives. [9] The 1983 ISIS Survey, an "extensive self-administered questionnaire", was offered to 9,129 adults in five U.S. cities, and 4,340 responses were received. In 1984, these were supplemented with data from 824 adults from Dallas. [10] Under the banner of ISIS, Cameron produced a number of "lurid pamphlets about the supposed social ills associated with homosexuality", containing numerous false or unverifiable claims. [11]

ISIS was shortly afterwards renamed the Family Research Institute (FRI) and moved to Washington, D.C. In 1995, FRI changed location again, this time to Colorado Springs, Colorado, where it remains based. [5] [6] In his capacity as FRI's chairman, Cameron has authored pamphlets and scientific articles on the topic of homosexuality. The cover photograph for Cameron's pamphlet Child Molestation and Homosexuality depicted "a young boy being pulled into a men's bathroom," while Murder, Violence and Homosexuality showed "a little girl cowering beneath an arm wielding an ax." [6] Many of Cameron's scientific articles have been based on the 1983–1984 ISIS survey, including a 1996 paper that concluded based on participants' answers concerning their teachers that homosexual teachers could influence their students to become homosexual. [10]

Another of Cameron's conclusions, based partly on his studies of obituaries in gay newspapers, is that homosexuals as a group have a median age of death about 20 years lower than that of heterosexuals. [12] [13] After analyzing official data from Denmark, which allowed same-sex unions in 1989, and Norway, which allowed same-sex marriage in 2009, [14] Cameron reported in 2007 that "married lesbians lived to age 56 and married gay men to age 52." [15] Cameron states that many victims of child sexual abuse are the same sex as their abusers – one FRI study on sexual abuse by foster parents in Illinois reported that 34% of perpetrators were guilty of same-sex abuse [16] – and concludes that "there is a strong, disproportionate association between child molestation and homosexuality." [17]

Cameron has asserted that 75 percent of gay men regularly ingest feces and that 70 to 78 percent have had a sexually transmitted disease, that all are promiscuous, and that homosexuals commit proportionately more homicides than non-homosexuals. [18] He has been quoted in Rolling Stone as saying that homosexual sex was more pleasurable than most heterosexual sex, and as a result, if homosexuality were tolerated then it would become predominant within a few generations. [19]

Cameron's publications have been cited as support by some groups who oppose same-sex marriage and allowing homosexuals to become foster or adoptive parents, including the Traditional Values Coalition. [7] Cameron testified in the case Baker v. Wade (1985). [20] In 1992, Gale Norton, then the Attorney General of Colorado, employed Cameron as a consultant when defending a law preventing the extension of civil rights legislation to homosexuals. Cameron's testimony went unused, and the law was struck down by the Supreme Court. Cameron campaigned against a gay-rights initiative in Maine in 2000, testified in favor of the failed Virginia Anti-Gay Adoption Bill in 2005, [7] [21] and opposed a 2007 Colorado bill intended to allow cohabiting couples to adopt. [22] He was tricked into appearing in Sacha Baron Cohen's 2009 mockumentary film Brüno . [23] Southern Poverty Law Center has classed the Family Research Institute as a hate group.

Family

Cameron is married and has three children. [6] His son, Kirk (not to be confused with the actor of the same name), has been involved with the Family Research Institute since 1983. [6] [24]

Criticism

From professional organizations

The American Psychological Association (APA) launched an investigation into Cameron after receiving complaints about his work from members. [6] [7] The APA President Max Seigel sent Cameron a letter on December 2, 1983, stating that the Board of Directors had decided to drop him from membership for failure to cooperate with their investigation. [25] FRI has contended that Cameron had already resigned from the organization in November 1982, citing correspondence from before his formal expulsion. [26] In a letter published in the March 1983 edition of the APA Monitor, Cameron stated that his reasons for leaving included his opinion that the organization was becoming more of a "liberal PAC" than a professional society. [27] The APA, however, does not allow the resignation of a member who is the subject of an ethics investigation. [28] An APA spokesperson told The Boston Globe in 2005, "We are concerned about Dr. Cameron because we do believe that his methodology is weak." [7]

In 1984 the Nebraska Psychological Association issued a statement disassociating itself "from the representations and interpretations of scientific literature offered by Dr. Paul Cameron." [7] In 1986 the American Sociological Association passed a resolution stating, "The American Sociological Association officially and publicly states that Paul Cameron is not a sociologist, and condemns his consistent misrepresentation of sociological research." [29] This was based on a report from the ASA's Committee on the Status of Homosexuals in Sociology, which summarised Cameron's inflammatory statements and commented, "It does not take great analytical abilities to suspect from even a cursory review of Cameron's writings that his claims have almost nothing to do with social science and that social science is used only to cover over another agenda. Very little of his work could find support from even a bad misreading of genuine social science investigation on the subject and some sociologists, such as Alan Bell, have been 'appalled' at the abuse of their work." [30] In 1996, the board of directors of the Canadian Psychological Association approved a position statement disassociating the organisation from Cameron's work on sexuality, stating that he had "consistently misinterpreted and misrepresented research on sexuality, homosexuality, and lesbianism." [31]

In March 2015, Cameron sued the Polish gay rights organisation 'Pracownia Różnorodności' for calling him a 'homophobic liar'. [32] [ relevant? ]

From individuals

After Cameron submitted affidavits to the U. S. District Court of Dallas in Baker v. Wade (1985), Judge Buchmeyer wrote in his opinion that Cameron had engaged in "fraud" and "misrepresentations to this Court" [20] noting that, "His sworn statement that 'homosexuals are approximately 43 times more apt to commit crimes than is the general population' is a total distortion of the Kinsey data upon which he relies – which, as is obvious to anyone who reads the report, concerns data from a non-representative sample of delinquent homosexuals (and Dr. Cameron compares this group to college and non-college heterosexuals)." [1] Buchmeyer's decision was reversed by the Fifth Circuit on other grounds, without mentioning Buchmeyer's finding that Cameron had made misrepresentations. [33] FRI has disputed Judge Buchmeyer's assessment of Cameron's affidavits. [34]

Epidemiologists Morten Frisch and Henrik Brønnum-Hansen argue that Cameron was wrong to infer reduced life expectancy from the fact that deaths among homosexually married partners in Denmark and Norway occurred at a lower median age than those among heterosexually married partners: "Because the age distribution among persons in same-sex marriages was considerably younger than that of people who had ever been heterosexually married, the average age at death among those who actually died during the observation period was, not surprisingly, considerably younger in the population of same-sex married persons." Their own analysis found that excess mortality in Danish same-sex marriages since 1995 was "restricted to the first few years after a marriage, presumably reflecting preexisting illness at the time of marriage". [35] Similarly, critics have argued that obituaries in gay-themed newspapers, which Cameron used to estimate homosexual mortality, do not provide a representative sample of deaths and ignore surviving members of the same generation. [36]

Cameron has also been criticized for placing responsibility for same-sex child sexual abuse on "homosexuals"; Scientists say someone who carries out such abuse need not have a homosexual orientation with respect to other adults. [37] [38] Gregory M. Herek, a psychologist specializing in prejudice against sexual minorities, charges that Cameron misrepresented the literature he had reviewed and cited to support his claims, such as a Groth and Birnbaum (1978) study in which none of the participating child molestors actually identified as homosexuals, and none of those who were bisexual claimed to prefer men over women. Furthermore, while Cameron assumed all the same-sex molestations were perpetrated by homosexuals, he did not assume all the opposite-sex molestations were perpetrated by heterosexuals; he included a "bisexual correction" only for opposite-sex molestations that effectively increased the number of perpetrators described as "homosexual" without changing the number described as "heterosexual". [39]

Herek noted that most of the Cameron group's academic publications in the past 15 years have been based on a survey study conducted in 1983 and 1984. The main survey was completed in seven U.S. cities and towns in 1983. Data were later added from a 1984 Dallas (TX) sample. Most of the Cameron group's papers have reported data from the combined samples. According to Herek, a critical review of the Cameron group's sampling techniques, survey methodology, and interpretation of results reveals at least six serious errors in their study. Herek concludes, "an empirical study manifesting even one of these six weaknesses would be considered seriously flawed. In combination, the multiple methodological problems evident in the Cameron group's surveys mean that their results cannot even be considered a valid description of the specific group of individuals who returned the survey questionnaire. Because the data are essentially meaningless, it is not surprising that they have been virtually ignored by the scientific community." [40] "The Cameron group has published its empirical research in academic journals with low prestige and, at least in the case of Psychological Reports, with a low rejection rate. Other than the Cameron group itself, researchers have not cited their empirical studies as a source of ideas for new research on sexual orientation. Nor have scientists cited the group's papers to support assertions about the dangers to society posed by homosexuals." [41]

In a widely publicized interview with Midweek Politics with David Pakman, Cameron compared homosexuality to drug use, [42] a comparison that drew criticism from several gay rights blogs, websites, and The Huffington Post . [43]

Claims of linkage between homosexuality and child sex abuse

Cameron's claim of homosexuals being more apt to sexually abuse and molest children rests on the fallacious assumption that for all children who are sexually molested or abused by the perpetrators of the same sex as that of victim, the perpetrators are homosexuals who are mainly attracted to adults of same sex. [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] While any coercive sex between and adult and minor of same sex is homosexual act, the conclusion that the perpetrator is homosexual in orientation towards adults is not necessarily correct. [50] [51] (See page 62 of ref [51] ) James Cantor [45] mentions that the extremist groups take advantage of confusing terminologies. Pedophilia is primary sexual attraction towards children whereas teleiophilia refers to sexual attraction towards adults. Homosexuality or homosexual in the context of pedophilia refers to homosexual pedophiles (those who are primarily sexually attracted to children of same sex), whereas homosexuality or homosexuals in the context of civil rights or equality or prevalence of homosexuality in general population refers to homosexual teleiophilia (those who are attracted towards of adults of same sex). Analogous terms like heterosexual pedophilia, heterosexual teleiophilia are also present. Some literature use term androphiles for sexual attraction towards adult males (homosexual teleiophile males and heterosexual teleiophile females) whereas the term gynephiles is used for sexual attraction towards females (homosexual teleiophile females and heterosexual teleiophile males). These terminologies are well accepted in the scientific community. [44] [45] [46] [48] [52] [53] [ excessive citations ] It is known that fraction of male homosexual pedophiles among male pedophiles is considerably more than fraction of male homosexual teleiophiles among male teleiophiles. [48] However competent scientific studies have documented that it is not sensible to compare homosexual pedophiles with homosexual teleiophiles. [52] [54] [49] Homosexual teleiophiles are not any more likely to sexually abuse children than heterosexual teleiophiles. [46] [47] [48] Scientific, medical and psychiatric bodies across the world do not consider homosexuality to be a disease or a particular risk factor for physically or sexually abusive behavior, and advocate acceptance of LGBT citizens. [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [ excessive citations ]

Cameron has misinterpreted some scientific literature which he says supports the idea that homosexuals are more likely to molest children. Freund et al. 1992 [48] state that while fraction of male homosexual pedophiles among male pedophiles is considerably more than fraction of androphile males (homosexual teleiophile males) among teleiophile males, these findings would not imply that androphilic males (homosexual teleiophiles) have more propensity to sexually abuse children than gynephilic males (heterosexual teleiophiles), the conclusion which runs contrary to Cameron's understanding. Another paper from Archives of Sexual Behavior by Erickson et al. 1988 [68] has been misinterpreted by Cameron. The paper found that roughly 70% of child sex offenders had abused girls, 25% had abused boys and 5% had abused both. Over 86% of those who had offended against boys were homosexual (i.e. around 26% of total child sex offenders). However what Cameron misses is that the keywords provided by authors in the same paper [68] include homosexual pedophilia and pedophilia. The paper [68] is speaking about homosexual pedophiles [45] It does not have homosexual teleiophilia or androphilia (sexual attraction towards adult males) in its keywords. Usage of homosexuality/homosexuals in context of pedophilia to refer to homosexual pedophiles (which has nothing to do with adult sexual orientation) is widely prevalent in scientific literature. [48] [46] [44] [45] Nicholas Groth wrote a letter to Nebraska Board of Examiners of psychologists on August 21, 1984, and accused him of misrepresentation of his own work and disgracing his profession. [69]

Apart from self-citations by Cameron's group their work on linking homosexuality with child sex abuse have mostly been cited by other scientists either to counteract it or only to quantify the prevalence of sexual abuse of children by adults of same sex. [41] While sexual abuses in which the perpetrator and victims are of same sex are termed as homosexual molestation but it does not necessarily mean that the perpetrator was homosexual in orientation towards adults. [50] [46] [51] Cameron's work on this topic have not influenced scientific consensus on absence of harms possessed by homosexuals to children and society. [41]

Works

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 "Paul Cameron Bio and Fact Sheet". UC Davis. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
  2. 1 2 Balleck, Barry J. (2018-06-30). Modern American Extremism and Domestic Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Extremists and Extremist Groups. ABC-CLIO. pp. 59 et. seq. ISBN   9781440852756.
  3. ↑ "Discredited U.S. Anti-Gay Activist Addresses Russian Parliamentarians Over "Family Values"". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  4. ↑ "Paul Cameron". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Marquis Who's Who LLC. (2007-02-02). "Cameron, Paul Drummond". The Complete Marquis Who's Who Biographies– via LexisNexis.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Harkavy, Ward (October 3, 1996). "Slay It With a Smile: Paul Cameron's mission to stop homosexuality is hard to swallow". Westword. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2006-02-20.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kranish, Michael (July 31, 2005). "Beliefs drive research agenda of new think tanks". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 8, 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  8. 1 2 "Lincoln Rejects Gay Rights Measure". Associated Press. 1982-05-12 – via LexisNexis reprint.
  9. ↑ Flanery, James Allen (May 23, 1983). "Lincoln Man: Poll Will Help Oppose Gays" (GIF reprint). Omaha World-Herald . Retrieved 2007-04-12.
  10. 1 2 Cameron, Paul; Cameron, Kirk (November 1996). "Do Homosexual Teachers Pose a Risk to Pupils?". Journal of Psychology. 130 (6): 603–613. doi:10.1080/00223980.1996.9915034. PMID   9005252.
  11. ↑ Bull, Chris (1996). "1". Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement, and the Politics of the 1990s. Crown Publishers. ISBN   9780517701980.
  12. ↑ Cameron, P., Playfair, W. L., & Wellum, S. (1994). The longevity of homosexuals: Before and after the AIDS epidemic. Omega, 29, 249-272.
  13. ↑ "New Study Shows that Homosexuals Live 20 Fewer Years" (Press release). Family Research Institute. June 7, 2005. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
  14. ↑ "Norwegian law on marriage as of 2009.1.1".
  15. ↑ Zhang, Linda (March 29, 2007). "New Study Finds Early Death in Gay 'Marriages'". The Christian Post . Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  16. ↑ "Homosexual Child Molestations By Foster Parents: Illinois, 1997-2002". Family Research Institute. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  17. ↑ Cameron, Paul (1993). Child Molestation and Homosexuality. FRI educational pamphlets. Colorado Springs: Family Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  18. ↑ Herman, Didi (1997). The Antigay Agenda: Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right . University of Chicago Press. p. 78. ISBN   0-2263-2764-7.
  19. ↑ Dreyfuss, Robert (March 18, 1999). "The Holy war On Gays". Rolling Stone.
  20. 1 2 Baker v. Wade , 106F.R.D.526 (1985-07-01).. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
  21. ↑ "Antigay adoption bill rejected in Virginia". Advocate.com. February 18, 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  22. ↑ Washington, April M. (April 3, 2007). "Amid debate on gays, Senate panel approves adoption bill". Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on April 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  23. ↑ Tucker, Reed (July 7, 2009). "Duper freak: Bruno's victims speak out! How Sacha Baron Cohen fooled another army of suckers". New York Post . Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
  24. ↑ "FRI Scientists". Family Research Institute. 2006. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
  25. ↑ Seigel, Max (1983-12-02). "Letter to Paul Cameron" . Retrieved 2007-02-20.
  26. ↑ "Revisiting New Republic's Attack on Cameron". Family Research Report. Family Research Institute. November–December 1994. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
  27. ↑ Cameron, Paul (March 1983). "Withdrawing". APA Monitor. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
  28. ↑ "APA Ethics Committee Rules". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
  29. ↑ "Official Reports and Proceedings" (PDF). Footnotes. 15 (2). American Sociological Association: 13–16, p. 14. February 1987. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  30. ↑ Committee on the Status of Homosexuals in Sociology (January 1987). "The Cameron Case" (PDF). Footnotes. 15 (1): 4, 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  31. ↑ "Policy Statements". Canadian Psychological Association. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
  32. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-07. Retrieved 2015-04-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ↑ Baker v. Wade ,769F.2d289(5th Cir.1985)..[ need quotation to verify ]
  34. ↑ "Judge Buchmeyer: A Liar". Family Research Report. 19 (5). Family Research Institute. September 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-01-29. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
  35. ↑ Frisch, Morten; Brønnum-Hansen, Henrik (January 2009). "Mortality Among Men and Women in Same-Sex Marriage: A National Cohort Study of 8333 Danes". American Journal of Public Health. 99 (1): 133–137. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133801. PMC   2636618 . PMID   19008504.
  36. ↑ Olson, Walter (December 19, 1997). "William Bennett, Gays, and the Truth: Mr. Virtue dabbles in phony statistics". Slate. MSN. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  37. ↑ Herek, Gregory M. (1991). "Myths About Sexual Orientation: A Lawyer's Guide to Social Science Research". Law and Sexuality. 1: 133–172, pp. 153–156.
  38. ↑ Bialik, Carl (April 28, 2005). "Debate Over Gay Foster Parents Shines Light on a Dubious Stat". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  39. ↑ Herek, Gregory M. (1997–2007). "Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation". Archived from the original on 2010-04-19. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  40. ↑ Herek, Gregory M. (1997–2007). "Critique of Surveys by the Paul Cameron Group" . Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  41. 1 2 3 Gregory M. Herek: Publication Outlets Used By The Cameron Group
  42. ↑ Midweek Politics with David Pakman - Interview with Anti-Gay Paul Cameron - Part 1 on YouTube
  43. ↑ McEwen, Alvin (15 Feb 2010). "Discredited Researcher: Gays in the Military Want to Rape Their Fellow Servicemen". The Huffington Post . Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  44. 1 2 3 "Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation". www.lgbpsychology.org. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 "Male homosexuality, science, and pedophilia". individual.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 Groth, A. Nicholas; Birnbaum, H. Jean (May 1978). "Adult sexual orientation and attraction to underage persons". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 7 (3): 175–181. doi:10.1007/BF01542377. ISSN   0004-0002. PMID   666571. S2CID   11477434.
  47. 1 2 Jenny, Carole; Roesler, Thomas A.; Poyer, Kimberly L. (1994-07-01). "Are Children at Risk for Sexual Abuse by Homosexuals?". Pediatrics. 94 (1): 41–44. doi:10.1542/peds.94.1.41. ISSN   0031-4005. PMID   8008535. S2CID   33124736.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Freund, Kurt; Watson, Robin J. (1992-03-01). "The proportions of heterosexual and homosexual pedophiles among sex offenders against children: An exploratory study". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 18 (1): 34–43. doi:10.1080/00926239208404356. ISSN   0092-623X. PMID   1556756.
  49. 1 2 Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul L.; Diamond, Lisa M.; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016-04-25). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi: 10.1177/1529100616637616 . ISSN   1529-1006. PMID   27113562.
  50. 1 2 Terry, Karen J.; Freilich, Joshua D. (2012-07-01). "Understanding Child Sexual Abuse by Catholic Priests from a Situational Perspective". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 21 (4): 437–455. doi:10.1080/10538712.2012.693579. ISSN   1053-8712. PMID   22809048. S2CID   205714477.
  51. 1 2 3 "John Jay Report 2011" (PDF).
  52. 1 2 Blanchard, Ray; Kuban, Michael E.; Blak, Thomas; Klassen, Philip E.; Dickey, Robert; Cantor, James M. (2012-02-01). "Sexual Attraction to Others: A Comparison of Two Models of Alloerotic Responding in Men". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 41 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9675-3. ISSN   1573-2800. PMC   3310141 . PMID   20848175.
  53. ↑ Freund, K. (1963-05-01). "A laboratory method for diagnosing predominance of homo- or hetero- erotic interest in the male". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1 (1): 85–93. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(63)90012-3. ISSN   0005-7967. PMID   14156719.
  54. ↑ Cantor, James M.; Kabani, Noor; Christensen, Bruce K.; Zipursky, Robert B.; Barbaree, Howard E.; Dickey, Robert; Klassen, Philip E.; Mikulis, David J.; Kuban, Michael E.; Blak, Thomas; Richards, Blake A. (2008-02-01). "Cerebral white matter deficiencies in pedophilic men". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 42 (3): 167–183. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.10.013. ISSN   0022-3956. PMID   18039544.
  55. ↑ "Israeli Doctors Ban 'Conversion Therapy' for Gay People". Haaretz. 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  56. ↑ "Homosexuality not an illness: Indian Psychiatric Society". The Hindu. 2018-07-12. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  57. ↑ "Reaffirmation of Non-discimination of LGBT Filipinos | Psychological Association of the Philippines". www.pap.org.ph. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  58. ↑ Wang, Yuanyuan; Hu, Zhishan; Peng, Ke; Xin, Ying; Yang, Yuan; Drescher, Jack; Chen, Runsen (2019-09-01). "Discrimination against LGBT populations in China". The Lancet Public Health. 4 (9): e440–e441. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30153-7 . ISSN   2468-2667. PMID   31493836.
  59. ↑ "Homosexuality not a disease, says Lebanese Psychiatric Society : House of Wisdom". blogs.nature.com. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  60. ↑ Anonymous (1995-06-01). "Japan: Psychiatrists Remove Homosexuality from List of Disorders". Global LGBT Human Rights. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  61. ↑ "Rainbow SIG". RC PSYCH ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  62. ↑ "Answers to Your Questions For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  63. ↑ "Marriage Equality - 2017". Australian Medical Association. 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  64. ↑ "Recognising and addressing the mental health needs of the LGBTIQ+ population | RANZCP". www.ranzcp.org. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  65. ↑ Yu. S. Savenko, M. D. (2014-02-13). "The State of Psychiatry in Russia". Psychiatric Times. Vol 31 No 2. 31 (2). Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  66. ↑ "WHO | Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11)". WHO. Archived from the original on September 5, 2014. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  67. ↑ Africa (ASSAf), Academy of Science of South (2015). "Diversity in Human Sexuality: Implications for Policy in Africa".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  68. 1 2 3 Erickson, W. D.; Walbek, N. H.; Seely, R. K. (1988-02-01). "Behavior patterns of child molesters". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 17 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1007/BF01542053. ISSN   1573-2800. PMID   3358676. S2CID   27344596.
  69. ↑ McEwen, Alvin; Bullies, Contributorblogmaster of Holy; Monsters, Headless (2010-12-14). "Religious Right Leader Admits to Using Bad Research Against the Gay Community". HuffPost. Retrieved 2019-10-07.{{cite web}}: |first2= has generic name (help)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual orientation</span> Pattern of romantic or sexual attraction

Sexual orientation is an enduring personal pattern of romantic attraction or sexual attraction to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender. Patterns are generally categorized under heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, while asexuality is sometimes identified as the fourth category.

Heterosexism is a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of heterosexuality and heterosexual relationships. According to Elizabeth Cramer, it can include the belief that all people are or should be heterosexual and that heterosexual relationships are the only norm and therefore superior.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homosexuality and psychology</span> Homosexuality as studied by the field of psychology

The field of psychology has extensively studied homosexuality as a human sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the DSM-I in 1952, but that classification came under scrutiny in research funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. That research and subsequent studies consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as anything other than a natural and normal sexual orientation that is a healthy and positive expression of human sexuality. As a result of this scientific research, the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM-II in 1973. Upon a thorough review of the scientific data, the American Psychological Association followed in 1975 and also called on all mental health professionals to take the lead in "removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated" with homosexuality. In 1993, the National Association of Social Workers adopted the same position as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association, in recognition of scientific evidence. The World Health Organization, which listed homosexuality in the ICD-9 in 1977, removed homosexuality from the ICD-10 which was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurt Freund</span> Czech-Canadian physician and sexologist (1914–1996)

Kurt Freund was a Czech-Canadian physician and sexologist best known for developing the penile plethysmograph, research studies in pedophilia, and for the "courtship disorder" hypothesis as a taxonomy of certain paraphilias. After unsuccessful attempts to change men's sexual orientation, he advocated against conversion therapy and in favor of the decriminalization of homosexuality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Societal attitudes toward homosexuality</span> How societies view, stigmatize or value homosexuality

Societal attitudes toward homosexuality vary greatly across different cultures and historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general. All cultures have their own values regarding appropriate and inappropriate sexuality; some sanction same-sex love and sexuality, while others may disapprove of such activities in part. As with heterosexual behaviour, different sets of prescriptions and proscriptions may be given to individuals according to their gender, age, social status or social class.

The Family Research Institute (FRI), originally known as the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality (ISIS), is an American socially conservative non-profit organization based in Colorado Springs, Colorado which states that it has "...one overriding mission: to generate empirical research on issues that threaten the traditional family, particularly homosexuality, AIDS, sexual social policy, and drug abuse". The FRI is part of a sociopolitical movement of socially conservative Christian organizations which seek to influence the political debate in the United States. They seek "...to restore a world where marriage is upheld and honored, where children are nurtured and protected, and where homosexuality is not taught and accepted, but instead is discouraged and rejected at every level." The Boston Globe reported that the FRI's 2005 budget was less than $200,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation</span> Theory of sexual orientation

Fraternal birth order has been correlated with male sexual orientation, with a significant volume of research finding that the more older brothers a male has from the same mother, the greater the probability he will have a homosexual orientation. Ray Blanchard and Anthony Bogaert first identified the association in the 1990s and named it the fraternal birth order effect. Scientists have attributed the effect to a prenatal biological mechanism, since the association is only present in men with older biological brothers, and not present among men with older step-brothers and adoptive brothers. The mechanism is thought to be a maternal immune response to male fetuses, whereby antibodies neutralize male Y-proteins thought to play a role in sexual differentiation during development. This would leave some regions of the brain associated with sexual orientation in the 'female typical' arrangement – or attracted to men. Biochemical evidence for this hypothesis was identified in 2017, finding mothers with a gay son, particularly those with older brothers, had heightened levels of antibodies to the NLGN4Y Y-protein than mothers with heterosexual sons.

Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with Regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in View of Their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders is a document published in November 2005 by the Congregation for Catholic Education, one of the top-level offices of the Catholic Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homophobia</span> Negative attitudes and discrimination toward homosexuality and LGBT people

Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian, gay or bisexual. It has been defined as contempt, prejudice, aversion, hatred or antipathy, may be based on irrational fear and may sometimes be attributed to religious beliefs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homosexuality</span> Sexual attraction or behavior between members of the same sex or gender

Homosexuality is a sexual attraction, romantic attraction, or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" exclusively to people of the same sex or gender. It "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions."

Pedophilia is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Although girls typically begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11, and boys at age 11 or 12, psychiatric diagnostic criteria for pedophilia extend the cut-off point for prepubescence to age 13. People with the disorder are often referred to as pedophiles.

Gregory M. Herek is a researcher, author, and professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis (UCD). He has conducted extensive research on prejudice against sexual minorities, and coined the term sexual prejudice as a replacement for homophobia to describe this phenomenon. Herek argued that using the term homophobia incorrectly assumes that negative responses to lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are founded in pathological, irrational fear, whereas psychological research indicates they are more accurately regarded as a form of prejudice. Herek is an openly and prominent gay psychologist. Herek is considered one of the most influential scholars of sexual minorities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environment and sexual orientation</span> Field of sexual orientation research

The relationship between the environment and sexual orientation is a subject of research. In the study of sexual orientation, some researchers distinguish environmental influences from hormonal influences, while other researchers include biological influences such as prenatal hormones as part of environmental influences.

The debate on the causes of clerical child abuse is a major aspect of the academic literature surrounding Catholic sex abuse cases.

Homosexuality, as a phenomenon and as a behavior, has existed throughout all eras in human societies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Cantor</span> American-Canadian clinical psychologist and sexologist

James M. Cantor is an American-Canadian clinical psychologist and sexologist specializing in hypersexuality and paraphilias.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual stigma</span> Form of social stigma

Sexual stigma is a form of social stigma against people who are perceived to be non-heterosexual because of their beliefs, identities or behaviors. Privileged individuals, or the majority group members, are the main contributors of placing sexual stigmas on individuals and their minority group. It is those who hold a higher status that determine within a society which groups are deemed unworthy of a higher status by labeling their specific actions or beliefs. Stereotypes are then produced which further the debilitating effects of the label(s) placed on group members with non-heterosexual beliefs or practices.

Homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) beginning with the first edition, published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). This classification was challenged by gay rights activists during the gay liberation following the 1969 Stonewall riots, and in December 1973, the APA board of trustees voted to declassify homosexuality as a mental disorder. In 1974, the DSM was updated and homosexuality was replaced with a new diagnostic code for individuals distressed by their homosexuality, termed ego-dystonic sexual orientation. Distress over one's sexual orientation remained in the manual, under different names, until the DSM-5 in 2013.

Homosexual seduction is the pseudoscientific conspiracy theory which suggests homosexuality is spread through intergenerational sex, and that older homosexuals aim to change the sexual orientation of previously heterosexual youth by seducing them. It is related to the LGBT grooming conspiracy theory, the discredited acquired homosexuality theory, the gay agenda conspiracy theory, and the drag panic phenomenon.

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