Pharmacy residency

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Pharmacy residency is education a pharmacist can pursue beyond the degree required for licensing as a pharmacist (in the United States of America: PharmD). A pharmacy residency program allows for the implementation of skill set and knowledge acquired in pharmacy school through interaction with the public either in a hospital setting or community practice. [1] [2] The program is done over a span of about 2yrs after graduation from pharmacy school and licensure as a pharmacist. Pharmacy residency helps improve the resume of a pharmacist so as to increase chances of obtaining employment outside community practice. [2] A 2022 review suggested that there is sufficient evidence that residency develops key competencies for junior pharmacists. [3]

Contents

Residency by country

In Thailand

After completing Pharm.D.(6-year program) and registering as pharmacist

Residencies and Fellowships in Pharmacy Practice (Pharmaceutical care) (4-year Program)

In 2003, representatives from school of pharmacy and Thai Pharmacy council met to discuss the need for initiation of an organized, directed, postgraduate training program in a defined area of pharmacy practice also known as "residency" and "fellowship” training. In 2006, the residency program is formally established and offered through 3 universities naming Khon Kaen University, Prince Songklanagarind University and Naraesuan University. A residency may occur at any career point following an entry-level degree in pharmacy. Individuals planning practice-oriented careers are encouraged to complete all formal academic education before entry into a residency. Residency and fellowship programs in Thailand are integrated into intensive 4-yr program. The first year “Pharmacy Practice” exists primarily to train pharmacists in professional practice and management activities. Residencies provide experience in integrating pharmacy services with the comprehensive needs of individual practice settings and provide in-depth experiences leading to advanced practice skills and knowledge. The resident's practice experiences are closely directed and evaluated by a qualified practitioner-preceptor. The 2nd and 3rd year “Specialized Residencies” advance an ability to conceptualize new and improved pharmacy services. Within a given residency program, there is considerable consistency in content for each resident. In addition, accreditation standards and program guidelines produced by College of Pharmacotherapeutics (Thailand) provide considerable program content detail and look after consistency among programs. The 4th year “Fellowship” is aimed primarily to develop competency in the scientific research process, including conceptualizing, planning, conducting, and reporting research. Under the close direction and instruction of a qualified researcher-preceptor, the participant (the fellow) receives a highly individualized learning experience that utilizes the fellow's research interests and knowledge needs as a focus for his or her education and training. A fellowship candidate is expected to possess basic practice skills relevant to the knowledge area of the fellowship. Such skills may be obtained through practice experience or through an appropriate residency and should be maintained during the program. [4]

Residencies and Fellowships in Pharmaceutical and Health Consumer Protection (4-year Program)

The College of Pharmaceutical and Health Consumer Protection of Thailand (CPHCP.) [5] [6] [7] was established by the Pharmacy Council of Thailand in 2011

In France

The residency lasts four years (eight semesters) and is open to students having succeeded in the national competitive examination ("concours national de l'internat en pharmacie") regulated by French law [8] [9] and happening once per year in December. The resident is both a student and an employee of the hospital and receives salary.

Residents are usually working in hospitals and have night / week-end shifts duties (additional remuneration). Residents can also be asked to perform emergency tasks such as during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 where they were contributing to qPCR analyses in addition to their normal duties. Residents must also validate university courses during their residency.

There are three specialties or section:

In each specialty, there are subspecialties or sections, for instance research specializations.

The completion of the residency leads to two to four degrees depending on the section:

Residents in the Pharmaceutical Innovation and Research section obtain two additional degrees: a master's degree and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). This section allows the residents to focus on research projects alongside hospital appointments and university courses. The first year of the master's education is obtained following additional courses that the student must validate before starting the residency. The second year of the master's education is usually validated after the first year of residency and following the defense of the master's project giving the degree. The last three years of residency are dedicated to the Ph.D. project and completed with a specific Ph.D. defense.

In Spain

The residency lasts four years (that leads to the title pharmacist specialist in Hospital Pharmacy which is the official title required to work as a hospital pharmacist). [14] There are several minors sub-specialties (not official) such as Oncology pharmacy, Nutritional pharmacy, Infectious disease pharmacy, Ambulatory Care pharmacy, Clinical Trials Management, Drug Information pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacokinetics.

Spanish Pharmacists can also major in other specialties such as Clinical Biochemistry, Microbiology and Parasitology, Immunology, Clinical/biological Analysis, Nuclear Pharmacy or Radiopharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis and Industrial Pharmacy.

In the US

The first year is generally referred to as post graduate year 1 or PGY1. A second year is referred to as a PGY2 and places emphasis on a specialty practice area. Each residency is a year long endeavor although some programs are combining a PGY1 and PGY2 into a two-year endeavor. For the residency year beginning in 2016, 1708 accredited programs participated in the ASHP Resident matching program. [15] In total, 3954 residents were placed within these programs. [15]

There are three different kinds of PGY1's, as recognized by American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. These are Pharmacy Practice (based in hospital setting), Community Pharmacy residency in partnership with the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) (based in a community pharmacy) and Managed Care Pharmacy residency in partnership with the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) (based in managed care organizations such as health plans or pharmacy benefit management companies [PBMs]). [16]

The Pharmacy Practice residency usually covers a wide array of topics and deems one eligible for Board Certification in Pharmacotherapy Specialty.

The Community Pharmacy residency usually covers many issues at hand with patients coming to community pharmacies and provides in depth knowledge of patient medication adherence patterns, medication therapy management, and collaborative drug therapy management with associated practitioners with prescribing authorities.

Managed Care Pharmacy residency trains pharmacists to deliver pharmaceutical care utilizing three practice models: 1. individual patient care in which the pharmacist communicates findings and recommendations to patients and those health care providers who provide care directly to the patient; 2. care provided to targeted groups of patients in which the pharmacist designs, conducts, monitors and evaluates the outcomes of organized and structured programs; and 3. population care management in which the pharmacist develops and implements medication-use policy.

To be considered for PGY1 equivalent experience the individual must have practiced at least THREE years as a PHARMACIST and must be licensed to practice as a pharmacist in the US. [17]

The PGY2 consists of many different sub-specialties. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists recognizes the following: Ambulatory Care; Biologics/Pharmacogenomics; Cardiology; Community; Critical Care; Drug Information; Emergency Medicine; Geriatrics; Health System Pharmacy Practice Administration; HIV; Infectious Diseases; Internal Medicine; Managed Care; Medication Use Safety; Nephrology; Nuclear Pharmacy; Nutrition Support Pharmacy; Oncology; Palliative Care/Pain Management; Pediatrics; Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research; Pharmacogenetics; Pharmacotherapy; Pharmacy Informatics; Psychiatric Pharmacy; Solid Organ Transplantation; Transition of Care. [18]

The PGY2 year further trains the pharmacist with symptoms, treatments (both drug and non-drug) in a particular area. Upon completion of a PGY2, one becomes eligible to take the Pharmacy Board Certification Exam for one of the seven specialties currently recognized by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties. These Specialties are psychiatry, nutritional support, oncology, pediatric, pharmacotherapy, nuclear pharmacy, and ambulatory care. [19]

After completion of PGY1 or PGY2, one can either choose to practice, pursue another residency, or a fellowship, which would train one to be an independent researcher.

There are separate fields called pharmacy fellowships programs, which are similar but separate paths. [20]

In Canada

A typical pharmacy residency in Canada consists of 12 months of structured rotations covering aspects such as pharmacy practice and administration, internal medicine, pediatrics, cardiology, surgery, nephrology, gastrointestinal systems, respirology, emergency medicine, intensive care, ambulatory care, and toxicology. [21] Certain centres may have more specialized care, as is the case in cancer agencies and pediatric hospitals. This 12-month program is equivalent to the USA's PGY1.[ citation needed ]

A second, more specialized residency is available in certain hospitals and institutions in Eastern Canada.

All accredited residencies are in collaboration with universities, local health authorities, and the Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists.

Upon completion, the resident may use the title designation of ACPR (Accredited Canadian Pharmacy Resident).[ citation needed ]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharmacist</span> Healthcare professional

A pharmacist is a healthcare professional who specializes in the preparation, dispensing, and management of medications and who provides pharmaceutical advice and guidance. Pharmacists often serve as primary care providers in the community, and may offer other services such as health screenings and immunizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharmacy</span> Clinical health science

Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medicines. It is a miscellaneous science as it links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and natural sciences. The professional practice is becoming more clinically oriented as most of the drugs are now manufactured by pharmaceutical industries. Based on the setting, pharmacy practice is either classified as community or institutional pharmacy. Providing direct patient care in the community of institutional pharmacies is considered clinical pharmacy.

A Doctor of Pharmacy is a professional doctorate in pharmacy. In some countries, it is a doctoral degree to practice the profession of pharmacy or to become a clinical pharmacist. In many countries, people with their Doctor of Pharmacy are allowed to practice independently and can prescribe drugs directly to patients. A PharmD program has significant experiential and/or clinical education components in introductory and advanced levels for the safe and effective use of drugs. Experiential education prepares graduates to be practice-ready, as they already have spent a significant amount of time training in areas of direct patient care and research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Tennessee Health Science Center</span> Health Sciences division of the University of Tennessee

The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) is a public medical school in Memphis, Tennessee. It includes the Colleges of Health Professions, Dentistry, Graduate Health Sciences, Medicine, Nursing, and Pharmacy. Since 1911, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center has educated nearly 57,000 health care professionals. As of 2010, U.S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 17th among American pharmacy schools.

The University of North Texas Health Science Center is a public academic health science center in Fort Worth, Texas. It is part of the University of North Texas System and was founded in 1966 as the Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, with its first cohort admitted in 1970. UNT Health Science Center consists of six schools with a total enrollment of 2,329 students (2020–21).

A Bachelor of Pharmacy is a graduate academic degree in the field of pharmacy. In many countries, this degree is a prerequisite for registration to practice as a pharmacist. Since both PharmB and PharmD are prerequisites to license in most western countries they're considered equivalent. In many western countries, the foreign graduates with BPharm, PharmB or BS Pharm practice similarly as PharmD graduates. It is analogous to MBBS vs. MD where MBBS is foreign equivalent of MD. It is training to understand the properties and impacts of medicines and developing the skills required to counsel patients about their use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hospital pharmacy</span> Dispensary within a hospital

A hospital pharmacy is a department within a hospital that prepares, compounds, stocks and dispenses inpatient medications. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized and investigational medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Hospital pharmacies may also dispense over-the-counter and prescription medications to outpatients.

The University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center (AHC) is a collection of health colleges and institutions of the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. It trains health care professionals and provides research and patient care. AHC has strong ties to UC Health, which includes the University of Cincinnati Medical Center and West Chester Hospital.

A veterinary pharmacist is a specially trained pharmacist who dispenses veterinary drugs and supplies or products and advice to owners of companion animals and livestock. In addition, they advise the regulatory bodies and are involved in the formulation of veterinary drugs. Veterinary pharmacy is a field of pharmacy practice, in which veterinary pharmacists may compound medications, fill prescriptions, and manage drug therapies for animals. Veterinary pharmacists are licensed pharmacists who specialize in the distribution of medications for animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clinical pharmacy</span> Branch of pharmacy for direct provision

Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy in which clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often work in collaboration with physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other healthcare professionals. Clinical pharmacists can enter into a formal collaborative practice agreement with another healthcare provider, generally one or more physicians, that allows pharmacists to prescribe medications and order laboratory tests.

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The basic requirement for pharmacists to be considered for registration is often an undergraduate or postgraduate pharmacy degree from a recognized university. In many countries, this involves a four- or five-year course to attain a bachelor of pharmacy or master of pharmacy degree.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Florida College of Pharmacy</span> Pharmacy school in Gainesville, Florida

The University of Florida College of Pharmacy is the pharmacy school of the University of Florida. The College of Pharmacy was founded in 1923 and is located on the university's Gainesville, Florida main campus. The college offers the entry-level Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree as the first professional degree for students entering the profession. The college offered a Working Professional Pharm.D. (WPPD) program for bachelor's-trained pharmacists already in practice with its last cohort of students enrolled in 2016. Additionally, various graduate degrees are offered. The professional program is fully accredited by the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education. Since 2011 the college has been offering online degree programs at the graduate level, such as the Forensic Science Program, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Program and Clinical Toxicology Program. In total the College of Pharmacy received over $32 million in total Research Revenues in 2021.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharmacy management system</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teaching hospital</span> Hospital or clinic providing medical education

A teaching hospital is a hospital or medical centre that provides medical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are almost always affiliated with one or more universities and are often co-located with medical schools.

References

  1. ↑ "What Is a Residency for a Pharmacist?". Work - Chron.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  2. 1 2 Winner, Danielle (2 December 2019). "Residency After Pharmacy School". Pharmacist Report. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  3. ↑ Al-Diery, Tarik (23 March 2022). "Evidence for the development of skills for education, leadership and innovation through experiential-based foundational pharmacy residency programs: a narrative review". Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research. 52 (3): 180–195. doi: 10.1002/jppr.1804 . S2CID   247646461.
  4. ↑ "慶應義塾大学 薬学部・薬学研究科" (PDF).
  5. ↑ "ความเป็นมาของวิทยาลัย".
  6. ↑ "The Pharmacy Council of Thailand สภาเภสัชกรรม". pharmacycouncil.org.
  7. ↑ ข้อบังคับสภาเภสัชกรรม ratchakitcha.soc.go.th
  8. ↑ "Arrêté du 31 octobre 2008 réglementant les diplômes d'études spécialisées de pharmacie - Légifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  9. ↑ "Internat de pharmacie". Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Jeunesse et des Sports (in French). Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  10. ↑ "Bulletin Officiel n°2003-5". Archived from the original on 28 February 2008.
  11. ↑ "Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 - MENS0301444A". www.education.gouv.fr.
  12. ↑ "Bulletin officiel n° 19 du 11 mai 2006". www.education.gouv.fr.
  13. ↑ "Formations initiales - les pharmaciens - Ordre National des Pharmaciens".
  14. ↑ Decreto 139/2003, de 7 de febrero, por el que se actualiza la regulación de la formación médica especializada. (Boletín Oficial del Estado del 14).
  15. 1 2 "2016 Program Statistics". Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  16. ↑ "Residency Directory". Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  17. ↑ National Matching Services Inc. [ dead link ]
  18. ↑ "ASHP Online Directory".
  19. ↑ "Board of Pharmacy Specialties". Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  20. ↑ "PHARM.D. PHARMACY FELLOWSHIPS - Deep Insights to get a Pharmacy Fellowship". Pharmacyfellowships.com. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  21. ↑ Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists Pharmacy Practice Residency Program
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