Pole Position

Last updated
Pole Position
Pole Position cover.jpg
Arcade flyer
Developer(s) Namco
Publisher(s)
Designer(s) Kazunori Sawano
Sho Osugi
Shinichiro Okamoto
Programmer(s) Koichi Tashiro
Composer(s) Nobuyuki Ohnogi
Yuriko Keino
Platform(s) Arcade, Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, TI-99/4A, VIC-20, Vectrex, Mobile phone
Release
  • JP: September 16, 1982
  • NA: November 30, 1982
  • EU: Late 1982
Genre(s) Racing
Mode(s) Single-player

Pole Position [lower-alpha 1] is a racing arcade video game released by Namco in 1982. It was licensed to Atari, Inc. for US manufacture and distribution. Pole Position is considered one of the most important titles from the golden age of arcade video games. It was an evolution of Namco's earlier arcade racing electro-mechanical games, notably F-1 (1976), whose designer Sho Osugi worked on Pole Position.

Contents

The game was a major commercial success in arcades. After becoming the highest-grossing arcade game of 1982 in Japan, it went on to become the most popular coin-operated arcade video game internationally in 1983. In North America, it was the highest-grossing arcade game for both 1983 and 1984 and still one of the top five in 1985.

Pole Position spawned ports, sequels, and a Saturday morning cartoon, although the cartoon has little in common with the game. The game established the conventions of the racing game genre and its success inspired numerous imitators. Pole Position is regarded as one of the most influential video games of all time, and is considered to be the most influential racing game in particular. A sequel, Pole Position II , was released in 1983 with four tracks instead of one.

Gameplay

The player's car approaching a curve Pole0000.png
The player's car approaching a curve

In this game, the player controls a Formula One race car and has to complete a time trial lap within a certain amount of time (between 57 and 120 seconds) to qualify for an F1 race at the Fuji Racetrack. After qualifying, the player races against seven other CPU-controlled cars in a championship race (but if they do not qualify, the car will stay on the track until the timer runs out). The player must also avoid going off the road so that they will not crash into the billboards. Play continues until either time runs out in any lap and/or complete four laps of the race, which ends the game.

Pole Position was the first racing video game to feature a track based on a real racing circuit. It was also the first game to feature a qualifying lap, requiring the player to complete a time trial before they can compete in Grand Prix races. Once the player has qualified, they must complete the race in the time allowed, avoiding collisions with CPU-controlled opponents and billboards along the sides of the track. The game's North American distributor, Atari, publicized the game for its "unbelievable driving realism" in providing a Formula 1 experience behind a racing wheel. The game's graphics featured full-colour landscapes with scaling sprites, including race cars and other signs, and a pseudo-3D, third-person, rear perspective view of the track, with its vanishing point swaying side to side as the player approaches corners, accurately simulating forward movement into the distance. [3] While earlier three-dimensional arcade driving games emphasized staying on the road while avoiding crashes, Pole Position gives a higher reward for passing rival cars and finishing among the leaders. [4]

Cabinet

Pole Position was released in two configurations: a standard upright cabinet and an environmental/cockpit cabinet. Both versions feature a steering wheel and a gear shifter for low and high gears, but the environmental/cockpit cabinet featured both an accelerator and a brake pedal, while the standard upright one only featured an accelerator pedal. [5]

Development

A Pole Position arcade cabinet Pole Position in Computerspielemuseum, Berlin.jpg
A Pole Position arcade cabinet

Pole Position was created by both Shinichiro Okamoto and Galaxian designer Kazunori Sawano. [6] Namco electro-mechanical game engineer Sho Osugi also assisted with development. [6] Based on Namco's experience with producing coin-operated electro-mechanical driving games in the 1970s, notably F-1 (1976) designed by Sho Osugi, Sawano showed Okamoto rough sketches of his idea, who liked the idea and began production of a video racing game. Okamoto wanted the game to be a true driving simulation game that used a 3D perspective and allowed the player to execute real-world techniques. [7] [6] He also chose to add the Fuji Speedway into the game to make newer players recognize it when they first played. [7] Music was jointly composed by Nobuyuki Ohnogi and Yuriko Keino. [8]

Development of the game lasted for three years. [6] Okamoto recalls the most challenging part of development being to produce the hardware needed to run it, as the game was too "ambitious" to run on older hardware. [7] The development team used two 16-bit processors to power the game, which Okamoto says was an unheard-of concept for arcade games at the time [7] — for a while, it was the only video game to use a Z8000 CPU. [6] Pac-Man creator Toru Iwatani chose the name Pole Position as he thought it sounded "cool" and appealing, and he shortly after filed a trademark for it. [9] The controls also proved to be a challenge, as Okamoto wanted them to feel realistic and to match up with the gameplay [7] — Osugi remembers Namco president Masaya Nakamura becoming frustrated with them, having difficulty keeping the car moving in a straight line. [6]

The game's arcade cabinet, a sit-down "environmental" machine, was chosen due to their popularity at the time. [6] The development team had long fights over how fast the gear-shift should be, until it was ultimately decided to simply be either high or low speed. [6]

Release

Pole Position was officially released in Japan on September 16, 1982. [10] [11] It was licensed out to Atari, Inc. for release in North America, where it made its debut at Chicago's 1982 Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) show, held during November 18–20, [12] before receiving a mass-market North American release on November 30, 1982, [13] while Namco themselves released the game in Europe in late 1982. [1] After its release, Osugi stated that all of Namco's older electro-mechanical driving games were discontinued, as the company saw the future of arcade racers in the form of video games. [6]

Advertising

The game is an early example of product placement within a video game, with billboards around the track advertising actual companies. [14]

The game was also featured in a TV commercial shown only on MTV. It was part of a series of TV spots that Atari created in the 1980s exclusively for MTV. [15]

Reception

In Japan, Game Machine magazine listed Pole Position as the highest-grossing arcade game of 1982. [29] Game Machine later listed it in their June 1, 1983 issue as the second top-grossing upright arcade unit of the month, [30] before it returned to being the top-grossing game of the month in October 1983. [31] Internationally, Pole Position was the most popular 1983. [32] In Europe, it was a top-grossing arcade game in 1983. [33]

In the United States, it sold over 21,000 arcade cabinets for an estimated $61 million ($193 million adjusted for inflation) by 1983. [34] [35] In addition, US coin drop earnings averaged $9.5 million ($30 million adjusted for inflation) per week [36] ($450 weekly per machine). [37] On the US RePlay arcade charts, it topped the upright cabinet charts for seven months in 1983, from March [38] [39] [40] through August [41] [42] [43] and again in December. [44] It also topped the US Play Meter arcade charts for six consecutive months from March [45] [46] [47] through August 1983, [48] [49] [50] and then topped the street locations chart in November 1983. [51] It ended the year as the highest-grossing arcade game of 1983 in North America, [52] according to RePlay [53] and the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA), [54] and again became the highest-grossing arcade game of 1984 in the United States. [55] Several years after its release, it was still one of the top five highest-grossing arcade video games of 1985. [56]

The console version topped the UK sales charts in late 1983. [57] In the United States between 1986 and 1990, the Atari 2600 version sold 578,281 units for $3,642,246, the Atari 5200 version sold 12,492 units for $62,601, and the version for Atari 8-bit computers version sold 9,204 units for $106,014, adding up to 599,977 units sold and $3,810,861(equivalent to $10,600,000 in 2023) grossed between 1986 and 1990. [58]

Reviews

Upon its North American debut at AMOA 1982, it was reviewed by Video Games magazine, which listed it among the show's top ten games. They compared it favorably with Sega's Turbo (1981), referring to Pole Position as "Turbo Deluxe" in "a speedway, not a cross-country race". They called Pole Position the "ultimate test of driving skill" for racing players. [12] Electronic Games reviewed the arcade game in 1983, writing that it "keeps the action on track from start to finish" with "challenging play", noting that the gameplay is "reasonably faithful to real life" Formula One races. They also praised the sound effects and "solid, realistic graphics", stating it has "very rich color images" and "dimensional depth to the graphics". [24] They gave it the 1983 Arcade Award for Coin-Op Game of the Year, praising the racing gameplay, "beautiful graphics" and "breathtaking" scenery as well as "the two-heat format for the race itself". [4]

Computer and Video Games reviewed the arcade game in 1983, writing that it "is simply the most exhilarating driving simulation game on the market". They compared it favorably with Turbo , stating that, while Turbo "featured better landscapes", it "can't match the speed, thrills and skill behind this new race game". They said Pole Position's "graphics are sophisticated and believable", noting that cars "turning corners are shown in every graphic detail of the maneuvre", and praised the gameplay, concluding that "trying to hold a screaming curve or overtake" offers "thrills to compare with the real racetrack". [17] It was considered the all-time best racing/driving game by InfoWorld in 1983 [59] and Computer Games in early 1985. [23]

When reviewing the Atari 8-bit version, InfoWorld called it "by far the best road-race game ever thrown on a video screen" with "bright and brilliant" graphics, [60] but said the Commodore 64 version "looks like a rush job and is far from arcade-game quality". [61] Computer Games magazine criticized the Commodore conversions for lacking various features from the arcade original, giving the C64 version a mixed review and the VIC-20 version a negative review. [62] Computer and Video Games reviewed the Atari 2600 version, stating it is "the best driving game available" on the Atari VCS. [19] When reviewing the Atari 5200 version, Hi-Res in 1984 found "the playability of the game to be limited and the graphics to be the strongest aspect of the game". The magazine preferred Adventure International's Rally Speedway to both Pole Position and Epyx's Pitstop. [63]

In 2007, Eurogamer gave it a mixed retrospective review, calling it "a simulation down to the core" and that those dedicated racing fans will be deterred by the game's difficulty. [20] Entertainment Weekly called Pole Position one of the top ten games for the Atari 2600 in 2013. [64]

Impact

Pole Position is regarded as one of the most influential video games of all time. Bill Loguce and Matt Barton listed it as one of the 25 most influential games of all time, calling it "arguably the most important racing game ever made". [65] In 1984, Electronic Games stated that, for "the first time in the amusement parlors, a first-person racing game gives a higher reward for passing cars and finishing among the leaders rather than just for keeping all four wheels on the road, thus making driving an art". [4] In 1995, Flux magazine ranked the game 32nd on their "Top 100 Video Games". [66] In 2015, Pole Position topped IGN's list of The Top 10 Most Influential Racing Games Ever. They stated that it had "a drastically better-looking" third-person "chase cam view" than Turbo, was "the first racing game based on a real-world racing circuit (Fuji Speedway in Japan)", "introduced checkpoints, and was the first to require a qualifying lap", and that its success, as "the highest-grossing arcade game in North America in 1983, cemented the genre in place for decades to come and inspired a horde of other racing games". [67]

Legacy

Pole Position was the most successful racing game of the classic era, spawning ports, sequels, and a Saturday morning cartoon. [52]

The game spawned a number of clones, such as Top Racer from Commodore International, which led to a lawsuit from Namco against Commodore Japan that led to the seizure of Top Racer copies. [68]

Other media

The title spawned a Saturday morning cartoon of the same name. [52]

Parker Brothers published the Pole Position board game in 1983. [69]

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: ポールポジション, Hepburn: Pōru Pojishon

Related Research Articles

<i>Zaxxon</i> 1982 video game

Zaxxon is a scrolling shooter developed and released by Sega as an arcade video game in 1982. The player pilots a ship through heavily defended space fortresses. Japanese electronics company Ikegami Tsushinki was also involved in the game's development.

Racing games are a video game genre in which the player participates in a racing competition. They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to fantastical settings. They are distributed along a spectrum between more realistic racing simulations and more fantastical arcade-style racing games. Kart racing games emerged in the 1990s as a popular sub-genre of the latter. Racing games may also fall under the category of sports video games.

<i>Final Lap</i> 1987 video game

Final Lap is a 1987 racing simulation video game developed and published by Namco. Atari Games published the game in the United States in 1988. It was the first game to run on Namco's then-new System 2 hardware and is a direct successor to Namco's Pole Position (1982) and Pole Position II (1983). It was ported to the Famicom by Arc System Works, making it Arc System Works' debut game.

<i>Ms. Pac-Man</i> 1982 video game

Ms. Pac-Man is a 1982 maze arcade video game developed by General Computer Corporation and published by Midway. It is the first sequel to Pac-Man (1980) and the first entry in the series to not be made by Namco. Controlling the title character, Pac-Man's wife, the player is tasked with eating all of the pellets in an enclosed maze while avoiding four colored ghosts. Eating the larger "power pellets" lets the player eat the ghosts, who turn blue and flee.

1983 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Mario Bros. and Pole Position II, along with new titles such as Astron Belt, Champion Baseball, Dragon's Lair, Elevator Action, Spy Hunter and Track & Field. Major events include the video game crash of 1983 in North America, and the third generation of video game consoles beginning with the launch of Nintendo's Family Computer (Famicom) and Sega's SG-1000 in Japan. The year's highest-grossing video game was Namco's arcade game Pole Position, while the year's best-selling home system was Nintendo's Game & Watch for the third time since 1980.

<i>Track & Field</i> (video game) 1983 arcade video game

Track & Field, also known as Hyper Olympic in Japan and Europe, is an Olympic-themed sports video game developed by Konami and released as an arcade video game in 1983. The Japanese release sported an official license for the 1984 Summer Olympics. In Europe, the game was initially released under the Japanese title Hyper Olympic in 1983, before re-releasing under the US title Track & Field in early 1984.

<i>Time Pilot</i> 1982 video game

Time Pilot is a multidirectional shooter arcade video game designed by Yoshiki Okamoto and released by Konami in 1982. It was distributed in the United States by Centuri, and by Atari Ireland in Europe and the Middle East. While engaging in aerial combat, the player-controlled jet flies across open airspace that scrolls indefinitely in all directions. Each level is themed to a different time period. Home ports for the Atari 2600, MSX, and ColecoVision were released in 1983.

<i>Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom</i> 1982 video game

Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom, known as Zoom 909 in Japan, is a pseudo-3D rail shooter released as an arcade video game by Sega in 1982. The player controls a spaceship in a third-person perspective, adapting the three-dimensional perspective of Sega's earlier racing game Turbo (1981) for the space shoot 'em up genre. It uses the Buck Rogers license, referencing the space battles, though Buck himself is never seen.

<i>Night Driver</i> (video game) 1976 video game

Night Driver is an arcade video game developed by Atari, Inc. and released in the United States in October 1976. It's one of the earliest first-person racing video games and is commonly believed to be one of the first published video games to feature real-time first-person graphics. Night Driver has a black and white display with the hood of the player's car painted on a plastic overlay. The road is rendered as scaled rectangles representing "pylons" that line the edges.

<i>Virtua Racing</i> 1992 racing game

Virtua Racing or V.R. for short, is a Formula One racing video game developed by Sega AM2 and released for arcades in 1992. Virtua Racing was initially a proof-of-concept application for exercising a new 3D graphics platform under development, the "Model 1". The results were so encouraging that Virtua Racing was fully developed into a standalone arcade title.

1985 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Super Mario Bros. and Kung Fu, along with new titles such as Commando, Duck Hunt, Gauntlet, Ghosts 'n Goblins, Gradius, Hang-On, Space Harrier, Tetris and The Way of the Exploding Fist. The year's highest-grossing arcade video games were Hang-On and Karate Champ in the United States, and Commando in the United Kingdom. The year's best‑selling home system was the Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom) for the second year in a row, while the year's best‑selling home video game was Super Mario Bros.

1984 saw many sequels and prequels along with new titles such as 1942, Boulder Dash, Cobra Command, Jet Set Willy, Karate Champ, Kung-Fu Master, Yie Ar Kung-Fu and Punch-Out!! The year's highest-grossing arcade games were Pole Position in the United States, for the second year in a row, and Track & Field in the United Kingdom. The year's best-selling home system was Nintendo's Family Computer (Famicom), which was only sold in Japan at the time.

1982 was the peak year for the golden age of arcade video games as well as the second generation of video game consoles. Many games were released that would spawn franchises, or at least sequels, including Dig Dug, Pole Position, Mr. Do!, Zaxxon, Q*bert, Time Pilot and Pitfall! The year's highest-grossing video game was Namco's arcade game Pac-Man, for the third year in a row, while the year's best-selling home system was the Atari 2600. Additional video game consoles added to a crowded market, notably the ColecoVision and Atari 5200. Troubles at Atari late in the year triggered the video game crash of 1983.

1979 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Space Invaders Part II and Super Speed Race, along with new titles such as Asteroids, Football, Galaxian, Head On, Heiankyo Alien, Monaco GP, Sheriff and Warrior. For the second year in a row, the highest-grossing video game was Taito's arcade game Space Invaders and the best-selling home system was the Atari Video Computer System.

<i>Mr. Do!</i> 1982 video game

Mr. Do! is a 1982 maze video game developed by Universal. It is the first arcade video game to be released as a conversion kit for other cabinets; Taito published the conversion kit in Japan. The game was inspired by Namco's Dig Dug released earlier in 1982. Mr. Do! was a commercial success in Japan and North America, selling 30,000 arcade units in the US, and it was followed by several arcade sequels.

<i>TX-1</i> 1983 arcade game

TX-1 is an arcade racing simulation game developed by Tatsumi and released in 1983. It was licensed to Namco, who in turn licensed it to Atari, Inc. for release in the United States, thus the game is considered a successor to Pole Position and Pole Position II. It was also released in the United Kingdom, Ireland and mainland Europe via Atari Ireland.

<i>Pole Position II</i> 1983 video game

Pole Position II is the sequel to racing simulation game Pole Position, released by Namco for arcades in 1983. As with its predecessor, Namco licensed this game to Atari, Inc. for US manufacture and distribution. Atari Corporation released a port as the pack-in game for its Atari 7800 ProSystem console launch in 1986. Pole Position arcade machines can be converted to Pole Position II by swapping several chips.

<i>Hard Drivin</i> 1989 arcade game

Hard Drivin' is a sim racing arcade video game developed by Atari Games in 1989. Players test drive a sports car on courses that emphasize stunts and speed. It features one of the first 3D polygon driving environments via a simulator cabinet with a haptic vibrating steering wheel and a custom rendering architecture.

<i>F-1</i> (arcade game) 1976 video game

F-1 is a 1976 electro-mechanical arcade racing game developed and published by Nakamura Manufacturing Company (Namco), and distributed in North America by Atari, Inc. The player uses a steering wheel to control a Formula One racer, which must avoid collision with other vehicles. The game uses a miniature diorama with small, plastic cars to represent the player's car and opponents on a physical, rotating track, while also featuring a projector system and lighting tricks to create the illusion of racing.

<i>Speed Race</i> 1974 video game

Speed Race is a 1974 arcade racing video game developed and manufactured by Taito and released under the titles Racer and Wheels in North America by distributor Midway Manufacturing in 1975. Designed by Tomohiro Nishikado, the gameplay involves the player using the attached steering wheel to maneuver a car alongside a fast vertical scrolling road. The objective is to score points by driving past other cars without colliding with them; more points are awarded for driving faster. Players must do this under a 90-second time limit, which ends the game when it runs out. The gameplay concepts were adapted from two earlier driving electro-mechanical games: Kasco's Mini Drive (1958) and Taito's Super Road 7 (1970).

References

  1. 1 2 "Video Game Flyers: Pole Position, Namco (EU)". The Arcade Flyer Archive. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  2. ↑ "Video Game Flyers: Pole Position, Atari, Inc. (France)". The Arcade Flyer Archive. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  3. ↑ Bernard Perron & Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), Video game theory reader two, p. 157, Taylor & Francis, ISBN   0-415-96282-X
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Coin-Op Game of the Year". Electronic Games . Vol. 2, no. 23. January 1984. p. 77.
  5. ↑ http://www.arcade-museum.com - Pole Position - video game by Atari
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "バンダイナムコ知新「第2回 カーレースゲームの変遷 前編」大杉章氏、岡本進一郎氏、岡本達郎氏インタビュー". Bandai Namco Entertainment. 25 April 2019. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Video Game Museum Project (June 1988). Terebi gēmu (in Japanese). You B You. ISBN   978-4946432316.
  8. ↑ Szczepaniak, John (11 August 2014). The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers (First ed.). p. 201. ISBN   978-0992926007 . Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  9. ↑ "バンダイナムコ知新「第1回 ビデオゲームのはじまり 後編」岩谷徹氏インタビュー". Bandai Namco Entertainment. 6 March 2019. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  10. ↑ "Pole Position (Registration Number PA0000184751)". United States Copyright Office . Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  11. ↑ Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). ナムコ Namco (in Japanese) (1st ed.). Amusement News Agency. p. 52. ISBN   978-4990251215.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. 1 2 3 "Top Ten Hits". Video Games. Vol. 1, no. 6. Pumpkin Press. March 1983. p. 66.
  13. ↑ "Pole Position (Registration Number PA0000184750)". United States Copyright Office . Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  14. ↑ ポールポジション／II (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
  15. ↑ "Classic 1980s Atari MTV Commercials". digthatbox.com.
  16. ↑ Cook, Brad (1998). "Pole Position - Review". Allgame . All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  17. 1 2 "Arcade Action". Computer and Video Games . No. 18 (April 1983). 16 March 1983. pp. 30–1.
  18. ↑ "Software Reviews". Computer and Video Games . No. 26 (December 1983). 16 November 1983. p. 31.
  19. 1 2 "Complete Games Guide" (PDF). Computer and Video Games (Complete Guide to Consoles): 46–77. 16 October 1989.
  20. 1 2 Wild, Kim (October 29, 2007). "Pole Position". Eurogamer . Gamer Network. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  21. ↑ "Joystick Jury". Your Spectrum (13): 49. April 1985. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  22. ↑ "Pole Position". Computer Gamer (6): 64. September 1985. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  23. 1 2 "1985 Software Buyer's Guide". Computer Games. Vol. 3, no. 5. February 1985. pp. 11–8, 51–8.
  24. 1 2 Sharpe, Roger C. (June 1983). "Insert Coin Here". Electronic Games. pp. 92–97.
  25. ↑ "Kultpower Archiv: Komplettscan Telematch 6/1983". www.kultpower.de. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  26. ↑ "Kultpower Archiv: Komplettscan Telematch 3/1984". www.kultpower.de. Archived from the original on 2018-02-09. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  27. ↑ "Coin-Op Game of the Year". Electronic Games . Vol. 3, no. 35. January 1985. p. 28.
  28. ↑ "The Best and the Rest". St.Game. Mar–Apr 1984. p. 49. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  29. ↑ ""Pole Position" No. 1 Video Game: Game Machine's "The Year's Best Three AM Machines" Survey Results" (PDF). Game Machine . No. 207. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 March 1983. p. 30.
  30. ↑ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - アップライト, コックピット型TVゲーム機 (Upright/Cockpit Videos)". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 213. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 June 1983. p. 29.
  31. ↑ "Best Hit Games 25" (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 222. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 October 1983. p. 35.
  32. ↑ "Racing Games Roundup: Facts". Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition . Little Brown Books. 2008. p. 154. ISBN   9781904994213.
  33. ↑ "Drive a Laser Racer! Grand Prix". Computer and Video Games . No. 25 (November 1983). 16 October 1983. p. 31.
  34. ↑ Fujihara, Mary (1983-11-02). "Inter Office Memo". Atari. Archived from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  35. ↑ "Atari Production Numbers Memo". Atari Games. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  36. ↑ Lendino, Jamie (27 September 2020). Attract Mode: The Rise and Fall of Coin-Op Arcade Games. Steel Gear Press. p. 220.
  37. ↑ Video game mass impact
  38. ↑ "RePlay: The Players' Choice". RePlay. March 1983.
  39. ↑ "RePlay: The Players' Choice". RePlay. April 1983.
  40. ↑ "RePlay: The Players' Choice". RePlay. May 1983.
  41. ↑ "RePlay: The Players' Choice". RePlay. June 1983.
  42. ↑ "RePlay: The Players' Choice". RePlay. July 1983.
  43. ↑ "RePlay: The Players' Choice". RePlay. August 1983.
  44. ↑ "RePlay: The Players' Choice". RePlay. December 1983.
  45. ↑ "The Top 15 Arcade Games: March 15, 1983". Video Games. Vol. 1, no. 8. May 1983. p. 82.
  46. ↑ "Play Meter's Equipment Poll: Top Videos". Play Meter . Vol. 9, no. 8. May 1, 1983. p. 16.
  47. ↑ "The Top 12 Arcade Games: May 15, 1983". Video Games. Vol. 1, no. 10. July 1983. p. 82.
  48. ↑ "The Top Arcade Games: June 15, 1983". Video Games. Vol. 1, no. 11. August 1983. p. 82.
  49. ↑ "Top 15 Arcade Games". Video Games. Vol. 1, no. 12. September 1983. p. 82.
  50. ↑ "Top 20 Arcade Games". Video Games. Vol. 2, no. 1. October 1983. p. 82.
  51. ↑ "Play Meter's Equipment Poll: Top Videos". Play Meter . November 15, 1983.
  52. 1 2 3 Gifford, Kevin (March 16, 2011). "Final Lap Twin". MagWeasel. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  53. ↑ "Top Hits of Last 5 Years". RePlay. March 1987.
  54. ↑ "Around The Route". Cash Box . Cash Box Pub. Co. 26 November 1983. p. 32.
  55. ↑ "Michael Jackson Sweeps AMOA Awards; 'Pole Position' Wins In Games Division" (PDF). Cash Box . November 10, 1984. pp. 31, 33.
  56. ↑ "AMOA Expo '85: 1985 AMOA Award Nominees". RePlay. Vol. 11, no. 2. November 1985. pp. 62, 64, 66.
  57. ↑ "Video Gaming: Top Ten". Computer and Video Games . No. 26 (December 1983). 16 November 1983. pp. 40–1.
  58. ↑ Vendel, Curt (May 28, 2009). "Site News". Atari Museum. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
  59. ↑ "The Industry". InfoWorld . 5 (49). InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.: 155 5 December 1983.
  60. ↑ Mace, Scott (1983-11-07). "Electronic Antics". InfoWorld. pp. 73–74. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  61. ↑ Mace, Scott (1984-04-09). "Atarisoft vs. Commodore". InfoWorld. p. 50. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  62. ↑ "Conversion Capsules: Hit Games in New Formats". Computer Games. Vol. 3, no. 4. December 1984. pp. 62–3.
  63. ↑ Reed, Stephen (May–June 1984). "Pole Position / Pitstop". Hi-Res. p. 14. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  64. ↑ Morales, Aaron (January 25, 2013). "The 10 best Atari games". Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 17, 2016.
  65. ↑ Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2009), Vintage Games: An Insider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the Most Influential Games of All Time, Focal Press, pp. 195–6, ISBN   978-0-240-81146-8
  66. ↑ "Top 100 Video Games". Flux (4). Harris Publications: 28. April 1995.
  67. ↑ "The Top 10 Most Influential Racing Games Ever". 3 April 2015.
  68. ↑ "Overseas Readers Column: Namco Sued Commodore Japan" (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 208. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 March 1983. p. 26.
  69. ↑ "Pole Position (1983)". boardgamegeek.com. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.