His episcopate lasted for 8 years, 6 months and 6 days from 2 January 1340 AD (6 Tobi 1056 AM) to 6 July 1348 AD (14 Abib 1064 AM). Upon his death, he was buried in the Church of the Holy Virgin (also known as Deir Al-Habash دير الحبش بمصر القديمة). The See of St Mark remained vacant for 60 days after his death until his successor, Pope Mark IV, the 84th Patriarch, was elevated to the episcopal see on 5 September 1348 AD (8 Thout 1064 AM).
Contemporary Rulers of Egypt During His Episcopate
His time in the Patriarchate coincided with a series of Mamluke leaders (Sultans):
Al-Malik (Sultan) an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun (third time) (1309-1340) - (الملك الناصر ناصر الدين محمد بن قلاوون)- commonly known as an-Nasir Muhammad ( الناصر محمد), or by his kunya: Abu al-Ma'ali (أبو المعالى) or as Ibn Qalawun (1285–1341). He was the ninth Mamluk sultan (Bahri Mamluk Sultan) of Egypt who ruled for three reigns: December 1293–December 1294, 1299–1309, and 1310 until his death in 1341.
Al-Malik (Sultan) al-Mansur Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr (1340-1341) - (الملك المنصور سيف الدين أبو بكر) - better known as al-Mansur Abu Bakr (أبو بكر المنصور/ المنصور أبو بكر), (b. ca. 1321 – d. November 1341). He was the tenth Bahri Mamluk sultan who reigned briefly in 1340- 1341. His father was Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–41). In June 1341, he became sultan, the first of several sons of an-Nasir Muhammad to accede the throne. However, his reign was short-lived; in August, Abu Bakr was deposed and arrested by his father's senior emir, Qawsun. Abu Bakr was imprisoned in the Upper Egyptian city of Qus, along with several of his brothers, and executed on Qawsun's orders two months later. He was formally succeeded by his younger half-brother, al-Ashraf Kujuk, but Qawsun was left as the strongman of the sultanate.
Sultan al-Ashraf Kujuk Alladin Ben Mohamed (1341-1342) - علاء الدين الأشرف -
Sultan Nasser Shahab El-Dein Ben Mohamed (1342)- أحمد الناصر -
Sultan Saleh Emad Eddin Ben Mohamed (1342-1345) - إسماعيل الصالح -
Sultan Kamil Seif Eddin Ben Mohamed (1345-1346) - شعبان الكامل -
Sultan Muzafar Zein Eddin Ben Mohamed (1346-1347) - ابن نثر المظفر -
Sultan Nasser Hassan Ben Mohamed (first time)(1347-1351) - السلطان حسن
Life
After the repose of his Predecessor Pope Benjamin II (the 82nd Patriarch of Alexandria) on 6 January 1339 AD, the Episcopal Seat remained vacant for about a year (11 months and 26 days) until Boutros ibn Dawood (Peter son of David بطرس ابن داود) was chosen as patriarch under the name Pope Peter V of Alexandria.
The entire period from the seventh century to the nineteenth century was a period of continual persecution of the Egyptian Church by various Muslim rulers, with short periods of peace when the persecution would drop in intensity. However, the time of Pope Peter V was a time of relative peace compared to the general atmosphere of the era.
In one incidence, in May 1341, towards the end of the reign of Al-Sultan Al-Nasir, the Sultan banned the celebration known as the Feast of the Martyr that the Christians held annually on the 8th of Bashans (May) in the Shubra district.
In another incidence, an Islamic judge in one of the cities had imprisoned a Copt, claiming that his grandfather was not a Christian and he wanted him to convert to Islam. He refused and the Copts stormed the prison and brought him out. The city became violent against the Copts. The rioters desecrated the tombs of the Copts and burned the bodies of the dead. As the city descended into disarray, its governor lodged a complaint with the Sultan of Egypt, who removed the Islamic judge.
Pope Peter V consecrated the Holy Oil of Chrismation (Miron) twice. The first was in the third year of his episcopate (1342 AD, 1058 AM), Pope Peter V consecrated the Miron at the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great (the monastery of Abu Makar) with twelve bishops, following Coptic custom, in the final days of Lent. Among those who attended the consecration with the twelve bishops was a priest named Rev. father Assaad Faraj Allah (القس الأسعد فرج الله ابن القس الأكرم قسيس المعلقة الشيخ المعلم يوحنا بن أخ البابا يوأنس الثامن البطريرك). Another priest and monk who also attended the consecration was Rev Fr. Gabriel, who later succeeded Pope Peter V to the episcopal throne as Pope Mark IV. The second time he consecrated the Miron was in the seventh year of his episcopate (1346 AD, 1062 AM).
After the pope's return from the Nitrian Desert to Cairo following the consecration of the Holy Oil in April 1346 AD, another persecution of the Christians broke out in Cairo, which lasted for about two years until Pope Peter's death.
Al-Ashraf Salāh ad-Dīn Khalil ibn Qalawūn was the eighth Mamluk sultan between November 1290 until his assassination in December 1293. He was well known for conquering the last of the Crusader states in Palestine after the siege of Acre in 1291.
Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun, commonly known as an-Nasir Muhammad, or by his kunya: Abu al-Ma'ali or as Ibn Qalawun (1285–1341) was the ninth Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt who ruled during three reigns: December 1293 – December 1294, 1299–1309, and 1310 until his death in 1341.
Cyril III, known as Cyril ibn Laqlaq, was the 75th Coptic Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.
Pope Benjamin II of Alexandria, 82nd Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.
Pope Mark IV of Alexandria, 84th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.
Pope Athanasius III of Alexandria, 76th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.
An-Nasir Yusuf, fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy, was the Ayyubid Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260) and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260.
Al-Malik al-Mansur Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr, better known as al-Mansur Abu Bakr, was the Bahri Mamluk sultan in 1341. From an early age, Abu Bakr received military training in the desert town of al-Karak. His father, Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad, groomed him as a potential successor to the throne and made him an emir in 1335. He was consistently promoted in the following years, becoming the na'ib (governor) of al-Karak in 1339. In June 1341, he became sultan, the first of several sons of an-Nasir Muhammad to accede the throne. However, his reign was short-lived; in August, Abu Bakr was deposed and arrested by his father's senior emir, Qawsun. Abu Bakr was imprisoned in the Upper Egyptian city of Qus, along with several of his brothers, and executed on Qawsun's orders two months later. He was formally succeeded by his younger half-brother, al-Ashraf Kujuk, but Qawsun was left as the strongman of the sultanate.
Al-Ashraf Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Ashraf Kujuk, was the Mamluk sultan from August 1341 to January 1342. He was a young child on the throne, and real power was held by his regent Emir Qawsun, a senior aid to Kujuk's father Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad. When Qawsun was ousted in a mamluk revolt in late December 1341, Kujuk was deposed in the weeks after. Kujuk was later murdered at the age of nine as a result of the political intrigues in the sultanate.
Al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Sayf ad-Dīn Abū Bakr ibn Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad was the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt from 1238 to 1240.
Sayf al-Din, also Saif al-Din, Sayf/Saif ad-Din, or Sayf/Saif ud-Din etc., may refer to:
Husam ad-Din Muhanna ibn Isa was the lord of Palmyra and amir al-ʿarab under the Mamluk Sultanate. He served between 1284 and his death, but was dismissed and reinstated four times during this period. As the chieftain of the Al Fadl, a clan of the Tayy tribe, which dominated the Syrian Desert, Muhanna wielded considerable influence among the Bedouin. He was described by historian Amalia Levanoni as "the eldest and most senior amir" of the Al Fadl during his era.
An-Nasir Shihab ad-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as an-Nasir Ahmad, was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt, ruling from January to June 1342. A son of Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad, he became embroiled in the volatile succession process following his father's death in 1341. An-Nasir Ahmad lived much of his life in the desert fortress of al-Karak in Transjordan and was reluctant to assume the sultanate in Cairo, preferring al-Karak, where he was closely allied with the inhabitants of the city and the Bedouin tribes in its vicinity. His Syrian partisans, emirs Tashtamur and Qutlubugha al-Fakhri, successfully maneuvered to bring Syria under an-Nasir Ahmad's official control, while sympathetic emirs in Egypt were able to oust the Mamluk strongman Emir Qawsun and his puppet sultan, the five-year-old half-brother of an-Nasir Ahmad, al-Ashraf Kujuk. An-Nasir Ahmad eventually assumed the sultanate after frequently delaying his departure to Egypt.
Al-Kamil Sayf ad-Din Sha'ban ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Kamil Sha'ban, was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt between August 1345 and January 1346. He was the fifth son of an-Nasir Muhammad to serve as sultan, having succeeded his brother as-Salih Ismail. Sha'ban was toppled and killed during a revolt against his rule organized by Emir Shams ad-Din Aqsunqur on behalf of his brother al-Muzaffar Hajji.
Al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Hajji ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Muzaffar Hajji, was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt. He was also the sixth son of an-Nasir Muhammad to hold office, ruling from September 1346 and December 1347. He was known for his love of sports and pigeon racing, acts which led to frustration among the senior Mamluk emirs who believed he neglected the duties of office and spent extravagant sums on gambling. His reign ended when he was killed in a confrontation with Mamluk conspirators outside of Cairo.
Sayf ad-Din Qawsun ibn Abdullah an-Nasiri as-Saqi, commonly known as Qawsun was a prominent Mamluk emir during the reigns of sultans an-Nasir Muhammad, al-Mansur Abu Bakr and al-Ashraf Kujuk. He came to Egypt as a traveling merchant in a Mongol caravan and after his arrival met Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad, who purchased him as a mamluk. In a few years, Qawsun rose through the military hierarchy, attaining the highest Mamluk military rank of amir mi'a muqaddam alf and becoming one of the top emirs of the sultan. His adulthood at purchase and quick promotions was atypical of Mamluk emirs, who were usually purchased as children and underwent long and arduous training to attain their high ranks and positions. Qawsun's favorable situation was attributed to his physical appearance and an-Nasir Muhammad's pursuit of a power base composed of outsiders to counter the influence of the existing mamluk factions, including his own.
Qutlubugha al-Fakhri was a Mamluk emir during the reigns of sultans an-Nasir Muhammad, al-Mansur Abu Bakr, al-Ashraf Kujuk and an-Nasir Ahmad. Qutlubugha had been purchased by an-Nasir Muhammad, who promoted him to the highest Mamluk military rank. He was demoted and exiled to Syria under the protection of Emir Tankiz in 1327 after an-Nasir Muhammad held him responsible for an incident which could have potentially caused a mutiny of Qutlubugha's mamluks against the sultan.
Muzaffar ad-Din Musa ibn Muhanna was the amir al-ʿarab in Syria and lord of Salamiyah and Palmyra under the Mamluks in 1335–November 1341. He was the chieftain of the Tayyid clan of Al Fadl, having succeeded his father Muhanna ibn Isa. Musa maintained close relations with Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad and cooperated with him during Muhanna's defection to the Mongol Ilkhanate and later during his own reign. In return for Musa's support and supply of noble Arabian horses, an-Nasir Muhammad granted substantial, high-income iqtaʿat (fiefs) in Syria.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
