Pyramid of Senusret II

Pyramid of Senusret II
Senusret II
Coordinates	29°14′N30°58′E / 29.233°N 30.967°E / 29.233; 30.967 [1]
Ancient name	[2] Ḫˁ Sn-wsr-t Kha Sen-user-et "Senusret shines" [2]
Constructed	Twelfth Dynasty
Material	Mudbrick [3]
Height	48.65 m (159.6 ft; 92.84 cu) [4] or 47.6 m (156 ft; 90.8 cu) [3]
Base	107 m (351 ft; 204 cu) [4] or 106 m (348 ft; 202 cu) [3]
Slope	42°35' [3]
Location within Egypt

The pyramid of Senusret II (in ancient Egyptian Kha Senusret meaning Senusret Shines) at El Lahun is the pyramid complex constructed for the pharaoh Senusret II in the Twelfth Dynasty. ^{[5] [6] [lower-alpha 1]}

Location and excavation

Karl Richard Lepsius visited the pyramid in the 1840s and conducted a brief archaeological survey of the site. ^[2] Fifty years later, Flinders Petrie conducted the first comprehensive excavations there. ^[2] Petrie spent several unsuccessful months searching for the entrance into the pyramid on the north face of the pyramid. ^{[2] [3]} Senusret II had, however, taken a complete departure from the usual practice of having a corridor on the north side – typical of Old Kingdom and early Middle Kingdom pyramids ^[2] – and had instead built a narrow, vertical entrance shaft under a princess' tomb located about a dozen yards off to east of the southern pyramid face. ^{[3] [12]} The Czech Egyptologist Miroslav Verner explains that the decision had been made for a combination of religious reasons, and to thwart grave robbers. The builders had even constructed the usual small chapel on the north face, which typically concealed the entrance. ^[2] Petrie did eventually find the entrance, after many months and multiple failed attempts. ^[13]

A small team headed by N. B. Millet of the Royal Ontario Museum and the architect J. E. Knudstad has been working at the site of the pyramid town and pyramid since 1989. Their goal is to expand on Petrie's work by re-gathering architectural details of the monuments there, which Petrie had neglected to record in his reports. ^[5]

On 28 June 2019, the pyramid was opened to visitors for the first time since its discovery. ^[14]

Mortuary complex

Main pyramid

The core of the pyramid was constructed from mudbrick around a stump of four steps of yellow limestone. ^{[3] [15]} The builders utilized a rock outcropping to anchor the pyramid and reduce construction time and cost. The completed pyramid was originally encased in white limestone, though an inscription found by Petrie indicates that the casing was removed in the Nineteenth Dynasty for reuse in a different structure built by Ramesses II. Only remnants of the black granite pyramidion, which topped the pyramid, have been found. ^[15] The pyramid was protected from flooding by a trench surrounding the perimeter of the pyramid and filled with sand to absorb rainwater. ^{[3] [15]} Around this trench, a stone perimeter wall was built and decorated with deep niches. ^[15]

Substructure

Most pyramids have a substructure entry somewhere on their north face. ^[12] This had been the traditional entry point since Djoser built his step pyramid in the Third Dynasty. ^[16] Although Senusret II's pyramid was built with a north chapel included, ^{[lower-alpha 2]} its real entry was hidden-away under the floor of a princess' tomb to the south-east. ^{[3] [16]} This was used for the burial rites of the king, but was too narrow for use during construction. ^[3] Instead, a larger 16 m (52 ft) deep construction shaft found further south was used for transporting the sarcophagus and building material into the substructure. ^{[3] [16]} This was then reworked into a fake burial chamber in an attempt to deceive thieves attempting to enter the king's tomb. ^[16]

The base of the construction shaft opens up into a vaulted horizontal corridor. ^[3] The corridor runs north to a vaulted room, containing the real entry shaft and a second unexplored shaft that has been flooded by ground water. ^[16] The corridor then continues north with a slight incline leading to the antechamber. ^{[3] [16]} Part way along, a second chamber is found in its west. ^[3] The antechamber contained two passageways: one leads from the antechamber to the burial chamber directly west; the other, located in the south, leads around the chamber eventually entering it from the north. ^[17] The winding passage may have served a symbolic purpose, allowing the king's spirit to leave the chamber towards the north. ^[18] The burial chamber and labyrinth of passageways were shifted south-east of the vertical axis of the pyramid, another deviation from the standard. ^{[3] [17]}

The burial chamber is oriented on the east–west axis, has a vaulted ceiling made from granite blocks, and a red granite sarcophagus near its west wall. ^{[19] [20]} Despite the precautions taken, the burial chamber was found looted of most of its contents by Petrie. ^[21] An alabaster offering table inscribed with Senusret II's name, a gold uraeus, and leg bones, believed to belong to the king, are all that remained of the burial. ^{[18] [21]}

See also

• List of Egyptian pyramids
• Egyptian pyramid construction techniques

Notes

1. Proposed dates for Senusret II's reign: c. 1900–1880 BCE, ^[7] c. 1897–1878 BCE, ^{[8] [9]} c. 1897–1877 BCE, ^[5] c. 1895–1878 BCE, ^[10] c. 1877–1870 BCE. ^[11]
2. A staple feature of pyramid complexes since Djedkare-Isesi in the Fifth Dynasty.

References

1. Hölzl 1999, p. 516.
2. Verner 2001e, p. 409.
3. Lehner 2008, p. 175.
4. Verner 2001e, p. 465.
5. Frey 2001, p. 150.
6. Simpson 2001, p. 455.
7. Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 289.
8. Lehner 2008, p. 8.
9. Arnold 2003, p. 267.
10. Grimal 1992, p. 391.
11. Shaw 2004, p. 483.
12. Verner 2001e, pp. 409–410.
13. Verner 2001e, p. 420.
14. "Egyptian 4,000-year-old pyramid opened to visitors". Xinhua. 29 June 2019. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019.
15. Verner 2001e, p. 410.
16. Verner 2001e, p. 411.
17. Verner 2001e, p. 412.
18. Lehner 2008, p. 176.
19. Verner 2001e, pp. 412–413.
20. Lehner 2008, pp. 175–176.
21. Verner 2001e, p. 413.

Sources

• Arnold, Dieter (2003). The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture. London: I.B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN   978-1-86064-465-8.
• Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN   978-0-500-05128-3.
• Frey, Rosa A. (2001). "Illahun". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN   978-0-19-510234-5.
• Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell publishing. ISBN   978-0-631-19396-8.
• Hölzl, Christian (1999). "Lahun, pyramid complex of Senusret II". In Bard, Kathryn (ed.). Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 516–517. ISBN   978-0-203-98283-9.
• Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN   978-0-500-28547-3.
• Shaw, Ian, ed. (2004). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-815034-3.
• Simpson, William Kelly (2001). "Twelfth Dynasty". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 453–457. ISBN   978-0-19-510234-5.
• Verner, Miroslav (2001e). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN   978-0-8021-1703-8.

Excavation reports

• William Matthew Flinders Petrie: Illahun, Kahun and Gurob. 1889–1890. Nutt, London 1891 (Onlineversion).
• William Matthew Flinders Petrie, Guy Brunton, Margaret Alice Murray: Lahun II. British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Bernard Quaritch, London 1923 (PDF; 12,9 MB).