Rafael Salazar Alonso (27 December 1895 - 23 September 1936) was a Spanish lawyer, newspaper proprietor and politician who engaged in left-wing and right-wing politics. He was the mayor of Madrid and a government minister. He was executed by the Republican authorities two months after the Spanish Civil War started.
He was born in Madrid on 27 December 1895. His father was a hairdresser. He was active in left-wing republican groups from a young age. He was combative and, initially, anti-Catholic. In his father's home town of Siruela, he married the daughter of a rich local landowner. They had a daughter, Carmencita. While funding himself through work, he completed a law degree at the Universidad Complutense in Madrid doing some work as a lawyer and a journalist, later joining the Partido Republicano Radical (PRR) (Radical Republican Party) of Alejandro Lerroux García. The PRR had gradually split and Lerroux's faction had increasingly aligned itself with centre-right, nationalist and religious parliamentary groups. Salazar Alonso had also become a freemason, usin the name Pi y Maragall. He became editor of the newspaper El Sol and at different times owner or chief of several others, including Informaciones in Madrid and Almadén published in the municipality of that name. In 1931, he was elected as a city councillor for Madrid (as part of the Conjunción Republicano-Socialista , a coalition between republican parties and the Spanish Socialist Workers Party) and was president of the provincial council. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
Between 1931 and 1936, he was in parliament as a diputado for Badajoz. On 11 February 1933, he helped found the Association of Friends of the Soviet Union (an earlier organisation with a similar name was created in 1925). On 23 April, during a protest by communists and socialists in Hornachos, he was acosted by the Anti-Marxist Coalition. He drove to Villafranca de los Barros to access a telephone to seek authority from the Ministro de la Gobernación, Santiago Casares Quiroga, for the Guardia Civil to open fire. Five people were killed and fourteen wounded. Forty were arrested and several beaten. During the trip to Villafranca de los Barrios, he met a new lover and confidante, Amparo Munilla, the wife of another rich landowner. He left his wife and children and, through his lover's influence, gave up freemasonry and practiced Roman Catholicism. In the elections of November 1933, he laced criticisms of his popular socialist opponent in Badajoz - the writer, translator and art expert María Teresa Lea Nelken y Mansberger, known as Margarita Nelken - with sexual insults and allegedly organised the release of a local thug from jail to deliver beatings to her and another socialist candidate, lawyer Juan Simeón Vidarte y Franco Romero and another popular candidate, physician and anarchist Dr. Pedro Vallina. In March the following year, Salazar Alonso himself became Minister of the Interior (until October). Immediately upon his tenure, he declared a state of emergency, banning the Juventudes Socialistas de España, the Partido Comunista de España and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and told the heads of security forces to be firm in their actions. He described a strike by Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) unions protesting at government's reversionary measures against agrarian reform as "revolutionary" and ordered its prohibition. Government repression followed, including the banning of unionism overseen by the Federación Nacional de Trabajadores de la Tierra (FNTT) (land-workers' union). With the help of security forces, caciques - local land-owning political influencers - and cronies, he ejected nearly two hundred socialist mayors and their councilors on weak legal pretexts and replaced them with right-wing supporters, thus removing the last available local protection for landless peasants from actions of the caciques or the police. He declared the harvest as a national public service, strike plans made by the FNTT as revolutionary and imposed severe press censorship. In the Cortes , the actions were condemned as unconstitutional and Salazar Alonso's efforts to frustrate any compromise was highlighted; subsequently, he became a hate-figure for the left-wing and unions, but his actions were part of a deliberate provocation to stoke the anger of the left, with the support of his colleague José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones. Because of the revolutionary events of October 1934, particularly in Catalonia and Asturias, he was made mayor of Madrid on 19 October, remaining in the post for one year. In June 1935, socialist diputado Pedro Rubio Heredia, a popular activist for the peasants of Badajoz, was shot dead in a restaurant by Regino Valencia, a political fixer who worked for Salazar Alonso. Valencia was sentenced to twelve years in prison but Salazar Alonso was widely regarded as the author of the crime. He defended Valencia at his appeal in December 1935 at the Tribunal Supremo) . Juan Simeón Vidarte, acting for the victim's family, caused a scene by saying Salazar Alonso should be wearing the convict's overalls, not lawyer's robes. [10] [11] [8] : 32, 61, 65, 66, 70–77 [9]
From the end of 1934, Salazar Alonso was involved in a gambling scandal with a rigged version of roulette game, which came to be called Straperlo or Estraperlo. The game had previously been banned in the Netherlands, but a Spanish patent was granted for it to Daniel Strauss - its named 'inventor' - in December 1934. The fallout effectively ended the career of Salazar Alonso and permanently damaged his Party. He and other prominent Radical personalities had been bribed to legalise usage of the roulette wheel in casinos. He received 100,000 pesetas and a gold watch. Unhappy with his pay off, he organised a police raid on the occasion of wheel's opening at the San Sebastián casino. Another game was opened in Pollença but was stopped shortly afterwards after complaints made to José Maria Gil Robles. Strauss left Spain but sent a letter to Lerroux implicating him and others and asking for money. Lerroux ignored the letter but his political opponents received a copy to show to president Niceto Alcalá-Zamora. With the support of the right-wing coalition, the Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA), he barely survived a vote after a debate in the Cortes (October 1934). He resigned as mayor of Madrid. He was removed from the cabinet because Lerroux thought having three CEDA cabinet ministers would not be approved by president Zamora and would be a political touch-paper for the left. A humiliated Salazar Alonso walked out of the Cortes when, in a further debate about the bloody uprisings and their repression in Asturias and Catalonia, Ricardo Samper Ibáñez, former Presidente del Consejo de Ministros and Ministro de Estado (president of the council of ministers and minister of state) said that Salazar Alonso was to blame for the events. Then, throughout election campaigning in Badajoz, he fielded vocal remarks about his profits from Estraperlo and failed to get elected, even afterwards claiming electoral irregularities. In April 1936, he became president of the right-wing newspaper Informaciones. [8] : 70–79, 89, 95, 101 [12] [9]
At the beginning of the Spanish Civil War he went into hiding, firstly in the Portuguese Embassy, and then at the house of a friend called Cámara. A communist group arrested his wife - whom he was divorcing - and daughter. His wife provided Cámara's address but he'd left. He hid in the flat of an ex-lover, Irene Más, who was taking refuge with her family in the Palacio de Viana under the control of Melchor Rodriguez. Más asked a neighbour to put him up, but her angry husband arranged for him to surrender to Rodriguez. On 31 August 1936, he was arrested by Rodriguez's staff, by whom he was treated well. Anarchosyndicalist Eduardo Val Bescós sent anarchists to interrogate him, but they also wanted to kill him. Rodriguez agreed to his suggestion to hand him to the government. He was held in the Cárcel Modelo and was visited only by lawyers, Aurelio Núñez Morgado (the Chilean Ambassador) and daily by Munilla (who had earlier ignored threats to reveal his whereabouts, was detained for a week along with a baby son and a daughter and released on 14 August). Munilla and her family were sheltered by Norwegian diplomats. On 19 September, Salazar Alonso stood accused of being part of the Francoist military plot. The experience tribunal magistrate, Mariano Gómez, was a moderate Republican. The prosecution showed he had provoked the Asturian uprising but admitted having no evidence of his implication in the plot. Munilla came to court to speak on his behalf. On September 22, 1936, he was sentenced to death for his alleged participation in the military uprising. President Manuel Azaña condemned the sentence. After it was passed to the cabinet, they voted 7:6 in favour of commuting the sentence to life imprisonment and socialist Indalecio Prieto elaborated on this. However, Mariano Gómez then spoke to Prieto explaining his fear that allowing him to live would lead to a revolt in which the remaining 100 or so prisoners would be killed. Prieto told the cabinet this and changed his vote. Salazar Alonso was executed the following day. [8] : 287–91 [13] [9]
Castilla–La Mancha is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprising the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. The government headquarters are in Toledo, which is the capital de facto.
The province of Ciudad Real is a province in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Cuenca, Albacete, Jaén, Córdoba, Badajoz, and Toledo. It is partly located in the old natural region of La Mancha. Its capital is Ciudad Real. It is the third largest province by area in all of Spain, after Cáceres and Badajoz. The historic comarca Campo de Calatrava is located in the center of the province.
New Castile is a historic region of Spain. It roughly corresponds to the medieval Moorish Taifa of Toledo, taken during the Reconquista of the peninsula by Christians and thus becoming the southern part of Castile. The extension of New Castile was formally defined after the 1833 territorial division of Spain as the sum of the following provinces: Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid and Toledo.
Alejandro Lerroux García was a Spanish politician who was the leader of the Radical Republican Party. He served as Prime Minister three times from 1933 to 1935 and held several cabinet posts as well. A highly charismatic politician, he was distinguished by his demagogical and populist political style.
Straperlo was a scheme which originated in the Netherlands in the 1930s and was then introduced in Spain. In essence it was a fraudulent roulette which could be controlled electrically with the push of a button. The ensuing scandal was one of the several causes of the fall of the Republican government and the polarization of the parliament, which finally led to the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939).
Talavera de la Reina is a city and municipality of Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. Its population of 83,303 makes it the second most populated municipality of the province of Toledo and the fourth largest in the region.
Juan Negrín López was a Spanish physician and politician who served as prime minister of the Second Spanish Republic. He was a leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and of the left-leaning Popular Front government during the Spanish Civil War. He also served as finance minister. He was the last Loyalist premier of Spain (1937–1939), leading the Republican forces defeated by the Nationalists under General Francisco Franco. He was President of the Council of Ministers of the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Republican government in exile between 1937 and 1945. He died in exile in Paris, France.
The Radical Republican Party, sometimes shortened to the Radical Party, was a Spanish Radical party in existence between 1908 and 1936. Beginning as a splinter from earlier Radical parties, it initially played a minor role in Spanish parliamentary life, before it came to prominence as one of the leading political forces of the Spanish Republic.
Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres-Sotomayor, 1st Count of Romanones was a Spanish politician and businessman. He served as Prime Minister three times between 1912 and 1918, president of the Senate, president of the Congress of Deputies, Mayor of Madrid and many times as cabinet minister. He belonged to the Liberal Party. Romanones, who built an extensive political network, exerted a tight control on the political life of the province of Guadalajara during much of the Restoration period. He also was a prolific writer, authoring a number of history essays.
Beatriz Villacañas is a poet, essayist and literary critic.
The background of the Spanish Civil War dates back to the end of the 19th century, when the owners of large estates, called latifundios, held most of the power in a land-based oligarchy. The landowners' power was unsuccessfully challenged by the industrial and merchant sectors. In 1868 popular uprisings led to the overthrow of Queen Isabella II of the House of Bourbon. In 1873 Isabella's replacement, King Amadeo I of the House of Savoy, abdicated due to increasing political pressure, and the short-lived First Spanish Republic was proclaimed. After the restoration of the Bourbons in December 1874, Carlists and anarchists emerged in opposition to the monarchy. Alejandro Lerroux helped bring republicanism to the fore in Catalonia, where poverty was particularly acute. Growing resentment of conscription and of the military culminated in the Tragic Week in Barcelona in 1909. After the First World War, the working class, the industrial class, and the military united in hopes of removing the corrupt central government, but were unsuccessful. Fears of communism grew. A military coup brought Miguel Primo de Rivera to power in 1923, and he ran Spain as a military dictatorship. Support for his regime gradually faded, and he resigned in January 1930. There was little support for the monarchy in the major cities, and King Alfonso XIII abdicated; the Second Spanish Republic was formed, whose power would remain until the culmination of the Spanish Civil War. Monarchists would continue to oppose the Republic.
Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana was a Spanish lawyer, writer, and one of the founders of the Second Republic of Spain.
Luis Castelló Pantoja, was a Spanish military infantry general associated with the Spanish Civil War. A republican minister of war during the early months of the war, he tried to stop the revolutionary chaos that followed the July 1936 coup.
Enrique Enríquez the Younger was a nobleman of Castile, son of Enrique Enríquez the Elder. He was lord of Villalba de los Barros, Nogales, Almendral, La Parra, Begíjar and other towns. He was Adelantado Mayor of the border of Andalusia, chief justice of the King's House, Chief of the forces of the bishopric and Kingdom of Jaén, Mayor of Seville and Knight of the Band.
In the history of Spain, the White Terror was the series of assassinations realized by the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), and during the first nine years of the régime of General Francisco Franco. Thousands of victims are buried in hundreds of unmarked common graves, more than 600 in Andalusia alone. The largest of these is the common grave at San Rafael cemetery on the outskirts of Málaga. The Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory says that the number of disappeared is over 35,000.
Francisco Pardo is a Spanish politician serving as Director-General of the Police since June 1, 2018. Pardo is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and he has previously served as the 8th Secretary of State for Defence from 2004 to 2007.
Fernando Condés Romero was a Spanish military officer of the Civil Guard. Linked to the PSOE, he was an instructor for socialist militias and led the group of police and civilians who illegally detained the right-wing deputy José Calvo Sotelo, with the aim of assassinating him, which happened a few moments after removing him from his home.
Luis de Zulueta y Escolano (1878–1964) was a Spanish Republican politician, pedagogue and diplomat. He was linked to the Institución Libre de Enseñanza. He served as Minister of State from 1931 to 1933, during the Second Republic.
Juan Simeón Vidarte Franco-Romero was a Spanish lawyer and socialist politician. He was deputy secretary general of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party between 1932 and 1939, and secretary of the Congress of Deputies during the first legislature of the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1933). After the Spanish Civil War, he went into exile in Mexico.
The IndependentRadical Socialist Republican Party was a minor Spanish radical political party, created in 1929 after the split of the left-wing of the Radical Socialist Republican Party. Its main leaders were Marcelino Domingo, Álvaro de Albornoz and Ángel Galarza.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
