Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory

Since the emergence of the Big Bang theory as the dominant physical cosmological paradigm, there have been a variety of reactions by religious groups regarding its implications for religious cosmologies. Some accept the scientific evidence at face value, some seek to harmonize the Big Bang with their religious tenets, and some reject or ignore the evidence for the Big Bang theory. ^[1]

Background

The Big Bang itself is a scientific theory, and as such, stands or falls by its agreement with observations. ^[2] However, as a theory which addresses the nature of the universe since its earliest discernible existence, the Big Bang carries possible theological implications regarding the concept of creation out of nothing. ^{[3] [4] [5]} Many atheist philosophers have argued against the idea of the Universe having a beginning – the universe might simply have existed for all eternity, but with the emerging evidence of the Big Bang theory, both theists and physicists have viewed it as capable of being explained by theism; ^{[6] [7]} a popular philosophical argument for the existence of God known as the Kalam cosmological argument rests in the concepts of the Big Bang. ^{[8] [9]} In the 1920s and 1930s, almost every major cosmologist preferred an eternal steady state universe, and several complained that the beginning of time implied by the Big Bang imported religious concepts into physics; this objection was later repeated by supporters of the steady-state theory, ^[10] who rejected the implication that the universe had a beginning. ^{[11] [12]}

Hinduism

The view from the Hindu Puranas is that of an eternal universe cosmology in which time has no absolute beginning, but rather is infinite and cyclic, as opposed to a universe which originated from a Big Bang. ^{[13] [14]} However, the Encyclopædia of Hinduism , referencing Katha Upanishad 2:20, states that the Big Bang theory reminds humanity that everything came from the Brahman which is "subtler than the atom, greater than the greatest." ^[15] It consists of several "Big Bangs" and "Big Crunches" following each other in a cyclical manner. ^{[16] [17] [18]}

The Nasadiya Sukta , the Hymn of Creation in the Rigveda (10:129), mentions the world beginning from nothing through the power of heat. ^{[19] [20]} This can be seen as corresponding to the Big Bang theory.

THEN was not non-existent nor existent: there was no realm of air, no sky beyond it. What covered in, and where? and what gave shelter? Was water there, unfathomed depth of water?

— Rig Veda X.129.1

Death was not then, nor was there aught immortal: no sign was there, the day's and night's divider. That One Thing, breathless, breathed by its own nature: apart from it was nothing whatsoever

— Rig Veda X.129.2

Several prominent modern scientists have remarked that Hinduism (and also Buddhism and Jainism by extension as all three faiths share most of these philosophies) is the only religion (or civilization) in all of recorded history, that has timescales and theories in astronomy (cosmology), that appear to correspond to those of modern scientific cosmology, e.g. Carl Sagan, ^[21] Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, ^{[22] [23] [24]} Robert Oppenheimer, ^[25] George Sudarshan, ^[26] Fritjof Capra ^[27] etc. Sir Roger Penrose is among the present-day physicists that believe in a cyclical model for the Universe, wherein there are alternating cycles consisting of Big Bangs and Big Crunches, and he describes this model to be "a bit more like Hindu philosophy" as compared to the Abrahamic faiths. ^[28]

Christianity

Further information: Christianity and science

The Big Bang theory was partly developed by a Catholic priest, Georges Lemaître, who believed that there was neither a connection nor a conflict between his religion and his science. ^[29] At the November 22, 1951, opening meeting of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Pope Pius XII declared that the Big Bang theory does not conflict with the Catholic concept of creation. ^{[30] [31]} Some Conservative Protestant Christian denominations have also welcomed the Big Bang theory as supporting a historical interpretation of the doctrine of creation; ^[32] however, adherents of Young Earth creationism, who advocate a very literal interpretation of the Book of Genesis, tend to reject the theory.

Baháʼí Faith

Further information: Baháʼí Faith and science

Bahá’u’lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, has taught that the universe has "neither beginning nor ending". ^[33] In the Tablet of Wisdom ("Lawh-i-Hikmat", written 1873–1874). Bahá'u'lláh states: "That which hath been in existence had existed before, but not in the form thou seest today. The world of existence came into being through the heat generated from the interaction between the active force and that which is its recipient. These two are the same, yet they are different." The terminology used here refers to ancient Greek and Islamic philosophy (al-Kindi, Avicenna, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi and Shaykh Ahmad). ^{[34] [35]} In an early text, Bahá’u’lláh describes the successive creation of the four natures heat and cold (the active force), dryness and moisture (the recipients), and the four elements fire, air, water and earth. ^[34] About the phrase "That which hath been in existence had existed before, but not in the form thou seest today," 'Abdu'l-Bahá has stated that it means that the universe is evolving. ^[34] He also states that "the substance and primary matter of contingent beings is the ethereal power, which is invisible and only known through its effects... Ethereal matter is itself both the active force and the recipient... it is the sign of the Primal Will in the phenomenal world... The ethereal matter is, therefore, the cause, since light, heat, and electricity appear from it. It is also the effect, for as vibrations take place in it, they become visible...". ^[34]

Jean-Marc Lepain, Robin Mihrshahi, Dale E. Lehman and Julio Savi suggest a possible relation of this statement with the Big Bang theory. ^{[36] [37] [38] [39]}

Islam

Further information: Islamic attitudes towards science

Writing for the Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, Haslin Hasan and Ab. Hafiz Mat Tuah wrote that modern scientific ideas on cosmology are creating new ideas on how to interpret the Quran's cosmogonical terms. ^[40] In particular, some modern-day Muslim groups have advocated for interpreting the term al-sama, traditionally believed to be a reference to both the sky and the seven heavens, ^[41] as instead referring to the universe as a whole.

Mirza Tahir Ahmad, head of the Ahmadiyya community, asserted in his book Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth that the Big Bang theory was foretold in the Quran. He referenced the verse 30 of the Sūrat al-Anbiyāʼ, which says that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity. : ^{[42] [43]}

Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them and made from water every living thing? Then will they not believe?

—  Quran   21:30

This view that the Qu'ran references the initial singularity of the Big Bang is also accepted by many Muslim scholars outside of the Ahmadiyya community such as Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri, who is a Sufi scholar, and Muhammad Asad, who was a nondenominational Muslim scholar. ^{[44] [45]} Further, some scholars such as Faheem Ashraf of the Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. and Sheikh Omar Suleiman of the Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research argue that the scientific theory of an expanding universe is described in Sūrat adh-Dhāriyāt: ^{[44] [46]}

And the heaven We constructed with strength, and indeed, We are [its] expander.

—  Quran   51:47

References

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2. Kragh, Helge (1996). Cosmology and Controversy . Princeton University Press. p.  ?. ISBN   978-0-691-00546-1.^{[ page needed ]}
3. Ellis, George F. R. (2007). "Issues in the Philosophy of Cosmology". Philosophy of Physics. pp. 1183–1285. arXiv: astro-ph/0602280 . CiteSeerX   10.1.1.338.6650 . doi:10.1016/B978-044451560-5/50014-2. ISBN   978-0444515605. S2CID   118897904.
4. Alexander, Vilenkin (1982-11-04). "Creation of universes from nothing". Physics Letters B. 117 (1–2): 25–28. Bibcode:1982PhLB..117...25V. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90866-8. ISSN   0370-2693.
5. Manson, N.A. (1993). God and Design: The Teleological Argument and Modern Science. Routledge. ISBN   978-0-415-26344-3. The Big Bang theory strikes many people as having theological implications, as shown by those who do not welcome those implications.
6. Harris, J.F. (2002). Analytic Philosophy of Religion. Springer Press. ISBN   978-1-4020-0530-5. Both theists and physicists have seen the big bang theory as leaving open such an opportunity for a theistic explanation.
7. Eric J. Lerner (2010). The Big Bang Never Happened: A Startling Refutation of the Dominant Theory of the Origin of the Universe. Vintage Books. ISBN   978-0307773548 . Retrieved 2012-03-16. From theologians to physicists to novelists, it is widely believed that the Big Bang theory supports Christian concepts of a creator. In February 1989, for example, the front-page article of the New York Times Book Review argued that scientists argued that scientists and novelists were returning to God, in large part through the influence of the Big Bang.
8. James Franklin Harris (2002). Analytic Philosophy of Religion. Springer Science. ISBN   978-1402005305. THE KALAM COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT Perhaps the best known and most clearly formulated version of the cosmological argument that incorporates the fundamental concepts of big bang theory is found in the work of William Lane Craig.
9. McGrath, A.E. (2011). Science and Religion. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   978-1-4443-5808-7. It will be clear that this type of argument relates directly to modern cosmological research, particularly the "big bang" theory of the origins of the cosmos. This is also true of the kalam version of the cosmological argument, to which we now turn.
10. Kragh, H. (1996). Cosmology and Controversy . Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-0-691-02623-7.
11. Harrison, P. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Science and Religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN   978-0-521-71251-4. One reason for initial resistance to the Big Bang theory was that, unlike the rival Steady-State hypothesis, it proposed that the universe has a beginning – a proposition that for some had unwelcome religious implications.
12. Kragh, H. (2008). Entropic Creation. Ashgate Publishing. p. 226. ISBN   978-0-7546-6414-7. Andrei Zhdanov, Stalin's notorious chief ideologue, said in a speech in 1947 that Lemaître and his kindred spirits were 'Falsifiers of science [who] wanted to revive the fairy tale of the origin of the world from nothing ... Another failure of the 'theory' in question consists in the fact that it brings us to the idealistic attitude of assuming the world to be finite.'
13. Sushil Mittal; G. R. Thursby (2004). The Hindu World. Psychology Press. ISBN   978-0203644706. In the Vedic cosmogonies, the question of what caused the primordial desire does not arise; like the Big Bang of modern cosmology, the primal impulse is beyond all time and causation, so it makes no sense to ask what preceded it or what caused it. However, in the Hindu cosmology which we find in the Puranas and other non-Vedic Sanskrit texts, time has no absolute beginning; it is infinite and cyclic and so is kama.
14. John R. Hinnells (2010). The Routledge companion to the study of religion. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-0415473286. There are also other cosmological models of the universe besides the Big bang model, including eternal universe theories – views more in keeping with Hindu cosmologies than with traditional theistic concepts of the cosmos.
15. Sunil Sehgal (1999). Encyclopædia of Hinduism: T–Z, Volume 5. Sarup & Sons. ISBN   978-8176250641. The theory is known as the 'Big Bang theory' and it reminds us of the Hindu idea that everything came from the Brahman which is "subtler than the atom, greater than the greatest" (Kathopanishad-2-20).
16. Moring, G. (1999). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Einstein. DK Publishing. p. 341. ISBN   978-0786542659 . Retrieved 2015-08-20.
17. "Hinduism: Where Science and Spirituality Intersect | Gadadhara Pandit Dasa". huffingtonpost.com. 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
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19. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World scriptures: an introduction to comparative religions. Paulist Press. p. 34. ISBN   978-0-8091-2781-8.
20. Swami Ranganathananda (1991). Human Being in Depth: A Scientific Approach to Religion. SUNY Press. p. 21. ISBN   978-0-7914-0679-3.
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22. Hammer, O. (2003). Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age. Brill. p. 283. ISBN   978-9004136380 . Retrieved 2015-08-20.
23. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 1994. p. 60. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
24. Diem-Lane, A. (2016-01-11). Spooky Physics. MSAC Philosophy Group. p.  42 . Retrieved 2015-08-20.
25. Thorpe, C. (2008). Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect. University of Chicago Press. p. 54. ISBN   978-0226798486 . Retrieved 2015-08-20.
26. Narayanan, Anand (2013-01-24). "'All I know is how to do physics' – The Hindu". Chennai, India: thehindu.com. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
27. "Fritjof Capra - Shiva's Cosmic Dance at CERN". Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
28. McDowell, Adam (December 5, 2010). "What does the Penrose Big Bang theory mean for religions?". National Post.
29. "Georges Lemaître, Father of the Big Bang". American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013.
30. Ferris, T. (1988). Coming of age in the Milky Way. Morrow. pp. 274, 438. ISBN   978-0-688-05889-0., citing Berger, A. (1984). The Big bang and Georges Lemaître: proceedings of a symposium in honour of G. Lemaître fifty years after his initiation of big-bang cosmology, Louvainla-Neuve, Belgium, 10–13 October 1983. D. Reidel. p. 387. ISBN   978-90-277-1848-8.
31. Pope Pius XII (1951-11-02). "Ai soci della Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze, 22 novembre 1951 – Pio XII, Discorsi" (in Italian). Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
32. Russell, R.J. (2008). Cosmology: From Alpha to Omega. Fortress Press. ISBN   978-0-8006-6273-8. Conservative Protestant circles have also welcomed Big Bang cosmology as supporting a historical interpretation of the doctrine of creation.
33. Esslemont, J.E. (1980). Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN   978-0-87743-160-2.
34. Rafati, Vahid. Lawh-i-Hikmat: The Two Agents and the Two Patients . `Andalib, vol. 5, no. 19, pp. 29-38.
35. Taherzadeh, A. (1987). The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 4: Mazra'ih & Bahji 1877-92. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 42. ISBN   978-0-85398-270-8.
36. Lepain, Jean-Marc (2015) [2002]. The Archeology of the Kingdom of God .
37. Mihrshahi, Robin (2002). "Ether, Quantum Physics and the Baháʼí Writings". Australian Baháʼí Studies Journal. 4: 3–20.
38. Lehman, Dale E. (2005). Cosmology and the Baháʼí Writings Archived 2014-11-28 at the Wayback Machine .
39. Julio, Savi (1989). The Eternal Quest for God: An Introduction to the Divine Philosophy of 'Abdu'l-Bahá (PDF). Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 134. ISBN   978-0-85398-295-1.
40. Hasan, Haslin; Mat Tuah, Ab. Hafiz (2014). "Quranic Cosmogony: Impact of Contemporary Cosmology on the Interpretation of Quranic Passages Relating to the Origin of the Universe" (PDF). Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies: 122–140. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Our study shows that modern scientific findings do indeed influence modern Muslims' understanding of the Quran's cosmogonical terms, concepts and narratives by modifying the older Tafsir sources, even deviating from them altogether and offering fresh ideas.
41. Oliver Leaman, ed. (2005). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 258.
42. Ahmad, Mirza Tahir. "The Quran and Cosmology". Al Islam. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
43. "Big Bang Theory and Religion by Ron Kurtus – Succeed in Understanding Religion: School for Champions". www.school-for-champions.com. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
44. Ashraf, Faheem. "Islamic Concept of Creation of Universe Big Bang and Science-Religion Interaction" . Retrieved 3 March 2017.
45. Asad, Muhammad (1984). The Message of the Qu'rán (PDF). Gibraltar, Spain: Dar al-Andalus Limited. p. 676. ISBN   978-1904510000.
46. Guessoum, Nidhal (2010). Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science (PDF). I.B.Tauris. p. 351. ISBN   978-0857730756 . Retrieved 3 March 2017.

Further reading

• Leeming, David Adams, and Margaret Adams Leeming, A Dictionary of Creation Myths. Oxford University Press (1995), ISBN   0-19-510275-4.
• Pius XII (1952), "Modern Science and the Existence of God," The Catholic Mind 49:182–192.
• Ahmad, Mirza Tahir, Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth Islam International Publications Ltd (1987), ISBN   1-85372-640-0. The Quran and Cosmology
• Wickman, Leslie, "God of the Big Bang: How Modern Science Affirms the Creator," Worthy Publishing (2015), ISBN   978-1617954252.

External links

• God and the Big Bang: featuring Professors Peter Bussey, Gerald Gabrielse, Owen Gingerich, Nick Saunders, and Jennifer Wiseman. It discusses the connection between the Big Bang and God from a Christian perspective.
• Big Bang Theory and Religion, by Ron Kurtis, Physicist
• Cosmic Controversy: The Big Bang and Genesis 1 published by the American Scientific Affiliation, an organisation of Christians in the sciences.
• Oliver, Simon. "Creation and Science". Bibledex Verses. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.