Repeating rifle

Last updated January 04, 2024

A repeating rifle is a single-barreled rifle capable of repeated discharges between each ammunition reload. This is typically achieved by having multiple cartridges stored in a magazine (within or attached to the gun) and then fed individually into the chamber by a reciprocating bolt, via either a manual or automatic action mechanism, while the act of chambering the round typically also recocks the hammer/striker for the following shot. In common usage, the term "repeating rifle" most often refers specifically to manual repeating rifles (e.g. lever-action, pump-action, bolt-action, etc.), as opposed to self-loading rifles, which use the recoil, gas, or blowback of the previous shot to cycle the action and load the next round, even though all self-loading firearms are technically a subcategory of repeating firearms.

Repeating rifles were a significant advance over the preceding single-shot breechloading rifles when used for military combat, as they allowed a much greater rate of fire. The repeating Spencer rifle saw use by cavalry during the American Civil War and the subsequent American Indian Wars, and the first repeating air rifle to see military service was the Windbüchse rifle.

Early repeaters

Kalthoff repeater (about 1630)
Cookson repeater (about 1650)^[1]
Chelembron system (1668)
Lagatz Rifle: a modification of the Lorenzoni System, designed by Danzig gunsmith Daniel Lagatz around the year 1700.^[2]
Pepper-box (1702)
Puckle gun (1718)
Harmonica gun (1742)
Cookson repeater (1750)
Fafting Rifle: In 1774 a rifle was invented by a Norwegian colonel by the name of Fafting capable of firing 18 to 20 shots a minute and being used as an ordinary rifle by taking off a spring-loaded container attached to the gun's lock. It was also stated that the inventor was working on a gun capable of firing up to 30 times in a minute on more or less the same principles.^[3]
The Belton flintlock was a repeating flintlock design using superposed loads, conceived by Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, resident Joseph Belton some time prior to 1777. The musket design was offered by Belton to the newly formed Continental Congress in 1777. Belton wrote that the musket could fire eight rounds with one loading.
Girardoni air rifle (1779)
1789 French Rifle: In 1791 it was mentioned in a book published in France that there existed since at least 1789 a rifle that held 5 or 6 shots and was capable of being reloaded three times in a minute for a total of 15 or 18 shots a minute. A rifle similar in type to this was also stated to be kept at the Hotel de la Guerre(fr).^[4]
Church and Bartemy/Bartholomew gun: A repeating rifle designed by the Americans William Church and Chrostus Bartemy or Bartholomew in 1813 with three separate magazines for containing up to 42 charges of ammunition and capable of firing 25 shots a minute. It could be reloaded in one minute.^[5]^[6]
Thomson Rifle: a flintlock repeating rifle patented in 1814, using multiple breeches to obtain repeating fire.^[7]
Collier flintlock revolver (1814)
Leroy Rifle: In 1815 (sometimes incorrectly dated as 1825) a French inventor called Julien Leroy patented a flintlock and percussion revolving rifle with a mechanically indexed cylinder and a priming magazine.^[8]
Lepage Guns: In 1819 a French gunsmith called Lepage invented and presented at the French industrial exposition of that year percussion 2-shot and 4-shot turn-over rifles^[9]^[10] In 1823 he exhibited a volley rifle that fired 7 rifled barrels simultaneously as well as a turning carbine.^[11]^[12] In 1827, the same inventor exhibited at another French industrial exposition 11 percussion and 1 flintlock firearms which included a 4-shot revolving rifle, a 'double rifle' with a cylinder with 5 charges and a 'single rifle' and a pair of pistols also with a cylinder with 5 charges.^[13]
Pirmet-Baucheron Revolving Rifle: In 1822 a French gunsmith called Pirmet-Baucheron presented a revolving rifle with 7 shots and a single lock.^[14]^[15]
Hewson Magazine Gun: In 1824 an English gunsmith called W. P. Hewson advertised, amongst other firearms and one air gun, a magazine gun.^[16]
Jobard Rifle: a turret rifle with 14 shots patented in Belgium in 1826 and presented to the government in 1835.^[17]^[18]
Henry Rifle: a French 14 shot flintlock rifle in the style of the Kalthoff and Lorenzoni rifles patented in 1831 (granted in 1835) by Francois-Antoine Henry though possibly based on an earlier design published in 1809 by the same author.^[19]^[20]
Silas Day Magazine Gun: A percussion revolving rifle to which was attached a loose-powder-and-ball magazine patented in the US in 1837.^[21]
Colt Ring Lever rifles (1837)
Bailey, Ripley and Smith Magazine Rifle: In 1838 the Americans Lebbeus Bailey, John B. Ripley and William B. Smith patented a percussion repeating rifle with a gravity-operated tubular magazine which could hold up to 15 re-useable steel cartridge-chambers.^[22]
Eaton Rifle: In 1838 a percussion rifle invented in America by James Eaton was described as being capable of holding 24 rounds in a rotating magazine and discharging them all in four minutes for a rate of fire of 6 rounds per minute.^[23]
Kratsch Rifle: In 1839 it was reported that a mechanic called Kratsch from Bayreuth had invented a rifle capable of firing 30 times in a minute and being reloaded in one minute.^[24]
Devisme Guns: In 1844 a French gunsmith known as Devisme presented a variety of repeating firearms for the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 including an 18 shot pistol with no visible hammer or lock, a 6 shot pistol, a rifle with 6 shots and a 'revolving thunder' and a four shot 'double acting' rifle.^[25]
Jennings Magazine Rifle: in 1847 Walter Hunt patented in Britain a repeating rifle he called "the Volitional Repeater". He would patent it again in the United States in 1849. This rifle featured a tubular magazine beneath the barrel and a lever mechanism to raise cartridges into the chamber. Unable to finance the building of the rifle, Hunt sold the rights to George Arrowsmith who in turn had an employee, Lewis Jennings, improve the lever mechanism. Courtland Palmer placed the first order for the "Jennings Magazine rifle" for his hardware store: Robbins & Lawrence. The rifle did not sell well as the ammunition was a hollow based bullet containing gunpowder. Most of the guns were later converted to single shot rifles. Two employees working at Robbins & Lawrence: Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson improved the design and sold it as the "Smith-Jennings Repeating Rifle".^[26] At first they used a slightly modified Flobert cartridge, patented in 1853, but later they would switch to a modified Rocket Ball type of ammunition altered so as to function as a self-contained centerfire cartridge.^[26]^[27]
Cass Repeating Belt Gun: A percussion repeating rifle patented in 1848 in the US using a chain or belt in the stock which carried paper cartridges to the breech of the gun.^[28]
Buchel Cartridge Magazine Gun: The first tubular cartridge magazine gun to be patented in the United States in February 1849.^[29]
Perry 'Faucet-Breech' Gun: A hinged or tilting breech repeating rifle patented in the US in December 1849 by Alonzo Perry using paper cartridges contained in several gravity-operated tubular magazines in the stock and a separate magazine for fulminate pills which were used for ignition.^[30]
Porter Self-Loading Gun: In February 1851 a loose-powder-and-ball percussion magazine gun invented by a Parry W. Porter, better known for the turret rifle he invented and to which the magazine for his loose-powder-and-ball gun was to be attached, was reported on in American newspapers and later in the same year a patent was procured by the inventor.^[31]^[32]
Needham Self-Loading Carbine: A self-loading carbine demonstrated in June 1851 at the Great Exhibition by Joseph Needham.^[33]
Dixon Self-Loading and Self-Priming Gun: A repeating gun demonstrated by a C. S. Dixon which won a silver award at the Annual Fair of the American Institute in October 1851.^[34]
The first slide action patent: Issued in Britain in 1854, to Alexander Bain who modified the mechanism of a harmonica gun.^[35]^[36]
1854 Lindner Revolving Rifle: In 1854 the German Edward Lindner patented in the United States and Britain a repeating rifle which used a revolving cylinder to elevate the cartridges, which were paper and could be either self-contained needlefire cartridges or use external percussion caps for ignition, to the breech from a tubular magazine located under the barrel.^[37]^[38]
Colette Gravity Pistol: a repeating saloon gun premiered at the 1855 World's Fair. Despite popularly being known as the Colette Gravity Pistol its original inventor was actually a Belgian called Jean Nicolas Herman.^[39]^[40]
Colt revolving rifle (1855)
Leroux Magazine Gun: At the Exposition Universelle (1855) in France a French gunsmith called Leroux demonstrated a repeating carbine with a magazine for 36 Flobert cartridges and which featured a novel cartridge extractor.^[41]
Spencer repeating rifle (1860)
Roper repeating shotgun (1882/1885)

Mechanisms

Manual

Revolver action

While some early long guns were made using the revolver mechanism popular in handguns, these did not have longevity. Even though the revolver mechanism was fine for pistols, it posed a problem with long guns: without special sealing details, the cylinder produces a gas discharge close to the face when the weapon is fired from the shoulder, as was the common approach with rifles.

Falling block action

Although most falling-blocks were single-shot actions, some early repeaters used this design, notably the Norwegian Krag–Petersson and the U. S. Spencer rifle. The former loaded from a Henry-style underbarrel magazine; the latter fed from a tubular magazine in the buttstock.

Lever action

Marlin Model 1894C lever-action carbine in .357 Magnum caliber

In a classic lever-action firearm of the Henry-Winchester type, rounds are individually loaded into a tubular magazine parallel to and below the barrel. A short bolt is held in place with an over center toggle action. Once closed, the over center action prevents opening solely by the force on the bolt when the weapon is fired. This toggle action is operated by a hand grip that forms part of the trigger guard. When operated, a spring in the tubular magazine pushes a fresh round into position. Returning the operating lever to the home position chambers the round and closes the breach. An interlock prevents firing unless the toggle is fully closed. The famous Model 1873 Winchester is exemplary of this type. Later lever-action designs, such as Marlin leverguns and those designed for Winchester by John Browning, use one or two vertical locking blocks instead of a toggle-link. There also exist lever-action rifles that feed from a box magazine, which allows them to use pointed bullets.

A one-off example of Lever action reloading on automatic firearms is the M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun. This weapon had a swinging lever beneath its barrel that was actuated by a gas bleed in the barrel, unlocking the breech to reload. This unique operation gave the nickname "potato digger" as the lever swung each time the weapon fired.

Pump action

The Colt Lightning .22 pump action rifle

With a pump-action firearm, the action is operated by a movable fore-end that the shooter moves backwards and forwards to eject a spent round, and extract and chamber a fresh round of ammunition. Pump-actions are usually associated with shotguns, but one example of a pump-action rifle is the Remington Model 7600 series. Rifles with pump action are also called slide-action. This style of rifle is still popular with some local law enforcement branches as a rifle that is easy to train officers who are already familiar with the pump shotgun.

Bolt action

Opened bolt on a Winchester Model 70. The bolt has an engine turned finish Openboltcropped.jpg — Opened bolt on a Winchester Model 70. The bolt has an engine turned finish

The bolt is a mechanism that is operated by hand to extract a fired cartridge, move a fresh round into the chamber and reset the firing pin, readying the weapon to fire again. The bolt closes the breech end of the barrel and contains the firing pin. The bolt is held in place with a lever that fits into a notch. Moving this lever out of the notch will release the restraint on the bolt, allowing it to be drawn back. An extractor removes the spent cartridge, which is then ejected through the lever slot. A spring at the bottom of the magazine pushes up the reserve rounds, positioning the topmost between the bolt and the chamber at the base of the barrel. Pushing the bolt lever forward chambers this round and pushing the lever into the notch locks the bolt and enables the trigger mechanism. The complete cycle action also resets the firing pin. The Mauser rifle of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is the most famous of the bolt-action types,^{[ citation needed ]} with most similar weapons derived from this pioneering design, such as the M1903 Springfield and the Karabiner 98 Kurz rifle (abbreviated often as Kar98k or simply K98). The Russian Mosin–Nagant rifle, the British Lee–Enfield, and the Norwegian Krag–Jørgensen are examples of alternate bolt-action designs.

Autoloading

Blowback

In blowback operation, the bolt is not actually locked at the moment of firing. To prevent violent recoil, in most firearms using this mechanism the opening of the bolt is delayed in some way. In many small arms, the round is fired while the bolt is still travelling forward, and the bolt does not open until this forward momentum is overcome. Other methods involve delaying the opening until two rollers have been forced back into recesses in the receiver in which the bolt is carried. Simple blowback action is simple and inexpensive to manufacture, but is limited in the power it can handle, so it is seen on small caliber weapons such as machine pistols and submachine guns. Lever-delayed blowback, as seen in for example the French FAMAS assault rifle, can also handle more powerful cartridges but is more complicated and expensive to manufacture.

Recoil-operated

M1941 Johnson rifle

In a recoil-operated firearm, the breech is locked, and the barrel recoils as part of the firing cycle. In long-recoil actions, such as the Browning Auto-5 shotgun, the barrel and breechblock remain locked for the full recoil travel, and separate on the return; in short-recoil actions, typical of most semiautomatic handguns (e.g. the Colt M1911), the barrel recoils only a short distance before decoupling from the breechblock.

Gas-operated

FN FAL battle rifle

In a gas-operated mechanism, a portion of the gases propelling the bullet from the barrel are extracted and used to operate a piston. The motion of this piston in turn unlocks and operates the bolt, which performs extraction of the spent cartridge and via spring action readies the next round. Almost all modern military rifles use mechanisms of this type.

Related Research Articles

A firearm is any type of gun that uses an explosive charge and is designed to be readily carried and used by an individual. The term is legally defined further in different countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Machine gun</span> Fully-automatic firearm

A machine gun (MG) is a fully automatic, rifled auto-loading firearm designed for sustained direct fire with rifle cartridges. Other automatic firearms such as automatic shotguns and automatic rifles (including assault rifles and battle rifles) are typically designed more for firing short bursts rather than continuous firepower and are not considered true machine guns. Submachine guns fire handgun cartridges rather than rifle cartridges, therefore they are not considered machine guns, while automatic firearms of 20 mm (0.79 in) caliber or more are classified as autocannons rather than machine guns.

In firearm designs, the term single-shot refers to guns that can hold only a single round of ammunition inside and thus must be reloaded manually after every shot. Compared to multi-shot repeating firearms ("repeaters"), single-shot designs have no moving parts other than the trigger, hammer/firing pin or frizzen, and therefore do not need a sizable receiver behind the barrel to accommodate a moving action, making them far less complex and more robust than revolvers or magazine/belt-fed firearms, but also with much slower rates of fire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bolt action</span> Type of firearm mechanism

Bolt-action is a type of manual firearm action that is operated by directly manipulating the bolt via a bolt handle, which is most commonly placed on the right-hand side of the firearm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Action (firearms)</span> Functional mechanism of breech-loading

In firearms terminology, an action is the functional mechanism of a breech-loading firearm that handles the ammunition cartridges, or the method by which that mechanism works. Actions are technically not present on muzzleloaders, as all those are single-shot firearms with a closed off breech with the powder and projectile manually loaded from the muzzle. Instead, the muzzleloader ignition mechanism is referred to as the lock.

A semi-automatic firearm, also called a self-loading or autoloading firearm, is a repeating firearm whose action mechanism automatically loads a following round of cartridge into the chamber and prepares it for subsequent firing, but requires the shooter to manually actuate the trigger in order to discharge each shot. Typically, this involves the weapon's action utilizing the excess energy released during the preceding shot to unlock and move the bolt, extracting and ejecting the spent cartridge case from the chamber, re-cocking the firing mechanism, and loading a new cartridge into the firing chamber, all without input from the user. To fire again, however, the user must actively release the trigger, allow it to "reset", before pulling the trigger again to fire off the next round. As a result, each trigger pull only discharges a single round from a semi-automatic weapon, as opposed to a fully automatic weapon, which will shoot continuously as long as the ammunition is replete and the trigger is kept depressed.

A breechloader is a firearm, in which the user loads the ammunition from the breech end of the barrel, as opposed to a muzzleloader, in which the user loads the ammunition from the (muzzle) end of the barrel.

A lever action is a type of action for repeating firearms that uses a manually operated cocking handle located around the trigger guard area that pivots forward to move the bolt via internal linkages, which will feed and extract cartridges into and out of the chamber, and cock the firing pin mechanism. This contrasts to other type of repeating actions such as the bolt-action, pump-action, semi-automatic, fully automatic, and/or burst mode actions. A firearm using this operating mechanism is colloquially referred to as a levergun.

Pump action is a type of manual firearm action that is operated by moving a sliding handguard on the gun's forestock. When shooting, the sliding forend is pulled rearward to eject any expended cartridge and typically to cock the hammer or striker, and then pushed forward to load a new cartridge into the chamber. Most pump-action firearms use an integral tubular magazine, although some do use detachable box magazines. Pump-action firearms are typically associated with shotguns, although it has been used in rifles, grenade launchers, as well as other types of firearms. A firearm using this operating mechanism is colloquially referred to as a pumpgun

Blowback is a system of operation for self-loading firearms that obtains energy from the motion of the cartridge case as it is pushed to the rear by expanding gas created by the ignition of the propellant charge.

A breechblock is the part of the firearm action that closes the breech of a breech loading weapon before or at the moment of firing. It seals the breech and contains the pressure generated by the ignited propellant. Retracting the breechblock allows the chamber to be loaded with a cartridge.

The lock of a firearm is the mechanism used to initiate firing. It is a historical term, in that it generally refers to such mechanisms used in muzzle-loading and early breech-loading firearms. Side-lock refers to the type of construction, in which the individual components of the mechanism are mounted either side of a single plate. The assembly is then mounted to the stock on the side of the firearm. In modern firearm designs, the mechanism to initiate firing is generally constructed within the frame or receiver of the firearm and is referred to as the firing or trigger mechanism.

Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher was an Austrian engineer and small arms designer. Along with James Paris Lee, Mannlicher was particularly noted for inventing the en-bloc clip charger-loading box magazine system. Later, while making improvements to other inventors' prototype designs for rotary-feed magazines, Mannlicher, together with his protégé Otto Schönauer, patented a perfected rotary magazine design, the Mannlicher–Schönauer rifle, which was a commercial and military success.

A falling-block action is a single-shot firearm action in which a solid metal breechblock slides vertically in grooves cut into the breech of the weapon and is actuated by a lever.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Break action</span>

Break action is a type of firearm action in which the barrel(s) are hinged much like a door and rotate perpendicularly to the bore axis to expose the breech and allow loading and unloading of cartridges. A separate operation may be required for the cocking of a hammer to fire the new round. There are many types of break-action firearms; break actions are universal in double-barreled shotguns, double-barreled rifles, combination guns, and are commonly found in single shot pistols, rifles, shotguns, including flare guns, grenade launchers, air guns, and some older revolver designs. They are also known as hinge-action, break-open, break-barrel, break-top, or, on old revolvers, top-break actions.

The Marlin Model 1894 is a lever-action repeating rifle introduced in 1894 by the Marlin Firearms Company of North Haven, Connecticut. At its introduction the rifle came with a 24-inch barrel and was chambered for a variety of rounds such as .25-20 Winchester, .32-20 Winchester, .38-40, and .44-40. Variants in other chamberings remain in production today.

The Kalthoff repeater was a type of repeating firearm that was designed by members of the Kalthoff family around 1630, and became the first repeating firearm to be brought into military service. At least nineteen gunsmiths are known to have made weapons following the Kalthoff design. Some early Kalthoff guns were wheellocks, but the rest were flintlocks. The capacity varied between 5 and 30 rounds, depending on the style of the magazines. A single forward and back movement of the trigger guard, which could be done in 1–2 seconds, readied the weapon for firing. The caliber of Kalthoff guns generally varied between 0.4–0.8 in (10–20 mm), though 0.3 in (7.6 mm) caliber examples also exist.

The following are terms related to firearms and ammunition topics.

Recoil operation is an operating mechanism used to implement locked-breech autoloading firearms. Recoil operated firearms use the energy of recoil to cycle the action, as opposed to gas operation or blowback operation using the pressure of the propellant gas.

A repeating firearm or repeater is any firearm that is capable of being fired repeatedly before having to be manually reloaded with new ammunition into the firearm.

References

↑ "Flint-Lock Magazine Gun". Victoria & Albert Museum. 1690.
↑ Westwood, David (2005). Rifles: An Illustrated History Of Their Impact. US: ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 1851094016.
↑ "Journal politique, ou Gazette des gazettes: 1775,1/6". 1775.
↑ "Vie privée de Charles-Philippes de France, ci-devant comte d'Artois, frere du roi: Et sa correspondance avec ses complices". 1791.
↑ "The Weekly Register". 1813.
↑ Hoyt, Epaphras (1813). "Rules and Regulations for Drill, Sabre Exercise ... And Field Movements of Cavalry".
↑ Historical Breechloading Smallarms Association bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es
↑ "Description des machines et procédés spécifiés dans les brevets d'invention, de perfectionnement et d'importation dont la durée est expirée, et dans ceux dont la déchéance a été prononcée, Volume 21, Issues 1793-1901". 1831.
↑ "Rapports du jury central, sur les produits de l'industrie française, admis aux expositions publiques de 1806, 1819, 1823, 1824, 1827, 1836". 1819.
↑ Cotty, Gaspard Herman (1822). "Encyclopédie Méthodique. Dictionnaire de l'Artillerie".
↑ "Annales des mines: Réalités industrielles, Volume 48". 1823.
↑ Migneron (m, Pierre-Henri) (1824). "Rapport sur les produits de l'industrie française".
↑ "Annales des mines ou Recueil de mémoires sur l'exploitation des mines et sur les sciences et les arts qui s'y rattachent". 1827.
↑ "Traité complet de la chasse au fusil". 1823.
↑ Traité général des chasses à courre et à tir. 1822.
↑ "The Exeter Flying Post or, Trewman's Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser 01 Jan 1824, page 4". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
↑ "Jean Baptiste Ambroise Marcellin Jobard - www.histoire-genealogie.com". www.histoire-genealogie.com (in French).
↑ (Paris), Exposition de 1839 (1841). "Rapport sur l'exposition de 1839, [industrie française]. Par J.B.A.M. Jobard".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
↑ "Archives des Decouvertes et des Inventions Nouvelles, Faites dans les Sciences, les Arts et les Manufactures, tant en France que dans les Pays etrangers". 1809.
↑ "Description des machines et procedes specifies dans les brevets d'invention, de perfectionnement et d'importation, dont la duree est expirée". 1837.
↑ "Improvement in self loading and priming fire-arms" . Retrieved 14 March 2021.
↑ "Improvement in fire-arms" . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
↑ "Army and Navy Chronicle". 1838.
↑ "| RetroNews - Le site de presse de la BnF" . Retrieved 3 January 2024– via www.retronews.fr.
↑ Halphen, Gustave (1845). "Rapport sur l'Exposition publique des produits de l'industrie française de 1844" (in French). Retrieved 20 June 2021.
1 2 Boorman, Dean (2002). The History of Smith & Wesson Firearms. The Lyons Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 1-58574-721-1.
↑ Zwoll, Wayne Van (August 2006). Complete Book of the .22: A Guide to the World's Most Popular Guns. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781461750024.
↑ "Improved self-loading and self-capping repeating fire-arm" . Retrieved 14 March 2021.
↑ "Improved cartridge-tube-formingand conveyer repeating fire-arm" . Retrieved 14 March 2021.
↑ "Improvement in faucet-breech guns".
↑ "Scientific American". 1850.
↑ "Improvement in revolving-breech fire-arms" . Retrieved 14 March 2021.
↑ "Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851". 1851.
↑ "Transactions of the American Institute of the City of New-York". 1852.
↑ Simpson, Layne (15 December 2003). Shotguns & Shotgunning . Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 23–24. ISBN 0-87349-567-5.
↑ Great Britain, Patent Office (1859). Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire-arms and Other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements . London, United Kingdom: The Great Seal Patent Office. p. 169.
↑ "Improved magazine, repeating, and needle gun".
↑ David H. Hanes (October 2021) The Incredible Linder americansocietyofarmscollectors.org
↑ McCollum, Ian (1 September 2015). "RIA: Colette Gravity Pistol". Forgotten Weapons.
↑ "Nouvelle page 0" . Retrieved 14 March 2021.
↑ "Rapports du jury mixte international". 1856.

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[1] "Flint-Lock Magazine Gun". Victoria & Albert Museum. 1690.

[Westwood-2] Westwood, David (2005). Rifles: An Illustrated History Of Their Impact. US: ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 1851094016.

[3] "Journal politique, ou Gazette des gazettes: 1775,1/6". 1775.

[4] "Vie privée de Charles-Philippes de France, ci-devant comte d'Artois, frere du roi: Et sa correspondance avec ses complices". 1791.

[5] "The Weekly Register". 1813.

[6] Hoyt, Epaphras (1813). "Rules and Regulations for Drill, Sabre Exercise ... And Field Movements of Cavalry".

[bibliotecavirtualdefensa-7] Historical Breechloading Smallarms Association bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es

[8] "Description des machines et procédés spécifiés dans les brevets d'invention, de perfectionnement et d'importation dont la durée est expirée, et dans ceux dont la déchéance a été prononcée, Volume 21, Issues 1793-1901". 1831.

[9] "Rapports du jury central, sur les produits de l'industrie française, admis aux expositions publiques de 1806, 1819, 1823, 1824, 1827, 1836". 1819.

[10] Cotty, Gaspard Herman (1822). "Encyclopédie Méthodique. Dictionnaire de l'Artillerie".

[11] "Annales des mines: Réalités industrielles, Volume 48". 1823.

[12] Migneron (m, Pierre-Henri) (1824). "Rapport sur les produits de l'industrie française".

[13] "Annales des mines ou Recueil de mémoires sur l'exploitation des mines et sur les sciences et les arts qui s'y rattachent". 1827.

[14] "Traité complet de la chasse au fusil". 1823.

[15] Traité général des chasses à courre et à tir. 1822.

[16] "The Exeter Flying Post or, Trewman's Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser 01 Jan 1824, page 4". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 3 January 2024.

[histoire-genealogie-17] "Jean Baptiste Ambroise Marcellin Jobard - www.histoire-genealogie.com". www.histoire-genealogie.com (in French).

[18] (Paris), Exposition de 1839 (1841). "Rapport sur l'exposition de 1839, [industrie française]. Par J.B.A.M. Jobard".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[Henri_Quatorze_Coups-19] "Archives des Decouvertes et des Inventions Nouvelles, Faites dans les Sciences, les Arts et les Manufactures, tant en France que dans les Pays etrangers". 1809.

[Henri_François-Antoine_Fusil-20] "Description des machines et procedes specifies dans les brevets d'invention, de perfectionnement et d'importation, dont la duree est expirée". 1837.

[21] "Improvement in self loading and priming fire-arms" . Retrieved 14 March 2021.

[22] "Improvement in fire-arms" . Retrieved 3 January 2024.

[23] "Army and Navy Chronicle". 1838.

[24] "| RetroNews - Le site de presse de la BnF" . Retrieved 3 January 2024– via www.retronews.fr.

[25] Halphen, Gustave (1845). "Rapport sur l'Exposition publique des produits de l'industrie française de 1844" (in French). Retrieved 20 June 2021.

[Boorman17-26] 1 2 Boorman, Dean (2002). The History of Smith & Wesson Firearms. The Lyons Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 1-58574-721-1.

[27] Zwoll, Wayne Van (August 2006). Complete Book of the .22: A Guide to the World's Most Popular Guns. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781461750024.

[28] "Improved self-loading and self-capping repeating fire-arm" . Retrieved 14 March 2021.

[29] "Improved cartridge-tube-formingand conveyer repeating fire-arm" . Retrieved 14 March 2021.

[30] "Improvement in faucet-breech guns".

[31] "Scientific American". 1850.

[32] "Improvement in revolving-breech fire-arms" . Retrieved 14 March 2021.

[33] "Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851". 1851.

[34] "Transactions of the American Institute of the City of New-York". 1852.

[Simpson2003-35] Simpson, Layne (15 December 2003). Shotguns & Shotgunning . Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 23–24. ISBN 0-87349-567-5.

[36] Great Britain, Patent Office (1859). Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire-arms and Other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements . London, United Kingdom: The Great Seal Patent Office. p. 169.

[37] "Improved magazine, repeating, and needle gun".

[38] David H. Hanes (October 2021) The Incredible Linder americansocietyofarmscollectors.org

[McCollum-39] McCollum, Ian (1 September 2015). "RIA: Colette Gravity Pistol". Forgotten Weapons.

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[41] "Rapports du jury mixte international". 1856.

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