Rumford Medal

Last updated
Rumford Medal
Benjamin Thompson.jpg
Count Rumford (Sir Benjamin Thompson), for whom the award is named.
Awarded foran outstandingly important recent discovery in the field of thermal or optical properties of matter made by a scientist working in Europe
Date1800 (1800)
CountryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Presented byBritain's Royal Society
Website https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/rumford-medal   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

The Rumford Medal is an award bestowed by Britain's Royal Society every alternating year for "an outstandingly important recent discovery in the field of thermal or optical properties of matter made by a scientist working in Europe".

Contents

First awarded during 1800, it was created after a 1796 donation of $5000 by the scientist Benjamin Thompson, known as Count Rumford, and is accompanied by a gift of £1000. Since its inception, the award has been granted to 104 scientists, including Rumford himself during 1800.

It has been awarded to citizens of the United Kingdom sixty-one times [lower-alpha 1] , France fourteen times, Germany eight times, the Netherlands seven times, Sweden four times, the United States three times, Italy twice and once each to citizens of Australia, Hungary, Belgium, Luxembourg and New Zealand.

List of recipients

YearNameNationalityRationaleNotes
1800 Benjamin Thompson British"For his various discoveries respecting Heat and Light" [1]
1802No award———
1804 John Leslie British"For his Experiments on Heat, published in his work, entitled, An Experimental Enquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat" [2] [3]
1806No award———
1808 William Murdoch British"For his publication of the employment of Gas from Coal, for the purpose of illumination" [4]
1810 Étienne-Louis Malus French"For the discovery of certain new properties of Reflected Light, published in the second volume of the Memoires dArcueil" [5] [6]
1812No award———
1814 William Charles Wells British"For his Essay on Dew, published in the course of the preceding (1815) year" [7] [8]
1816 Humphry Davy British"For his Papers on Combustion and Flame, published in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions" [9]
1818 David Brewster British"For his Discoveries relating to the Polarisation of Light" [10]
1820No award———
1822No award———
1824 Augustin-Jean Fresnel French"For his Development of the Undulatory Theory as applied to the Phenomena of Polarized Light, and for his various important discoveries in Physical Optics" [11]
1826No award———
1828No award———
1830No award———
1832 John Frederic Daniell British"For his Paper, entitled, Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer, for measuring the expansion of Solids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1831" [12]
1834 Macedonio Melloni Italian"For his discoveries relevant to radiant heat" [13]
1836No award———
1838 James David Forbes British"For his experiments on the polarization of heat, of which an account was published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" [14]
1840 Jean-Baptiste Biot French"For his researches in, and connected with, the circular polarization of light" [15]
1842 William Fox Talbot British"For his discoveries and improvements in photography" [16]
1844No award———
1846 Michael Faraday British"For his discovery of the optical phenomena developed by the action of magnets and electric currents in certain transparent media, the details of which are published in the nineteenth series of his experimental researches in electricity, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and in the Philosophical Magazine" [17]
1848 Henri Victor Regnault French"For his experiments to determine the laws and the numerical data which enter into the calculation of steam engines" [18]
1850 François Arago French"For his experimental investigations on polarized light, the concluding memoirs on which were communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris during the last two years" [19]
1852 George Gabriel Stokes British"For his discovery of the change in the refrangibility of light" [20]
1854 Neil Arnott British"For the successful construction of the smokeless fire grate lately introduced by him, and for other valuable improvements in the application of heat to the warming and ventilation of apartments" [21]
1856 Louis Pasteur French"For his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light, and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery" [22]
1858 Jules Jamin French"For his various experimental researches on light" [23] [24]
1860 James Clerk Maxwell British"For his researches on the composition of colours, and other optical papers" [25] [26]
1862 Gustav Kirchhoff German"For his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light" [27]
1864 John Tyndall British"For his researches on the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours" [28]
1866 Hippolyte Fizeau French"For his optical researches, & especially for his investigations into the effect of heat on the refractive power of transparent bodies" [29]
1868 Balfour Stewart British"For his researches on the qualitative as well as quantitative relation between the emissive and absorptive powers of bodies for heat and light, published originally in [1858 & 1859]" [27]
1870 Alfred Des Cloizeaux French"For his researches in mineralogical optics"—
1872 Anders Jonas Ångström Swedish"For his researches on spectral analysis"—
1874 Joseph Norman Lockyer British"For his spectroscopic researches on the Sun and on the chemical elements"—
1875 John William Draper American"For his Researches on Radiant Energy"—
1876 Jules Janssen French"For his numerous & important researches in the radiation & absorption of light, carried on chiefly by means of the spectroscope" [30] [31]
1878 Alfred Cornu French"For his various optical researches, and especially for his recent redetermination of the velocity of the propagation of light" [32]
1880 William Huggins British"For his important researches in astronomical spectroscopy, and especially for his determination of the radial component of the proper motions of stars" [33]
1882 William de Wiveleslie Abney British"For his photographic researches and his discovery of the method of photographing the less refrangible part of the spectrum, especially the infra-red region; also for his researches on the absorption of various compound bodies in this part of the spectrum" [34] [35]
1884 Tobias Robertus Thalén Swedish"For his spectroscopic researches" [36]
1886 Samuel Pierpont Langley American"For his researches on the spectrum by means of the Bolometer" [37]
1888 Pietro Tacchini Italian"For important and long-continued investigations, which have largely advanced our knowledge of the physics of the Sun" [38]
1890 Heinrich Hertz German"For his work in electromagnetic radiation" [39]
1892 Nils Christoffer Dunér Swedish"For his spectroscopic researches on stars" [40]
1894 James Dewar British"For his researches on the properties of matter at extremely low temperatures" [41] [42]
1896 Philipp Lenard and Wilhelm Röntgen German"For their investigations of the phenomena produced outside a highly exhausted tube through which an electrical discharge is taking place"
1898 Oliver Lodge British"For his researches in radiation and in the relations between matter and ether"—
1900 Henri Becquerel French"For his discoveries in radiation proceding[ sic ] from uranium"—
1902 Charles Algernon Parsons British"For his success in the application of the steam turbine to industrial purposes, and for its recent extension to navigation" [43]
1904 Ernest Rutherford New Zealander"For his researches on radio-activity, particularly for his discovery of the existence and properties of the gaseous emanations from radio-active bodies"—
1906 Hugh Longbourne Callendar British"For his experimental work on heat"—
1908 Hendrik Lorentz Dutch"On the ground of his investigations in optical and electrical science"—
1910 Heinrich Rubens German"On the ground of his researches on radiation, especially of long wave length"—
1912 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Dutch"On the ground of his researches at low temperatures"—
1914 John Strutt British"On the ground of his investigations in thermo-dynamics and on radiation"—
1916 William Henry Bragg British"On the ground of his researches in X-ray radiation"—
1918 Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot French"On the ground of their contributions to optics"—
1920 Robert Strutt British"On the ground of his researches into the properties of gases at high vacua"—
1922 Pieter Zeeman Dutch"For his researches in optics"—
1924 Charles Vernon Boys British"For his invention of the gas calorimeter"—
1926 Arthur Schuster British"For his services to physical science, especially in the subjects of optics and terrestrial magnetism"—
1928 Friedrich Paschen German"For his contributions to the knowledge of spectra"—
1930 Peter Debye Dutch"For his work relating to specific heats and X-ray spectroscopy"—
1932 Fritz Haber German"For the outstanding importance of his work in physical chemistry, especially in the application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions"—
1934 Wander Johannes de Haas Dutch"For his researches on the properties of bodies at low temperatures, and in particular, for his recent work on cooling by the use of adiabatic demagnetisation"—
1936 Ernest George Coker British"For his researches on the use of polarized light for investigating directly the stresses in transparent models of engineering structures"—
1938 Robert Wood American"In recognition of his distinguished work and discoveries in many branches of physical optics"—
1940 Manne Siegbahn Swedish"For his pioneer work in high precision X-ray spectroscopy and its applications"—
1942 Gordon Dobson British"In recognition of his outstanding work on the physics of the upper air and its application to meteorology"—
1944 Harry Ricardo British"In recognition of his important contributions to research on the internal combustion engine, which have greatly influenced the development of the various types"—
1946 Alfred Egerton British"In recognition of his leading part in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems of pressing importance"—
1948 Francis Simon German"For his outstanding contributions to the attainment of low temperatures and to the study of the properties of substances at temperatures near the absolute zero" [44]
1950 Frank Whittle British"For his pioneering contributions to the jet propulsion of aircraft" [45]
1952 Frits Zernike Dutch"In recognition of his outstanding work in the development of phase contrast microscopy" [46]
1954 Cecil Reginald Burch British"For his distinguished contributions to the technique for the production of high vacua and to the development of the reflecting microscope" [47]
1956 Frank Philip Bowden Australian"In recognition of his distinguished work on the nature of friction" [48]
1958 Thomas Ralph Merton British"In recognition of his distinguished researches in spectroscopy and optics" [49]
1960 Alfred Gordon Gaydon British"In recognition of his distinguished work in the field of molecular spectroscopy and particularly its application to the study of flame phenomena"—
1962 Dudley Maurice Newitt British"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering" [50]
1964 Hendrik van de Hulst Dutch"In recognition of his distinguished work on the scattering processes in the interplanetary medium and his prediction of the 21 cm spectral line from interstellar neutral hydrogen"—
1966 William Penney British"In recognition of his distingsuihed [sic] and paramount personal contribution to the establishment of economic nuclear energy in Great Britain" [51]
1968 Dennis Gabor Hungarian"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to optics, especially by establishing the principles of holography" [52]
1970 Christopher Hinton British"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering and of his leadership of engineering design teams in the chemical and atomic energy industries and in electricity generation" [53]
1972 Basil John Mason British"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to meteorology, particularly the physics of clouds" [54]
1974 Alan Cottrell British"In recognition of his contributions to physical metallurgy and particularly extending knowledge of the role of dislocation in the fracture of metals"—
1976 Ilya Prigogine Belgian"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of irreversible thermodynamics"—
1978 George Porter British"In recognition of his distinguished studies of very fast chemical reactions by flash photolysis" [55]
1980 William Frank Vinen British"In recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium"—
1982 Charles Gorrie Wynne British"In recognition of his unique contribution to the design of optical instruments ranging from large telescopes to bubble-chamber optics"—
1984 Harold Hopkins (physicist) British"In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery"—
1986 Denis Rooke British"In recognition of his contributions to scientific developments in the gas industry" [56]
1988 Felix Weinberg British"In recognition of his pioneering work on optical diagnostics and electrical aspects of combustion and his fundamental studies of flame problems associated with jet engines and furnaces" [57]
1990 Walter Eric Spear German"For discovering and applying techniques for depositing and characterising thin films of high quality amorphous silicon and for demonstrating that these can be doped to give useful electronic devices, such as cost-effective solar cells and large arrays of thin film transistors, now used in commercial, flat-panel, LCD colour TV screens" [58]
1992 Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley British"In recognition of his wide-ranging and imaginative contributions to applied mathematics and statistical physics, especially in the physical properties of liquids and the development of the Temperley-Lieb algebra"—
1994 Andrew Keller British"In recognition of his contributions to polymer science, in particular his elucidation of the basis of polymeric crystallization, a fundamental ingredient in many materials, to methods of making strong fibres and to the understanding of polymer solutions which underlie this technology" [59]
1996 Grenville Turner British"In recognition of his work on the 40Ar/39Ar method of dating developing this technique to a sophisticated level and one which is widely used for dating extraterrestrial and terrestrial rocks" [60]
1998 Richard Friend British"In recognition of his leading research in the development of polymer-based electronics and optoelectronics leading to a very rapid growth of development activities aimed at plastic electronic displays, with advantages of very low cost, flexibility, and the option of curved or flat surfaces" [61]
2000 Wilson Sibbett British"In recognition of his research on ultra-short pulse laser science and technology. In his work on streak cameras, he first demonstrated the technique of sub-picosecond chronoscopy whereby the cameras, by synchronous repetition, can function as oscilloscopes. He conducted pioneering work on coupled cavity modelocking, and his discovery of the technique of self-modelocking led to the commercialisation of sub-picosecond pulses over a wide tuning range. He also exploited diode-pumped solid-state lasers in nonlinear optics for frequency conversion by demonstrating the world's first all-solid-state optical parametric oscillator" [62]
2002 David King British"for his outstanding contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of reaction processes on solid surfaces" [63]
2004 Richard Dixon British"in recognition of his many contributions to molecular spectroscopy and to the dynamics of molecular photodissociation" [64]
2006 Jean-Pierre Hansen Luxembourger"for his pioneering work on molten salts and dense plasmas that has led the way to a quantitative understanding of the structure and dynamics of strongly correlated ionic liquids" [65]
2008 Edward Hinds British"for his extensive and highly innovative work in ultra-cold matter" [66]
2010 Gilbert Lonzarich British"for his outstanding work into novel types of quantum matter using innovative instrumentation and techniques"
2012 Roy Taylor British"for his outstanding contributions to tunable ultrafast lasers and nonlinear fibre optics, including fibre Raman, soliton and supercontinuum laser sources, which translated fundamental discoveries to practical technology"
2014 Jeremy Baumberg British"for his outstanding creativity in nanophotonics, investigating many ingenious nanostructures, both artificial and natural to support novel plasmonic phenomena relevant to Raman spectroscopy, solar cell performance and meta-materials applications."
2016 Ortwin Hess German/British"for his pioneering work in active nano-plasmonics and optical metamaterials with quantum gain."
2018 Ian Walmsley British"for pioneering work in the quantum control of light and matter on ultrashort timescales"
2019 Miles Padgett British"for world leading research on optical orbital momentum including an angular form of the Einstein-Padolsky-Rosen paradox"
2020 Patrick Gill (scientist) British"for his development of optical atomic clocks of exquisite precision, of ultra-stable lasers and of frequency standards for fundamental physics, quantum information processing, space science, satellite navigation and Earth observation."
2021 Carlos Frenk Mexican/British"for revealing via elaborate computer simulations, how small fluctuations in the early universe develop into today’s galaxies."
2022 Raymond Pierrehumbert American"for his wide-ranging contributions to atmospheric physics, employing fundamental principles of physics to elucidate phenomena across the spectrum of planetary atmospheres."
2023 Polina Bayvel British"for pioneering contributions to fundamental physics and nonlinear optics, enabling the realisation of high capacity, broad bandwidth, multi-wavelength, optical communication systems that have underpinned the information technology revolution."

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This number includes two scientists of mixed background. They are Ortwin Hess (German/British) and Carlos Frenk (Mexican/British)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copley Medal</span> Award given by the Royal Society of London

The Copley Medal is the most prestigious award of the Royal Society, conferred "for sustained, outstanding achievements in any field of science". It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences. Given annually, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal awarded and the oldest surviving scientific award in the world, having first been given in 1731 to Stephen Gray, for "his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge". The medal is made of silver-gilt and awarded with a £25,000 prize.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Allan Broun</span> Scottish scientist

John Allan Broun FRS was a Scottish scientist with interests in magnetism, particularly of the earth, and meteorology. Broun studied in Edinburgh University and worked at the observatory in Makerstoun from 1842 to 1849 before moving to India to work in the Kingdom of Travancore. He continued his studies on geo-magnetism in India and was involved in setting up observatories there apart from managing the Napier Museum in Trivandrum. One of the fundamental discoveries he made was that the Earth loses or gains magnetic intensity not locally, but as a whole. He also found that solar activity causes magnetic disturbances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Dawkins bibliography</span>

The following list of publications by Richard Dawkins is a chronological list of papers, articles, essays and books published by British ethologist and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.

Frank Philip Bowden CBE FRS was an Australian physicist.

The Mullard Award is awarded annually by the Royal Society to a person who has "an outstanding academic record in any field of natural science, engineering or technology and whose contribution is currently making or has the potential to make a contribution to national prosperity in Britain." It was established in 1967, and has been awarded to more people at once than any other Royal Society medal, with five individuals receiving the award in 1970. The award is a silver gilt medal, which comes with a £2,000 prize and a £1,500 grant to be used for travel and attending conferences.

Bernard (Bernie) Wood is a British geologist, and professor of mineralogy and senior research fellow at the University of Oxford. He specializes in the thermodynamics of geological systems, using experimental techniques. He is a prominent figure in the field of experimental petrology, having received multiple awards throughout his career and taught at several universities worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Thalén</span> Swedish physicist

Tobias Robert Thalén Hon. FRSE was a Swedish physicist. He was awarded the Rumford Medal in 1884 for his spectroscopic researches. He was an expert on terrestrial magnetism and spectrum analysis. He gives his name to the crystalline mineral Thalenite.

David Silver is a principal research scientist at Google DeepMind and a professor at University College London. He has led research on reinforcement learning with AlphaGo, AlphaZero and co-lead on AlphaStar.

Adrian Leland Rees Thomas is a professor of biomechanics at the University of Oxford and Director of Studies in Biological Sciences at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford running the Animal Flight Research Group. He is co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer at Animal Dynamics and is also chairman of the flight section of the Bionis International Biomimetics Network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew McMichael</span>

Sir Andrew James McMichael, is an immunologist, Professor of Molecular Medicine, and previously Director of the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at the University of Oxford. He is particularly known for his work on T cell responses to viral infections such as influenza and HIV.

Ernest Shearer FRSE was a British agriculturalist and academic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiyoshi Nagai</span> Japanese structural biologist (1949–2019)

Kiyoshi Nagai was a Japanese structural biologist at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, UK. He was known for his work on the mechanism of RNA splicing and structures of the spliceosome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bibliography of E. T. Whittaker</span>

Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker was a British mathematician, physicist, historian of science, and philosopher who authored three titles that remain in circulation over a century after their initial publications. His bibliography includes several books and over one hundred published papers on a variety of subjects, including mathematics, astronomy, mathematical physics, theoretical physics, philosophy, and theism. Whittaker's bibliography in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society categorises his publications into three categories: books and monographs, maths and physics articles, and biographical articles; the bibliography excludes works published in popular magazines like Scientific American. The bibliography includes eleven total books and monographs, fifty-six maths and physics articles, thirty-five philosophy and history articles, and twenty-one biographical articles. In the bibliography compiled by William Hunter McCrea in 1957, there are thirteen books and monographs and the same journal articles; McCrea counts all three volumes of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity as separate books and excludes the same papers. Whittaker's contributions to Scientific American include two book reviews and a popular article on mathematics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bibliography of Max Born</span>

Max Born was a widely influential German physicist and mathematician who was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his pivotal role in the development of quantum mechanics. Born won the prize primarily for his contributions to the statistical interpretation of the wave function, though he is known for his work in several areas of quantum mechanics as well as solid-state physics, optics, and special relativity. Born's entry in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society included thirty books and 330 papers.

Helen Holme Simmons FRS FLS, commonly known as Nellie Bancroft, was a British botanist and scientific illustrator famous for her work on plant systematics and the anatomy of both living and fossil plants. Bancroft was while working for the Imperial Forestry Institute in France in 1940 captured by the Germans and spent four years in internment before being released and returning home in 1944.

Adam C. Eyre-Walker, is a British evolutionary geneticist, currently Professor of Biology in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Sussex. He is noted for making "significant contributions to our understanding of evolution at the molecular level" and pioneering the use of DNA sequence databases for extracting information about the evolution of genomes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department of Biology, University of Oxford</span> Department of University of Oxford

The Department of Biology, established in 2022, is a science department in the University of Oxford's Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division. It was formed on 1 August 2022 after a merger between the Department of Plant Sciences and Department of Zoology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Susette Taylor</span> English polyglot and world traveller

Susette or Suzette Martha Taylor was an English polyglot and academic. 

Rosemary Fowler is a British physicist who contributed to the discovery of the kaon. She was one of the first women to graduate with first class honours from the University of Bristol.

References

  1. ↑ "Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  2. ↑ Craik, Alex D. D. (2020). "Geometry versus Analysis in Early 19th-Century Scotland: John Leslie, William Wallace, and Thomas Carlyle". Historia Mathematica . 27 (2): 137. doi: 10.1006/hmat.1999.2264 . eISSN   1090-249X. S2CID   119830189 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  3. ↑ "Front Matter" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 95. Royal Society: i. 31 December 1805. eISSN   2053-9223. JSTOR   107155 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via JSTOR.
  4. ↑ Hutchison, William Kenneth (30 April 1985). "The Royal Society and the foundation of the British Gas Industry". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London . 39 (2). Royal Society: 252. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1985.0012. JSTOR   531628 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via JSTOR.
  5. ↑ "Malus biography". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 27 Jan 2009.
  6. ↑ "Front Matter" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 101: vii. 31 December 1811. eISSN   2053-9223. JSTOR   107330 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via JSTOR.
  7. ↑ "Oxford DNB article: Wells, William Charles (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  8. ↑ Gould, Stephen Jay (1 July 1983). "Unorthodoxies in the First Formulation of Natural Selection". Evolution . 37 (4): 856. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1983.tb05608.x. JSTOR   2407927 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  9. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Davy, Sir Humphry". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  10. ↑ "Sir David Brewster". The English Mechanic and World of Science . 6 (152): 480. 21 Feb 1868. OCLC   867727625 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Google Books.
  11. ↑ "Fresnel biography". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  12. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Daniell, John Frederic". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  13. ↑ Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography. Springer. 29 February 1984. ISBN   9789027716248 . Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  14. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Forbes, James David (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  15. ↑ "Biot biography". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  16. ↑ "Oxford DNB article: Talbot, William Henry Fox". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-09.
  17. ↑ "Oxford DNB article: Faraday, Michael (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  18. ↑ "Collection of the Month – Henri Victor Regnault". The Royal Society. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  19. ↑ "At the Anniversary Meeting, November 30, 1853". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . 6: 365. 31 December 1854. doi: 10.1098/rspl.1850.0130 . eISSN   2053-9134 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  20. ↑ "Obituary. Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Bart, D.C.L.(Oxon), LL.D., D.Sc (Cantab),1819-1903". Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 156 (1904): 425. January 1904. doi: 10.1680/imotp.1904.18741 . eISSN   1753-7843 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  21. ↑ Bayliss, Robert A.; Ellis, C. William (31 August 1981). "Neil Arnott, F. R. S. Reformer, innovator and popularizer of science 1788-1874". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 36 (1). Royal Society: 110. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1981.0007. eISSN   1743-0178. JSTOR   531660. PMID   11610943.
  22. ↑ Cave, Edward (1857). "The Monthly Intelligencer". The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Review . 202: 94. ISBN   9780364654866. OCLC   1354509818 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Google Books.
  23. ↑ "Science". The Athenaeum (1623): 723. 4 December 1858. ISSN   1747-3594 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Google Books.
  24. ↑ Nolte, David D. (17 May 2023). "At Light Speed – The Birth of Interferometry". Interference – The History of Optical Interferometry and the Scientists Who Tamed Light. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 114. doi:10.1093/oso/9780192869760.001.0001. ISBN   978-0-19-286976-0. LCCN   2023930767. OCLC   1351894515 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  25. ↑ "James Clerk Maxwell". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 15. Boston: 392. 1880. ISBN   9781334256820. JSTOR   25138589 . OCLC   1359045150 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Google Books.
  26. ↑ "Scientific Worthies" (PDF). Nature . 24 (626): 601. 27 October 1881. doi: 10.1038/024601a0 . eISSN   1476-4687 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  27. 1 2 Shaviv, Giora (13 April 2012). "Preparing the Ground for Delving into the Stars". The Synthesis of the Elements – The Astrophysical Quest for Nucleosynthesis and What It Can Tell Us About the Universe. 0067-0057. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 103. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28385-7. ISBN   978-3-642-28385-7. OCLC   787859175. OL   26100071M . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  28. ↑ "Obituary. John Tyndall, D.C.L., LL.D., M.D., FRS, 1820-1893". Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 116 (1894): 343. 1894. doi: 10.1680/imotp.1894.19995 . eISSN   1753-7843 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  29. ↑ "Front Matter". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 156: xv. 1866. eISSN   2053-9223. JSTOR   108935 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Google Books.
  30. ↑ "Notes". Nature. 15 (367): 50. 9 Nov 1876. doi:10.1038/015050a0. eISSN   1476-4687 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  31. ↑ Launay, Françoise (25 Nov 2011). "The Foundation of the "Paris Observatory for Physical Astronomy" … Located in the Meudon Estate". The Astronomer Jules Janssen – A Globetrotter of Celestial Physics [Un globe-trotter de la physique céleste – L’astronome Jules Janssen]. Translated by Dunlop, Storm. New York: Springer New York. p. 95. ISBN   978-1-4614-0696-9. LCCN   2011936386. OCLC   765959525 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  32. ↑ "The Royal Society Medallists". Nature. 19 (472): 39. 14 Nov 1878. doi: 10.1038/023062c0 . eISSN   1476-4687 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Google Books.
  33. ↑ "Notes". Nature. 23 (577): 63. 18 Nov 1880. doi:10.1038/023062c0. eISSN   1476-4687 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Google Books.
  34. ↑ "Notes" (PDF). Nature. 27 (681): 61. 16 Nov 1882. doi: 10.1038/027061a0 . eISSN   1476-4687 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  35. ↑ "Front Matter". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 177: iii. 31 December 1886. eISSN   2053-9223. JSTOR   109476 . OCLC   1697286 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  36. ↑ "Notes". Nature. 31 (786): 62. 20 November 1884. doi:10.1038/031062a0. eISSN   1476-4687 . Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  37. ↑ "Notes". Nature. 35 (891): 83. 25 Nov 1886. doi:10.1038/035083a0. eISSN   1476-4687 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Internet Archive.
  38. ↑ "The observatory. Janvier-février 1889". Bulletin astronomique, Observatoire de Paris (in French). 6. French National Centre for Scientific Research: 227. 1889. eISSN   0572-7405. OCLC   1537689 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Persée.
  39. ↑ "Notes". Nature. 43 (1100): 61. 20 Nov 1890. doi:10.1038/043061a0. eISSN   1476-4687 . Retrieved 5 June 2024– via Internet Archive.
  40. ↑ "The Anniversary of the Royal Society" (PDF). Nature. 47 (1205): 107. 1 Dec 1982. doi: 10.1038/047106b0 . eISSN   1476-4687 . Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  41. ↑ "Notes". Nature. 51 (1306): 35. 8 Nov 1894. doi:10.1038/051035a0. eISSN   1476-4687 . Retrieved 6 June 2024– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  42. ↑ Rowlinson, J. S. (9 March 2016). Sir James Dewar, 1842-1923 – A Ruthless Chemist. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 134. doi:10.4324/9781315609218. ISBN   978-1-315-60921-8. LCCN   2012005199. OCLC   948603191 . Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  43. ↑ "Royal Society". The Times. No. 36940. London. 2 December 1902. p. 6.
  44. ↑ "Royal Society: Simon, Sir Francis Eugene (1893–1956)". Aim25. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  45. ↑ "Fellow of the month – Sir Frank Whittle". The Royal Society. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  46. ↑ "Frits Zernike – Biography". Nobel Prize Foundation. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  47. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Burch, Cecil Reginald". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  48. ↑ "Bowden, Frank Philip – Bright Sparcs entry". Bright Sparcs. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  49. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Merton, Sir Thomas Ralph". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  50. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Newitt, Dudley Maurice (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  51. ↑ "PENNEY, William, Baron Penney of East Hendred (1909–1991)". Aim25. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  52. ↑ "Dennis Gabor – Autobiography". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  53. ↑ "Papers and correspondence of Christopher Hinton, Baron Hinton of Bankside, 1901–1983". Archives Hub . Mimas. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  54. ↑ "Sir John Mason". Institute of Physics . Retrieved 2009-01-27.[ dead link ]
  55. ↑ "Special Issue in commemoration of Lord George Porter". The Royal Society of Chemistry . Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  56. ↑ "Sir Denis Rooke, OM – Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph . London. 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  57. ↑ "80th Birthday Celebration for Professor Felix Weinberg, at the Chemical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, 23 April 2008". Combustion Institute (British Section). Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  58. ↑ Fitzgerald, Alexander. "Walter Eric Spear – Obituary" (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
  59. ↑ "Professor Dixon awarded Rumford Medal". Bristol University . Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  60. ↑ "Prof Grenville Turner FRS School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences". The University of Manchester. Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
  61. ↑ "NCL Innovation Park". National Chemical Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
  62. ↑ "Professor Wilson Sibbett FRS, CBE". The Royal Society. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
  63. ↑ "Annual Report :Awards, Prizes and Appointments". University of Cambridge . Retrieved 2009-01-26.
  64. ↑ "Bristol University – News from the University". Bristol University. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
  65. ↑ "Prof Hansen Meeting". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
  66. ↑ "The Northern Echo: Prestigious awards for school's old boys". The Northern Echo . 4 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2009-01-26.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.