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Violence is "the use of physical force so as to injure,abuse,damage,or destroy". Other definitions are also used,such as the World Health Organization's definition of violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power,threatened or actual,against oneself,another person,or against a group or community,which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury,death,psychological harm,maldevelopment,or deprivation."
Sexual assault is an act in which one intentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent,or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will. It is a form of sexual violence that includes child sexual abuse,groping,rape,drug facilitated sexual assault),and the torture of the person in a sexual manner.
Sexual violence is any sexual act or attempt to obtain a sexual act by violence or coercion,act to traffic a person,regardless of the relationship to the victim. It occurs in times of peace and armed conflict situations,is widespread,and is considered to be one of the most traumatic,pervasive,and most common human rights violations.
A form of child abuse,child neglect is an act of caregivers that results in depriving a child of their basic needs,such as the failure to provide adequate supervision,health care,clothing,or housing,as well as other physical,emotional,social,educational,and safety needs. All societies have established that there are necessary behaviours a caregiver must provide for a child to develop physically,socially,and emotionally. Causes of neglect may result from several parenting problems including mental disorders,unplanned pregnancy,substance use disorder,unemployment,over employment,domestic violence,and,in special cases,poverty.
School violence includes violence between school students as well as attacks by students on school staff. It encompasses physical violence,including student-on-student fighting,corporal punishment;psychological violence such as verbal abuse,and sexual violence,including rape and sexual harassment. It includes many forms of bullying and carrying weapons in school. The one or more perpetrators typically have more physical,social,and/or psychological power than the victim. It is widely believed by society to have become a serious problem in recent decades in many countries,especially where weapons such as guns or knives are involved.
Child abuse is physical,sexual,and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children,especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child and can occur in a child's home,or in the organizations,schools,or communities the child interacts with.
Sexual abuse or sex abuse,also referred to as molestation,is abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using force or by taking advantage of another. Molestation often refers to an instance of sexual assault against a small child,whereas sexual abuse is a term used for a persistent pattern of sexual assaults.
Sibling abuse includes the physical,psychological,or sexual abuse of one sibling by another. More often than not,the younger sibling is abused by the older sibling. Sibling abuse is the most common of family violence in the US,but the least reported. As opposed to sibling rivalry,sibling abuse is characterized by the one-sided treatment of one sibling to another.
Substance abuse prevention,also known as drug abuse prevention,is a process that attempts to prevent the onset of substance use or limit the development of problems associated with using psychoactive substances. Prevention efforts may focus on the individual or their surroundings. A concept that is known as "environmental prevention" focuses on changing community conditions or policies so that the availability of substances is reduced as well as the demand. Individual Substance Abuse Prevention,also known as drug abuse prevention involves numerous different sessions depending on the individual to help cease or reduce the use of substances. The time period to help a specific individual can vary based upon many aspects of an individual. The type of Prevention efforts should be based upon the individual's necessities which can also vary. Substance use prevention efforts typically focus on minors and young adults –especially between 12–35 years of age. Substances typically targeted by preventive efforts include alcohol,tobacco,marijuana,inhalants,coke,methamphetamine,steroids,club drugs,and opioids. Community advocacy against substance use is imperative due to the significant increase in opioid overdoses in the United States alone. It has been estimated that about one hundred and thirty individuals continue to lose their lives daily due to opioid overdoses alone.
School bullying,like bullying outside the school context,refers to one or more perpetrators who have greater physical strength or more social power than their victim and who repeatedly act aggressively toward their victim. Bullying can be verbal or physical. Bullying,with its ongoing character,is distinct from one-off types of peer conflict. Different types of school bullying include ongoing physical,emotional,and/or verbal aggression. Cyberbullying and sexual bullying are also types of bullying. Bullying even exists in higher education. There are warning signs that suggest that a child is being bullied,a child is acting as a bully,or a child has witnessed bullying at school.
Child sexual abuse (CSA),also called child molestation,is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child,indecent exposure,child grooming,and child sexual exploitation,such as using a child to produce child pornography.
Domestic violence is violence or other abuse that occurs in a domestic setting,such as in a marriage or cohabitation. Domestic violence is often used as a synonym for intimate partner violence,which is committed by one of the people in an intimate relationship against the other person,and can take place in relationships or between former spouses or partners. In its broadest sense,domestic violence also involves violence against children,parents,or the elderly. It can assume multiple forms,including physical,verbal,emotional,economic,religious,reproductive,or sexual abuse. It can range from subtle,coercive forms to marital rape and other violent physical abuse,such as choking,beating,female genital mutilation,and acid throwing that may result in disfigurement or death,and includes the use of technology to harass,control,monitor,stalk or hack. Domestic murder includes stoning,bride burning,honor killing,and dowry death,which sometimes involves non-cohabitating family members. In 2015,the United Kingdom's Home Office widened the definition of domestic violence to include coercive control.
Kathleen 'Kee' MacFarlane is an American social worker known for involvement in the high-profile McMartin preschool trial in the 1980s. She was the Director of Children's Institute International. She developed the concept of the anatomically correct doll for children to use during interviews concerning abuse and played a significant role in the McMartin trial. MacFarlane has been criticized for her methods of interrogating small children. Charges against the defendants eventually were dropped.
Jennifer Joy Freyd is an American researcher,author,educator,and speaker. Freyd is an extensively published scholar who is best known for her theories of betrayal trauma,DARVO,institutional betrayal,and institutional courage.
Research has found that attempted suicide rates and suicidal ideation among lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender (LGBT) youth are significantly higher than among the general population.
Feeling Yes,Feeling No is a film series produced and distributed by the National Film Board of Canada to teach children between the ages of six and twelve to avoid being sexually assaulted by people they trust,family members,and strangers. The films consist of recordings of a play that began development in 1980 in Vancouver,British Columbia,by Green Thumb Theatre. Dennis Foon,Wendy Van Reisen,and Fran Gebhard finished writing the play in 1982. Initially performed in workshops with children,the play was very successful. The filmed version of the play consists of four films directed by Moira Simpson and released in 1984 along with accompanying printed matter intended to be used together as a sexual assault prevention program. The program is six hours long and explains the difference between good and bad physical intimacy. The series uses the terms 'yes' feelings and 'no' feelings and focuses on role-playing. The program was first implemented in primary schools in British Columbia and later spread to other Canadian provinces. In a 1991 study,286 children in grades three and four went through the program and another 113 children were used as a control group. The study found that the children who went through the program had greater knowledge about sexual assault than the control children,and that the children who went through the program were slightly better than the control children at distinguishing between safe and unsafe situations.
Freda Briggs was an Australian academic,author and child protection advocate. In 2000,she was named Senior Australian of the Year for her pioneering work in child protection.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include childhood emotional,physical,or sexual abuse and household dysfunction during childhood. The categories are verbal abuse,physical abuse,contact sexual abuse,a battered mother,household substance abuse,household mental illness,incarcerated household members,and parental separation or divorce. The experiences chosen were based upon prior research that has shown to them to have significant negative health or social implications,and for which substantial efforts are being made in the public and private sector to reduce their frequency of occurrence. Scientific evidence is mounting that such adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a profound long-term effect on health. Research shows that exposure to abuse and to serious forms of family dysfunction in the childhood family environment are likely to activate the stress response,thus potentially disrupting the developing nervous,immune,and metabolic systems of children. ACEs are associated with lifelong physical and mental health problems that emerge in adolescence and persist into adulthood,including cardiovascular disease,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,autoimmune diseases,substance abuse,and depression.
Leslie D. Leve is an American academic and researcher. She is a professor in the Counseling Psychology and Human Services Department as well as the associate director of Prevention Science Institute at the University of Oregon. She also holds the positions of Associate Director for the Prevention Science graduate programs,was President of the Society for Prevention Research from 2017 to 2019,and is Associate Vice President for Research in the Office of the Vice President for Research and Innovation and serves on National Institutes of Health study section panels and on the editorial board for Development and Psychopathology.
Maureen Christina Kenny Winick is an American psychologist. She is a Full Professor in the Department of Psychology at Florida International University. Kenny's work has focused on examining mandatory reporters,such as teachers,compliance with their ethical and legal obligation to report suspected child maltreatment.
References
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- ↑ Hutton, Tom (June 6, 2017). "Faculty Course Questionnaires to move online". communique.uccs.edu. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ↑ Kenny, Maureen C.; Wurtele, Sandy K. (2012). "Preventing Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Ecological Approach". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 21 (4): 361–367. doi:10.1080/10538712.2012.675567. PMID 22809043. S2CID 2693378 . Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ↑ Wurtele, Sandy K.; Mathews, Ben; Kenny, Maureen C. (March 2019). "Keeping Students Out of Harm's Way: Reducing Risks of Educator Sexual Misconduct". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 28 (2): 160–186. doi:10.1080/10538712.2018.1486933. PMID 30040590. S2CID 51715068 . Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ↑ Simons, Dominique; Wurtele, Sandy K.; Heil, Peggy (December 1, 2002). "Childhood Victimization and Lack of Empathy as Predictors of Sexual Offending Against Women and Children". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 17 (12): 1291–1307. doi:10.1177/088626002237857. S2CID 145525384 . Retrieved February 27, 2021.
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- ↑ Wurtele, Sandy K.; Simons, Dominique A.; Parker, Leah J. (2018). "Understanding men's self-reported sexual interest in children". Archives of Sexual Behavior . 47 (8): 2255–2264. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1173-z. PMID 29667036. S2CID 4941824 . Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ↑ Wurtele, Sandy K. (February 2021). ""They're Not Monsters!" Changing University Students' Perceptions of Child Sex Offenders through Education and Contact". Journal of Criminal Justice Education. 32 (2): 201–215. doi:10.1080/10511253.2021.1892159. S2CID 233895150.