Former names | Marine Biological Association of San Diego Scripps Institution for Biological Research [1] |
---|---|
Type | Public |
Established | 1903 |
Parent institution | University of California San Diego |
Director | Margaret Leinen [2] |
Academic staff | 415 [3] |
Administrative staff | 800 [3] |
Postgraduates | 350 [3] |
Location | , , US 32°51′56″N117°15′13″W / 32.865437°N 117.253626°W |
Website | scripps |
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) is the center for oceanography and Earth science based at the University of California, San Diego. Its main campus is located in La Jolla, with additional facilities in Point Loma.
Founded in 1903 and incorporated into the University of California system in 1912, the institution has since broadened its research focus to encompass the physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and climate of the Earth. The institution awards the Nierenberg Prize annually to recognize researchers with exceptional contributions to science in public interest. [4]
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography can trace its beginnings back to William Ritter, a biologist originally from Wisconsin. In 1891, Ritter was offered a job teaching biology at the University of California, Berkeley and married Mary Bennett. [5] Their honeymoon and subsequent biological studies took them to San Diego, where Ritter met a local physician and naturalist, Dr. Fred Baker, who would later encourage him to build a marine biological laboratory in San Diego. [6] [7]
Ritter searched for eleven years for an appropriate place for a permanent marine biological laboratory. He spent summers at various places along the coast with students. His goal was frustrated by lack of money and lack of an appropriate place. [7] During this time, research was being conducted at the boathouse of the Hotel del Coronado on San Diego Bay.
In 1903 Ritter was introduced to newspaper magnate E. W. Scripps. Together with Scripps' half-sister Ellen Browning Scripps, and Dr. Baker, they formed the Marine Biological Association of San Diego with Ritter as the Scientific Director. [8] They fully funded the institution for its first decade. E. W. Scripps gave the biological association the use of his yacht, the Loma, in 1904 and served as the first research vessel in the history of the institution. In 1905, they moved to a small laboratory in La Jolla Cove until they arranged for the purchase of a 170-acre (0.69 km2) site in La Jolla, north of San Diego. The land was purchased for $1,000 at a public auction from the city of San Diego (the same site where the SIO main campus is today). [5] However, construction cost estimates for a permeant building were around $50,000. Funding was secured through E. W. and E. B. Scripps, and the first permanent building (today known as the Old Scripps Building) was constructed in 1910. [9]
The Marine Biological Association's first seafaring vessel, the Loma, would run aground in Point Loma in 1906 and prompted the search for a new one. With funds secured from Ellen Browning Scripps, the association was able to have a ship built by Lawrence Jensen strictly for oceanographic research - among the first for an American nongovernmental institution. [10] The new vessel was acquired on April 21st, 1907 and was named the Alexander Agassiz after the Harvard biologist who had visited in 1905.
In 1912 the Biological Association became incorporated into the University of California and was renamed the Scripps Institution for Biological Research. [11]
The first iteration of the Scripps Pier, along with other buildings, was approved for construction in 1913, but was only completed in 1916 due to delays related to World War I. In 1915, the first building devoted solely to an aquarium was built on the Scripps campus. The small, wooden structure contained 19 tanks ranging in size from 96 to 228 U.S. gallons (360 to 860 L). The oceanographic museum was located in a nearby building. Since the pier was completed in 1916, measurements have been taken daily. [12] The modern Scripps pier was built as a replacement for the 1916 structure in 1988. [13]
The institution's name changed to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (often shortened to just SIO) in October of 1925 to recognize the growing faculty's widened range of studies. [11]
In 1935, SIO director T. Wayland Vaughan was the first Scripps member to be awarded the Alexander Agassiz Medal by the National Academy of Sciences. [14] Harald Sverdrup would be awarded the medal 3 years later, beginning a long history of Scripps oceanographers being awarded the prize (Johnson in 1959, Revelle in 1963, and many more).
In November, 1936, the research vessel Scripps was sunk when there was an explosion in the galley, killing the cook and injuring the captain. [15] The sinking of the Scripps left SIO without a research vessel, so SIO director Sverdrup approached the UC president Robert Gordon Sproul and Bob Scripps (son of E.W and Ellen) to acquire a new one. [7] They found Bob's pleasure yacht, Novia Del Mar, ill-fitting for the science roles performed by the Scripps, and purchased a different yacht from actor Lewis Stone in April 1937. The Serena was rechristened E. W. Scripps and was presented to SIO in December 1937. The E. W. Scripps would be quintessential for Sverdrup to build datasets supporting simple theories of ocean circulation, including the Sverdrup balance. [16]
When WWII broke out Scripps created The University of California Division of War Research (UCDWR) in Point Loma, focusing on acoustics and waves to support the US Navy. [17] [18] Collaborative research between the UCDWR and the Navy led to the discovery of the deep scattering layer, a region from 300 - 500 m deep filled with organisms. [19] The UCDWR would continue to research sound beacons and sonar until being absorbed into the Navy Electronics Laboratory and Scripps Marine Physical Laboratory between 1945 and 1948. [17]
With Harald Sverdrup as the SIO director, recent graduate student Walter Munk was recalled from the army and together they were tasked with aiding Allied amphibious landings off the coast of Africa. [20] The goal was to predict coastal surf and sea state for Allied landings in Africa, though their model was also applied to the Allied landings in Normandy, Sicily, and in the Pacific. [21] Though Sverdrup was initially intending on holding the position of SIO director for only 3 years until 1939, Nazi occupation of Norway prolonged his assumption of the role until 1948. [19] [22]
It was during 1942 that Sverdrup, along with Martin Johnson and Richard Fleming, completed the first comprehensive textbook of oceanography, The Oceans. [22] The textbook was considered a first of its kind and of such military importance that it was forbidden from distribution outside of the United States.
SIO's first scientific diver was biologist Cheng Kwai Tseng, who used equipment to collect algae off the coast of San Diego in 1944. [23] [24]
Following the war, the Navy bestowed a number of vessels to SIO ushering in a "Golden Age" of oceanographic research and discoveries. Between 1947 and 1949 three post-war vessels were acquired and modified for scientific research: The Crest, Paolina-T, and Horizon. [25] [26] This, combined with the overlap of the newly-established Office of Naval Research (ONR) in 1946, provided additional expertise and resources for ocean exploration. [27] The three new vessels were put to work on the new Marine Life Research Program in 1950, which sought to investigate the collapse of the California sardine population. In doing so, approximately 670,000 square miles of ocean would need to be surveyed.
When the Aqua-Lung was made available in the US in 1948, UCLA graduates Conrad Limbaugh and Andy Rechnitzer were able to convince Boyd W. Walker, their marine biology advisor at the time, to purchase one. Together, they introduced the Aqua-Lung to SIO in 1950 (with Limbaugh studying under Dr. Carl Hubbs) and began the Scripps Diving Program. [24] [28] Following a diving fatality at La Jolla in 1950, Director Roger Revelle requested that Limbaugh develop a SCUBA training program for SIO, which debuted in 1951 and was heavily influenced by practices of the U.S. Navy's Underwater Demolition Team. It was also during this time that Hugh Bradner, a physicist at UC Berkeley, became an advisor at SIO and developed the wetsuit in 1952. Dr. Bradner would go on to become a professor at SIO's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics in 1961. [24] The SIO Diving Program would continue to innovate and expand up to more than 160 affiliated divers in 2015. [29]
The Scripps Aquarium-Museum opened in 1951 and named to honor former institution director T. Wayland Vaughan. The three-story facility served the institution for more than 40 years. A ring of 18 tanks, the largest at 2,000 U.S. gallons (7,600 L), surrounded a central museum of glass exhibit cases displaying Scripps research projects. Within a month of its opening, visitors from all 48 states had signed the guest book.
In 1959, an additional administration building was constructed next to the original 1910 building, named the "New Scripps" building. Campus construction expanded with the completion of the Sumner Auditorium and Sverdrup Hall in 1960. [25]
Scripps Institution of Oceanography director Roger Revelle spearheaded the formation of the University of California, San Diego in 1960 on a bluff overlooking Scripps Institution, with SIO acting as the nucleus. [7] [30]
In 1965, Scripps began leasing 6 acres of land in Point Loma to tie up research vessels, including the RP Flip, from the US Navy. [10] The navy gave this land to Scripps in 1975 and the facility was named the Nimitz Marine Facility (or MarFac) after Chester Nimitz.
On October 25, 1973, California Sea Grant became a college (National Sea Grant College Program) administered by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego. [31] [32]
The Old Scripps Building, designed by Irving Gill, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982. [9] [33] Architect Barton Myers designed the current Scripps Building for the Institution of Oceanography in 1998.
In 2007, the family and wife of late Roger Revelle donated 2.5 million dollars toward the Roger Revelle Chair endowed position, [34] which Shang-Ping Xie now holds.
In 2014, SIO received a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to test the use of biofuels on one of its ships, the Robert Gordon Sproul. [35] The vessel operated from September 2014 to December 2015 on 100% biofuels which reduced nitrous oxide emissions, but increased particle emissions. However, the fuel source provided a proof of concept that research operations could be completed using biofuels rather than conventional diesel.
2014 was also the first year of cruises for the international GO-SHIP program, a repeat hydrography program focusing on straight transects across major ocean basins and a follow-up to WOCE. Scripps, along with NOAA as the sole American members of the science committee, has overseen and advised many expeditions to contribute to the global data set. [36] [37]
In 2019, Scripps received $1.2 million of philanthropic funding for a 42-foot research vessel, named after Dr. John Beyster and his wife Betty. [38]
In May 2023, the Scripps campus in La Jolla opened the Ted and Jean Scripps Marine Conservation and Technology Facility. [39] [40] The building required the razing of 3 older buildings originally constructed in 1963 and reinforcing of the nearby hillside in 2014. [41] A month later, the building was vandalized in a protest against low graduate student wages. In June 2023, two SIO students and one recent graduate were arrested at their homes by University of California Police and held in custody overnight. [42] The University alleged $12,000 in damages related to this incident. [43] Union leadership in UAW 2865 and 5810, the local union chapters representing the arrested workers, accuse the University of California of retaliation [44] and reneging on the contracts signed at the conclusion of the 2022 UC academic workers' strike. [45] On July 10, 2023, hundreds of protesters gathered at San Diego's Central Courthouse to protest the arrests, however in a written statement the San Diego District Attorney's office said the arraignment would not move forward because the case had not been submitted to its office for review. [46] [47] However, university officials have up to three years to file charges and on July 18, 2023 UCPD obtained a warrant and searched a fourth student's house for evidence of chalk or union affiliation in relation to the May 30 incident. [48]
The institution's research programs encompass biological, physical, chemical, geological, and geophysical studies of the oceans and land. Scripps also studies the interaction of the oceans with both the atmospheric climate and environmental concerns on terra firma. Related to this research, Scripps offers undergraduate and graduate degrees. [49]
Today, the Scripps staff of 1,300 includes approximately 235 faculty, 180 other scientists and some 350 graduate students, with an annual budget of more than $281 million. [50] The institution operates a fleet of four oceanographic research vessels. [51]
Scripps follows a number of interdisciplinary research themes: [52]
The California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) program, established in 1949, is an ongoing partnership between SIO, NOAA Fisheries, and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to study sardine population collapse and the marine environment off the coast of Southern California. [53] Data are collected on routine research cruises and are able to be compared over many decades in a large service area. [54]
The Keeling Curve is the longest-running time series of atmospheric CO2, beginning in 1958. [55] [56] Spearheaded by Charles David Keeling, SIO established a research center in Mauna Loa, Hawaii to record atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Since then, SIO researchers have expanded the dataset into numerous other sampling locations and analytical parameters to monitor climate change. [57]
Scripps Oceanography is divided into three research sections, each with its own subdivisions: [58]
Margaret Leinen took office as the Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Vice Chancellor for Marine Sciences, and Dean of the Graduate School of Marine Sciences on October 1, 2013. [59]
List of Prior SIO Directors [60]
Director | Years Serving |
---|---|
William E. Ritter | 1912-1923 |
Thomas W. Vaughan | 1923-1936 |
Harald U. Sverdrup | 1936-1948 |
Carl Eckart | 1948-1950 |
Roger Revelle | 1951-1964 |
Fred N. Speiss | 1964-1965 |
William A. Nierenberg | 1965-1986 |
Edward A. Frieman | 1986-1996 |
Charles F. Kennel | 1998-2006 |
Tony Haymet | 2006-2012 |
Scripps owns and operates several research vessels and platforms: [61] [62] [63] [64]
Current and previous vessels larger than 50 ft (15 m)
Year Acquired by SIO | Retired from SIO | Name | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1904 | 1906 | RV Loma | Pilot boat, ran aground in Point Loma |
1907 | 1917 | RV Alexander Agassiz | Schooner |
1918 | 1918 | RV Ellen Browning | |
1925 | 1936 | RV Scripps | Converted from a fishing vessel, exploded in 1936 |
1937 | 1955 | RV E. W. Scripps | |
1955 | 1965 | RV Stranger | Operated as USS Jasper from 1941 to 1947 for the UC Division of War Research |
1947 | 1956 | RV Crest | |
1947 | 1969 | RV Horizon | |
1948 | 1965 | RV Paolina-T | |
1949 | 1968 | RV Horizon | |
1951 | 1965 | RV Spencer F. Baird | |
1955 | 1969 | T-441 | |
1956 | 1962 | RV Orca | |
1959 | 1963 | RV Hugh M. Smith | |
1959 | 1970 | RV Argo | Official Navy name was Snatch |
1962 | 1976 | RV Alexander Agassiz | |
1962 | 2023 | RP FLIP | Designated RP as a Research Platform |
1962 | 1974 | RV Oconostota | The Oconostota was known as "The Rolling O" because of its unpleasant motion |
1965 | 1980 | RV Alpha Helix | Transferred to University of Alaska, Fairbanks in 1980, sold in 2007 to Stabbert Maritime |
1965 | 1984 | RV Ellen B. Scripps | |
1966 | 1992 | RV Thomas Washington | Transferred to Chile and renamed Vidal Gormaz. Scrapped 2012 |
1969 | 2014 | RV Melville | Transferred to the Philippines in 2016 and renamed Gregorio Velasquez |
1973 | RV Gianna | ||
1978 | 2015 | RV New Horizon | |
1984 | Present | RV Robert Gordon Sproul | |
1995 | Present | RV Roger Revelle | |
2016 | Present | RV Sally Ride | |
2019 | Present | RV Bob and Betty Beyster | 42-feet long |
In 2021, Scripps was awarded $35 million for the development of a new coastal research vessel as a replacement for the RV Robert Gordon Sproul, in service since 1984. [65] The proposed vessel would be 125 feet long and take 3 years to build, becoming the first hybrid-hydrogen research vessel in the UNOLS fleet and aiding in the University of California's Carbon Neutrality Initiative. Scripps chose Seattle-based architect Glosten as the ship's designer, having work experience from numerous other SIO vessels. [66] [67] It is expected that the research vessel will operate on hydrogen power for 75% of its operations.
Birch Aquarium at Scripps, the public exploration center for the institution, features a Hall of Fishes with more than 60 tanks of Pacific fishes and invertebrates from the cold waters of the Pacific Northwest to the tropical waters of Mexico and the IndoPacific, a 13,000-gallon local shark and ray exhibit, interactive tide pools, and interactive science exhibits. [68]
In 2014, the institution and its Keeling Curve measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were featured as a plot point in an episode of HBO's The Newsroom. [71] In 2008, Scripps Institution of Oceanography was the subject of a category on the TV game show Jeopardy! . [72] Scripps has been a story element in numerous fictional works. [73]
The University of California, San Diego is a public land-grant research university in San Diego, California, United States. Established in 1960 near the pre-existing Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego is the southernmost of the ten campuses of the University of California, and offers over 200 undergraduate and graduate degree programs, enrolling 33,096 undergraduate and 9,872 graduate students. The university occupies 2,178 acres (881 ha) near the coast of the Pacific Ocean, with the main campus resting on approximately 1,152 acres (466 ha).
Harald Ulrik Sverdrup was a Norwegian oceanographer and meteorologist. He served as director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Norwegian Polar Institute.
La Jolla is a hilly, seaside neighborhood within the city of San Diego, occupying 7 miles (11 km) of curving coastline along the Pacific Ocean. The population reported in the 2010 census was 46,781. The climate is mild, with an average daily temperature of 70.5 °F (21.4 °C).
Revelle College is the oldest residential college at the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla, California. Founded in 1964, it is named after oceanographer and UC San Diego founder Roger Revelle. UC San Diego—along with Revelle College—was founded at the height of the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union. As a result, the initial class of 181 undergraduates comprised only 30 non-science majors. Revelle College focuses on developing "a well-rounded student who is intellectually skilled and prepared for competition in a complex world."
Charles David Keeling was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory confirmed Svante Arrhenius's proposition (1896) of the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to the greenhouse effect and global warming, by documenting the steadily rising carbon dioxide levels. The Keeling Curve measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere.
Roger Randall Dougan Revelle was a scientist and scholar who was instrumental in the formative years of the University of California, San Diego and was among the early scientists to study anthropogenic global warming, as well as the movement of Earth's tectonic plates. UC San Diego's first college is named Revelle College in his honor.
Walter Heinrich Munk was an American physical oceanographer. He was one of the first scientists to bring statistical methods to the analysis of oceanographic data. Munk worked on a wide range of topics, including surface waves, geophysical implications of variations in the Earth's rotation, tides, internal waves, deep-ocean drilling into the sea floor, acoustical measurements of ocean properties, sea level rise, and climate change. His work won awards including the National Medal of Science, the Kyoto Prize, and induction to the French Legion of Honour.
The University of California, San Diego School of Medicine is the graduate medical school of the University of California, San Diego, a public land-grant research university in La Jolla, California. It was the third medical school in the University of California system, after those established at UCSF and UCLA, and is the only medical school in the San Diego metropolitan area. It is closely affiliated with the medical centers that are part of UC San Diego Health.
Geisel Library is the main library building of the University of California, San Diego. It is named in honor of Audrey and Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as children's author Dr. Seuss. The building's distinctive architecture, described as occupying "a fascinating nexus between brutalism and futurism", has resulted in its being featured in the UC San Diego logo and becoming the most recognizable building on campus.
R/V Roger Revelle is a Thomas G. Thompson-class oceanographic research ship operated by Scripps Institution of Oceanography under charter agreement with Office of Naval Research as part of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) fleet. The ship is named after Roger Randall Dougan Revelle, who was essential to the incorporation of Scripps into the University of California San Diego.
William Emerson Ritter was an American biologist.
Birch Aquarium is an aquarium and the public outreach center for Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego. Accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Birch Aquarium has an annual attendance of more than 439,000, including more than 40,000 school children, and features more than 3,000 animals representing 380 species. The hilltop site provides views of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography campus and the North Pacific Ocean. The mission of the aquarium reads: "As the public outreach center for Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, Birch Aquarium features the groundbreaking work of Scripps Oceanography and UC San Diego scientists through innovative exhibits and events. More than just an aquarium, Birch Aquarium offers hands-on learning opportunities and climate-based programming to 40,000-plus K-12 students each year on site, in schools and in the field.".
USS Snatch (ARS-27), well known as Scripps RV Argo after conversion to scientific research, was a Diver-class rescue and salvage ship commissioned by the U.S. Navy during World War II and in service from 11 December 1944 through 23 December 1946. Her task was to come to the aid of stricken vessels. The ship is better known from her scientific research role as the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) research vessel RV Argo. It is that name, apparently not formally recognized by Navy that maintained title to the vessel, found in the scientific literature and public releases about her wide ranging research voyages.
Seibert Quimby Duntley was an American physicist. He was born in Bushnell, Illinois on October 2, 1911.
Frank Edwin Snodgrass was a physical oceanographer and electrical engineer. He spent nearly all of his career working with Prof. Walter Munk at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). The Cecil H. and Ida M. Green branch of the University of California Systemwide Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP), in La Jolla, California has been strongly linked to Scripps since the 1960s through joint faculty appointments, research interests, and shared facilities. Other IGPP branches can be found at the Los Angeles, Irvine, Santa Cruz and Riverside campuses. Snodgrass spent many years researching and measuring the ocean tides and waves. During his career he had opportunities to work with fellow scientists around the world, including collaborations through the IGPP campuses, with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts and with the National Institute of Oceanography in England.
Lisa A. Levin is a Distinguished Professor of biological oceanography and marine ecology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She holds the Elizabeth Hamman and Morgan Dene Oliver Chair in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Science. She studies coastal and deep-sea ecosystems and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Elizabeth Noble Shor was an American historian and scientist. Her entire career was at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Scripps) in La Jolla, California.
Jennifer Ann Mackinnon is an American physical oceanographer who has studied small-scale dynamical processes in oceans for more than 20 years. These processes include internal waves and ocean mixing, turbulence, sub-mesoscale instabilities, and their complex interaction. She is a professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Her research requires extensive fieldwork at sea to observe these processes.
Easter Ellen Cupp was the first woman to get a Ph.D. in oceanography from Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She is known for her work on diatoms.
Shang-Ping Xie is a climatology and oceanography researcher who holds the Roger Revelle Chair at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Known best for his research on interaction between the world's oceans and atmosphere and on El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Xie is noted as a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate.
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