Southern Yukaghir | |
---|---|
Forest Yukaghir, Kolyma Yukaghir | |
Одул | |
Native to | Russia |
Region | Yakutia and Magadan Oblast |
Ethnicity | 1,800 Yukaghir (2020 census) [1] |
Native speakers | 50 (2003) [2] ca. 10 active (2010) [3] |
Yukaghir
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | yux |
Glottolog | sout2750 |
ELP | Forest Yukagir |
Glottopedia | Kolyma-Jukagirisch [4] |
Pre-contact distribution of Southern Yukaghir (purple) and other Yukaghir languages | |
Forest Yukagir is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
The Southern, Kolyma or Forest Yukaghir language is one of two extant Yukaghir languages.
Last spoken in the forest zone near the sources of the Kolyma, divided between the Sakha Republic and the Magadan Oblast (around 65°N153°E / 65°N 153°E ), previously in the wider area of the upper Kolyma region. In 2010 it had about 10 active speakers. [3]
As of 2003 [update] , Kolyma Yukaghir is a moribund language, with only 50 remaining speakers with the language as their mother tongue. No speakers are monolingual, since all speak Russian and most speak Yakut. The first language for all Yukaghir under 60 is Russian, although many still have Kolyma Yukaghir as a mother tongue, and the average age for fluent, first-language speakers is 63 or more. In the past, multilingualism was common in the region, and Kolyma Yukaghir, Yakut, Even, and Chukchi all served as languages of intercultural communication, depending on the ethnicity of the addressee. Yukaghirs 60 and older follow this custom. Middle-aged Yukaghir, from 41 to 60, still have Yukaghir as their mother tongue and speak to elders in it, although they use Russian for all other communication. The youngest generation of Yukaghir is almost entirely monolingual in Russian, the only language used at school. Although Kolyma Yukaghir has been taught at school since 1985, the youngest generation still know little to none of the language. [2]
The relationship of the Yukaghir languages with other language families is uncertain, though it has been suggested that they are distantly related to the Uralic languages, thus forming the putative Uralic–Yukaghir language family. [5]
Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir are the only two remnants of what used to be one of the dominant language families of northeastern Siberia, spreading from the River Anadyr in the east to the River Lena in the west. [6] On the basis of the evidence of early sources, it can be assumed that there existed a Yukaghir dialect continuum, with what is today Kolyma Yukaghir and Tundra Yukaghir at the extremes. [7]
Kolyma Yukaghir and Tundra Yukaghir are not mutually intelligible. Both Yukaghir languages have residual vowel harmony and a complex phonotactics of consonants, rich agglutinative morphology and are strictly head-final. They have practically no finite subordination and very few coordinate structures. Yukaghir has a split intransitive alignment system based on discourse-pragmatic features. In absence of narrow focus, the system is organised on a nominative–accusative basis; when focused, direct objects and subjects of intransitive verbs are co-aligned (special focus case, special focus agreement).
In the 1980s, Uluro Ado (Gavril Kurilov) developed a writing system for the language, based on the Russian alphabet and the Yakut alphabet.
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ҕ ҕ | Д д | Җ җ | Е е | Ә ә |
Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Қ қ | Л л | Ль ль |
М м | Н н | Нь нь | Ҥ ҥ | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с |
Сь сь | Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ |
Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
All charts are from Maslova (2003).
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | u uː | ||
Close-mid | e eː | ø øː | o oː | |
Open | a aː |
Kolyma Yukaghir demonstrates contrastive vowel length. [2]
Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p | t | d | k | g | q | (ʔ) | |||||
Affricate | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | ||||||||||
Fricative | (s) | (z) | ʃ | ʒ | ʁ | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||
Trill | r | |||||||||||
Approximant | plain | j | w | |||||||||
lateral | l | ʎ |
Kolyma Yukaghir has a glottal stop, but only as a marginal phoneme in some interjections (ex. maʔ: "take!"). [2]
[b, x, ɣ, ç, ʝ] occur as allophones of /w, q, ʁ, tɕ, dʑ/.
When a labial approximant /w/ occurs at the end of a word, it is pronounced as a [u].
When a velar nasal /ŋ/ occurs before a voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/, it becomes a voiced uvular stop [ɢ].
The phonemes /(s) (z)/ only occur in Russian loanwords.
An interlinear glossed sample:
Recorded by Ljudmila Zhukova from Ljubov' Demina in 1988. [8]
пэ | аан-дә-пә-гәт | йарқә | поҗольә-гәт | пойньаа-сьии-л | туде | оозии-гәлә | Йарқәдән | емей | ой | миидә | чурууҗә | қон-таа-сьии-ну-м. |
mountain | under-3-PL-ABL | ice | shining-ABL | white-DEL-AN DEL=delimitative AN=action nominalizer | he.GEN | water-ACC | Yarqadan (*йарқә-д-ун lit. "ice river") | mother | stream | along | quietly | go-TR-DEL-IMPF-TR.3SG |
The Yukaghirs, or Yukagirs, are a Siberian ethnic group in the Russian Far East, living in the basin of the Kolyma River.
Tatar is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan, as well as Siberia and Crimea.
The Ket language, or more specifically Imbak and formerly known as Yenisei Ostyak, is a Siberian language long thought to be an isolate, the sole surviving language of a Yeniseian language family. It is spoken along the middle Yenisei basin by the Ket people.
The Eskaleut, Eskimo–Aleut or Inuit–Yupik–Unangan languages are a language family native to the northern portions of the North American continent, and a small part of northeastern Asia. Languages in the family are indigenous to parts of what are now the United States (Alaska); Canada including Nunavut, Northwest Territories, northern Quebec (Nunavik), and northern Labrador (Nunatsiavut); Greenland; and the Russian Far East. The language family is also known as Eskaleutian, Eskaleutic or Inuit–Yupik–Unangan.
Votic, or Votian, is a Finnic language spoken by the Votes of Ingria, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. Votic is spoken only in Krakolye and Luzhitsy, two villages in Kingiseppsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia,. In the 2020–2021 Russian census, 21 people claimed to speak Votic natively, which is an increase from 4 in 2010. Arvo Survo also estimated that around 100 people have knowledge of the language to some degree.
Evenki, formerly known as Tungus, is the largest member of the northern group of Tungusic languages, a group which also includes Even, Negidal, and the more closely related Oroqen language. The name is sometimes wrongly given as "Evenks". It is spoken by Evenks or Ewenkī(s) in Russia and China.
The Yukaghir languages are a small family of two closely related languages—Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir—spoken by the Yukaghir in the Russian Far East living in the basin of the Kolyma River. At the 2002 Russian census, both Yukaghir languages taken together had 604 speakers. More recent reports from the field reveal that this number is far too high: Southern Yukaghir had maximum 60 fluent speakers in 2009, while the Tundra Yukaghir language had around 60–70. The entire family is thus to be regarded as moribund. The Yukaghir have experienced a politically imposed language shift in recent times, and a majority also speak Russian and Yakut.
Turkana is the language of the Turkana people of Kenya and Ethiopia. It is spoken in northwestern Kenya, primarily in Turkana County, which lies west of Lake Turkana. It is one of the Eastern Nilotic languages, and is closely related to Karamojong, Jie and Teso of Uganda, to Toposa spoken in the extreme southeast of South Sudan, and to Nyangatom in the South Sudan/Ethiopia Omo valley borderland; these languages together form the cluster of Ateker Languages.
Khanty, previously known as Ostyak, is a Uralic language spoken in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Okrugs. There were thought to be around 7,500 speakers of Northern Khanty and 2,000 speakers of Eastern Khanty in 2010, with Southern Khanty being extinct since the early 20th century, however the total amount of speakers in the most recent census was around 13,900.
Ayacucho is a variety of Southern Quechua spoken in the Ayacucho Region, Peru, as well as by immigrants from Ayacucho in Lima. With roughly a million speakers, it is the largest variety of Southern Quechua after Cusco Quechua. The literary standard of Southern Quechua is based on these two closely related Quechua varieties.
The Nganasan language is a moribund Samoyedic language spoken by the Nganasan people.
The Tundra Yukaghir language is one of only two extant Yukaghir languages. Last spoken in the tundra belt extending between the lower Indigirka to the lower Kolyma basin, Tundra Yukaghir was formerly spoken in a much wider area extending west to the Lena basin.
Uralic–Yukaghir, also known as Uralo-Yukaghir, is a proposed language family composed of Uralic and Yukaghir.
Siberia is a vast region spanning the northern part of the Asian continent and forming the Asiatic portion of Russia. As a result of the Russian conquest of Siberia and of the subsequent population movements during the Soviet era (1917–1991), the modern-day demographics of Siberia is dominated by ethnic Russians (Siberiaks) and other Slavs. However, there remains a slowly increasing number of Indigenous groups, accounting for about 5% of the total Siberian population, some of which are closely genetically related to Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
The Nias language is an Austronesian language spoken on Nias Island and the Batu Islands off the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. It is known as Li Niha by its native speakers. It belongs to the Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands subgroup which also includes Mentawai and the Batak languages. It had about 770,000 speakers in 2000. There are three main dialects: northern, central and southern. It is an open-syllable language, which means there are no syllable-final consonants.
Forest Nenets is a Samoyedic language spoken in northern Russia, around the Agan, Pur, Lyamin and Nadym rivers, by the Nenets people. It is closely related to the Tundra Nenets language, and the two are still sometimes seen as simply being dialects of a single Nenets language, despite there being low mutual intelligibility between the two. The next closest relatives are Nganasan and Enets, after them Selkup, and even more distantly the other Uralic languages.
Tundra Nenets is a Uralic language spoken in European Russia and North-Western Siberia. It is the largest and best-preserved language in the Samoyedic group.
This article discusses the phonological system of standard Russian based on the Moscow dialect. For an overview of dialects in the Russian language, see Russian dialects. Most descriptions of Russian describe it as having five vowel phonemes, though there is some dispute over whether a sixth vowel,, is separate from. Russian has 34 consonants, which can be divided into two types:
Tboli, also Tau Bilil, Tau Bulul or Tagabilil, is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, mainly in the province of South Cotabato but also in the neighboring provinces of Sultan Kudarat and Sarangani. According to the Philippine Census from 2000, close to 100,000 Filipinos identified T'boli or Tagabili as their native language.
The pronunciation of the phoneme in the English language has many variations in different dialects.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)