Spalgis epius

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Apefly
Apefly Spalgis epius (4049108508).jpg
Upperside
Spalgis epius 00002(28052015).jpg
Underside, Kerala, India
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Lycaenidae
Genus: Spalgis
Species:
S. epius
Binomial name
Spalgis epius
(Westwood, 1851)
Synonyms
  • Geridus epeusWestwood, [1851]
  • Lucia epius
  • Spalgis nubilusMoore, [1884]
  • Lucia fangolaKheil, 1884
  • Spalgis titiusFruhstorfer, 1919
  • Lucia substrigataSnellen, 1878
  • Spalgis strigatusSemper, 1889
  • Spalgis georgiFruhstorfer, 1919
  • Spalgis semperiFruhstorfer, 1919
  • Lucia dilamaMoore, 1878
  • Spalgis pharnusFelder, 1860

Spalgis epius, [1] commonly known as the apefly, is a small species of butterfly found in the Indomalayan realm that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family. [2] [3] It gets its name from the supposed resemblance of its pupa to the face of an ape.

Contents

Description

Male

Upperside: dull brown, slightly darker towards the apex of the forewing; also a more or less quadrate whitish spot beyond the apex of the cell on the same wing; in some specimens this spot is slightly diffuse. Underside: pale, silky, brownish white; forewings and hindwings crossed by numerous, very slender, short, sinuous, transverse, dark brown strigae which are outwardly slenderly edged with brownish white of a shade paler than that of the ground colour; both wings with an anteciliary dark brown line with on the inner side a similar edging. Forewing, in addition, with an oval white spot beyond the cell. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings of the same shade as the ground colour of the wings. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen pale brown, club of antennae ochraceous at apex; beneath: the palpi and thorax brownish grey, abdomen pale brown. [4]

Female

Upperside: slightly paler brown. Forewing: the cell and apex darker; a white spot similar to that in the male but larger, beyond the apex of the cell; in most specimens extended diffusely outwards and downwards. Hindwing: similar to that of the male. Underside: precisely as in the male. [4] [5]


Life cycle

The caterpillars of this butterfly, like other members of the subfamily Miletinae, are entomophagous and are predators of scale insects like mealybugs. [6] [7] The species unlike many other lycaenid butterflies is not myrmecophilous (it has no mutualistic associations with ants). [8]

Subspecies

Cited references

  1. Doubleday, Edward; Westwood, John Obadiah (1851). The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera: comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habits and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 502.
  2. Varshney, R. K.; Smetacek, Peter (2015). A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing. p. 91. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164. ISBN   978-81-929826-4-9.
  3. Savela, Markku (September 25, 2016). "Spalgis epius (Westwood, 1852)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  4. 1 2 PD-icon.svg One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain : Bingham, C. T. (1907). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Butterflies Volume II. London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd. p. 311.
  5. PD-icon.svg One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain : Swinhoe, Charles (1905–1910). Lepidoptera Indica: Volume VII. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 234–235.
  6. Nitin, Ravikanthachari; Balakrishnan, V.C.; Churi, Paresh V.; Kalesh, S.; Prakash, Satya & Kunte, Krushnamegh (2018-04-10). "Larval host plants of the butterflies of the Western Ghats, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 10 (4): 11495–11550. doi: 10.11609/jott.3104.10.4.11495-11550 .
  7. Venkatesha, M. G.; Shashikumar, L. & Gayathri Devi, S. S. (2004). "Protective devices of the carnivorous butterfly, Spalgis epius (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)" (PDF). Current Science. 87 (5): 571–572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16 via Internet Archive.
  8. Venkatesha, M. G. (2005). "Why is homopterophagous butterfly, Spalgis epius (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) amyrmecophilous?". Current Science. 89 (2): 245–246. – via Internet Archive.

See also

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References