Steppe mammoth

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Steppe mammoth
Temporal range: Early-Middle Pleistocene 1.7–0.2  Ma
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Hohhot.Inner Mongolia Museum.Mammuthus Sungari.2.jpg
Skeleton
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Proboscidea
Family: Elephantidae
Genus:† Mammuthus
Species:
†M. trogontherii
Binomial name
†Mammuthus trogontherii
(Pohlig, 1885) [1]
Synonyms
  • Mammuthus armeniacusFalconer, 1857
  • Elephas trogontheriiPohlig, 1885
  • Euelephas protomammonteus Matsumoto, 1924
  • Mammuthus protomammonteus(Matsumoto, 1924)
  • Mammuthus sungariZhou, 1959
  • Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricusDubrovo, 1966

Mammuthus trogontherii, sometimes called the steppe mammoth, is an extinct species of mammoth that ranged over most of northern Eurasia during the Early and Middle Pleistocene, approximately 1.7 million-200,000 years ago. One of the largest mammoth species, it evolved in East Asia during the Early Pleistocene, around 1.8 million years ago, before migrating into North America around 1.5 million years ago, and into Europe during the Early/Middle Pleistocene transition, around 1 to 0.7 million years ago. It was the ancestor of the woolly mammoth and Columbian mammoth of the later Pleistocene.

Contents

Taxonomy

There was historically confusion about the correct scientific name for the steppe mammoth, either Mammuthus armeniacus (Falconer 1857) or Mammuthus trogontherii (Pohlig 1885). Falconer described M. armeniacus based on molar teeth collected from near Erzurum in eastern Turkey, of uncertain age, while Pohlig described M. trogontherii from fossil remains found in Europe. [2] A first taxonomical overhaul was done by Maglio (1973) who decided that both names were synonyms, armeniacus being the older, hence the preferred name. [3] However, in Shoshani & Tassy (1996) it was decided that the description of Pohlig prevailed, and consequently the correct name for the steppe mammoth is M. trogontherii. [4] The status of Mammuthus armeniacus as a synonym of Mammuthus trogontherii has been supported by most recent authors. [5] The type specimens of the species are molars from the Süssenborn (also spelled Süßenborn) locality in Germany, dating to the early Middle Pleistocene, (MIS 16, approximately 676-621,000 years ago). [6]

Several Japanese mammoth varieties from the early Pleistocene have been named, but all are now thought to be synonyms of M. trogontherii. [7] The species M. sungari named by Zhou 1959 from specimens found in Zalainuoer, Inner Mongolia, China, that was formerly widely used for mammoths in China is now also recognised as a synonym for M. trogontherii. [8]

Description

Skeletal diagram of the 3.89 metre tall Zhalainuoer III specimen, including side on view (centre), top-down (above) and from the front minus the head (left) M. trogontherii skeletal (cropped).png
Skeletal diagram of the 3.89 metre tall Zhalainuoer III specimen, including side on view (centre), top-down (above) and from the front minus the head (left)
Size comparison of the fragmentary "Mosbach mammoth" estimated to be 4.5 metres tall. Mosbach mammoth.png
Size comparison of the fragmentary "Mosbach mammoth" estimated to be 4.5 metres tall.

Mammuthus trogontherii was one of the largest mammoth species, with males on average being about 4 m (13.1 ft) tall at the shoulders and about 11 tonnes (10.8 long tons; 12.1 short tons) in weight and females on average being about 3.7 m (12.1 ft) tall at the shoulders and about 9.5 tonnes (9.3 long tons; 10.5 short tons) in weight, considerably exceeding the size of modern elephants. [9] [10] A largely complete specimen (Zhalainuoer III) from Inner Mongolia, China, was estimated to have had a shoulder height of around 3.69 m (12.1 ft) measured at the top of the scapula, which represents a flesh shoulder height of 3.89 m (12.8 ft), with a body mass estimated via volumetric analysis at 10.4 tonnes (10.2 long tons; 11.5 short tons). [11] [9] A larger bull, (Azov I), estimated to be 3.96 m (13.0 ft) tall at the shoulder (previously erroneously estimated as 4.5 m (15 ft) due to incorrect mounting) was estimated to weigh 11.5 tonnes (11.3 long tons; 12.7 short tons) via volumetric analysis. Another individual represented by a single giant humerus 1.46 m (4.8 ft) long and an associated pelvis found in Mosbach Sande, Germany, is estimated to have had a shoulder height of 4.5 metres (14.8 ft) and a weight of 14.3 tonnes (14.1 long tons; 15.8 short tons) via regression analysis. [9] Steppe mammoths from the late Middle Pleistocene of Europe were considerably smaller than these "typical" M. trogontherii specimens, with the smallest M. trogontherii population being from Stanton Harcourt, England, dating to MIS 7 (around 200,000 years ago), among the last records of the species in Europe, [6] which have an estimated shoulder height of only 2.1–2.9 m (6.9–9.5 ft). [12]

Jaw with molar teeth Wikiraduno Bologna giugno 2023 - Museo di geologia Giovanni Capellini abc48.jpg
Jaw with molar teeth

The skull was high-domed and short, and bore twisted tusks. The lower jaw was short and deep. [11] The number of lamellae on the third molars is around 18–22, significantly higher than the number in earlier mammoth species, but noticeably lower than the number typically present in woolly mammoths (M. primigenius), though some European specimens of M. primigenius have counts which overlap with those of M. trogontherii. [6] Compared to M. primigenius, the teeth of calves of M. trogontherii were proportionally larger. [13] The body has around 19 thoracic vertebrae and 5 or 6 sacral vertebrae, with the first few thoracic vertebrae having long neural spines. [11] The tusks were proportionally large, among the largest known among proboscideans, with one large tusk from the Kostolac Basin in Serbia measuring 4.2 metres (14 ft) in length, with an estimated mass of 213 kilograms (470 lb). [14]

Sequenced genomes suggests that Early Pleistocene M. trogontherii specimens from Siberia, around 1 million years old, had already developed many of the genetic changes thought to be responsible for traits that were adaptations for living in cold environments characteristic of woolly mammoths. [15] Due to the cold climates it inhabited and short tail, Mammuthus trogontherii is suggested to have borne a coat of fur, which was probably somewhat thinner than that of the woolly mammoth. [11]

Distribution and habitat

Fossils of M. trogontherii are known from across northern Eurasia, spanning from Western Europe to Eastern Asia, and into the high latitudes of Northern Asia. [16] Among the southernmost records of the species are known from Taiwan and Miyako Island in the Ryukyu Islands, dating to around 700-500,000 years ago. The species is notably absent from adjacent mainland Southern China. [17] Steppe mammoths were often associated with cold open steppe environments, as its common name would suggest, but was not confined to them, as evidenced by the early Middle Pleistocene West Runton Mammoth specimen from Norfolk, England, which was associated with a temperate forested environment during an interglacial period. [18] In Central Europe, the steppe mammoth was common during glacial periods where it inhabited open landscapes, while remains of steppe mammoths are rare in the more temperate landscapes of Southern Europe. [19]

Ecology

Life restoration with a coat of fur Mammuthus trogontherii122DB.png
Life restoration with a coat of fur

Based on dental microwear analysis, steppe mammoths are thought to have been grazers to mixed feeders, having a similar dietary breadth to Mammuthus meridionalis though considerably more shifted toward grazing on average, and distinct from the predominantly grazing diet inferred for woolly mammoths. The presence of wide scratches on the teeth suggests that steppe mammoths consumed bark and twigs of woody plants (browse), though the proportion of this consumed seems to have varied widely between steppe mammoth populations, with some populations exhibiting browse-dominated mixed feeding, while others consumed little to no browse. The lack of pits on analysed teeth suggests that steppe mammoths did not consume fruit, unlike earlier mammoth species. [20]

Evolution

M. trogontherii is suggested to have derived from Mammuthus meridionalis. The oldest records M. trogontherii are known from China, around 1.7 million years old, from the Nihewan Formation near Majuangou, Hebei. Steppe mammoths arrived in North America across Beringia around 1.5-1.3 million years ago, giving rise to the Columbian mammoth (the ancestor was previously thought to be M. meridionalis but this was due to misinterpretation of tooth wear patterns). [21] [15] Steppe mammoths replaced Mammuthus meridionalis between 1–0.7 million years ago in Europe, in a complex diachronous mosaic pattern, coincident with the arrival of the straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) to Europe. [22] European populations of M. trogontherii experienced progressive size reduction towards the end of the Middle Pleistocene, from around 400,000-300,000 years ago onwards. [22] [6]

The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) had emerged in Northeast Siberia from M. trogontherii by around 600-500,000 years ago, reaching the typical molar morphology of M. primigenius around 400,000 years ago. Mammoths with M. primigenius type molar morphology displaced those of M. trogontherii type in Europe over the course of the late Middle Pleistocene, which was largely complete by 200,000 years ago (~MIS 7/6 boundary) in a protracted highly complex pattern including some molars with intermediate morphology between the two species that likely reflects gene flow from Siberian woolly mammoths into European M. trogontherii. Some authors have given remains intermediate between M. trogontherii and M. primigenius the species names Mammuthus intermedius and Mammuthus chosaricus (sometimes Mammuthus trogontheriichosaricus), though the definitions of these supposed species are poorly defined, and some remains attributed to these forms are similar in enamel thickness and lamellar length to "classic" early Middle Pleistocene M.trogontherii. [6] The replacement of European M. trogontherii by woolly mammoths is widely considered to mark the extinction of the species, [15] though some authors have suggested that M. trogontherii survived in northern China and southern Siberia into the Last Glacial Period. [23] [8]

M. trogontherii is suggested to be the ancestor of the dwarf mammoth species Mammuthus lamarmorai which inhabited the island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean during the late Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene. [24]

Relationship with humans

At the Majuangou site in northern China, a M. trogontherii rib is suggested to display cutting marks. [8] At the Bełchatów coal mine in Poland, dating to the late Middle Pleistocene (in the interglacial period of either MIS 11 or MIS 9, around 425-300,000 years ago), remains of M. trogontherii have been found with cut marks, suggested to represent evidence of butchery by archaic humans, possibly Homo heidelbergensis, though no stone tools were found at the site. [25] Sites with evidence of both humans and M. trogontherii in Europe are rare, especially compared to the contemporaneous straight-tusked elephant, which is suggested to be the result of humans and steppe mammoths primarily occupying different habitats in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene. [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mammoth</span> Extinct genus of mammals

A mammoth is any species of the extinct elephantid genus Mammuthus. They lived from the late Miocene epoch into the Holocene about 4,000 years ago, and various species existed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Mammoths are distinguished from living elephants by their spirally twisted tusks and in at least some later species, the development of numerous adaptions to living in cold environments, including a thick layer of fur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proboscidea</span> Order of elephant-like mammals

Proboscidea is a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family (Elephantidae) and several extinct families. First described by J. Illiger in 1811, it encompasses the elephants and their close relatives. Three species of elephant are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mastodon</span> Extinct genus of proboscideans

A mastodon is a member of the genus Mammut, which strictly defined, was endemic to North America and lived from the late Miocene to the early Holocene. Mastodons belong to the order Proboscidea, the same order as elephants and mammoths. Mammut is the type genus of the extinct family Mammutidae, which diverged from the ancestors of modern elephants at least 27-25 million years ago, during the Oligocene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elephantidae</span> Family of mammals

Elephantidae is a family of large, herbivorous proboscidean mammals collectively called elephants and mammoths. These are large terrestrial mammals with a snout modified into a trunk and teeth modified into tusks. Most genera and species in the family are extinct. Only two genera, Loxodonta and Elephas, are living.

<i>Palaeoloxodon</i> Genus of extinct elephants

Palaeoloxodon is an extinct genus of elephant. The genus originated in Africa during the Early Pleistocene, and expanded into Eurasia at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. The genus contains some of the largest known species of elephants, over 4 metres (13 ft) tall at the shoulders, including the African Palaeoloxodon recki, the European straight-tusked elephant and the South Asian Palaeoloxodon namadicus. P. namadicus has been suggested to be the largest known land mammal by some authors based on extrapolation from fragmentary remains, though these estimates are highly speculative. In contrast, the genus also contains many species of dwarf elephants that evolved via insular dwarfism on islands in the Mediterranean, some only 1 metre (3.3 ft) in height, making them the smallest elephants known. The genus has a long and complex taxonomic history, and at various times, it has been considered to belong to Loxodonta or Elephas, but today is usually considered a valid and separate genus in its own right.

<i>Stegodon</i> Genus of extinct proboscidean

Stegodon is an extinct genus of proboscidean, related to elephants. It was originally assigned to the family Elephantidae along with modern elephants but is now placed in the extinct family Stegodontidae. Like elephants, Stegodon had teeth with plate-like lophs that are different from those of more primitive proboscideans like gomphotheres and mammutids. The oldest fossils of the genus are found in Late Miocene strata in Asia, likely originating from the more archaic Stegolophodon, subsequently migrating into Africa. While the genus became extinct in Africa during the Pliocene, Stegodon remained widespread in South, Southeast and East Asia until the end of the Pleistocene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gomphothere</span> Extinct family of proboscidean mammals

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwarf elephant</span> Prehistoric elephant species

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pygmy mammoth</span> Species of mammoth

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Columbian mammoth</span> Extinct species of mammoth that inhabited North America

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chibanian</span> Stage of the Pleistocene Epoch

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Straight-tusked elephant</span> Extinct species of elephant

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<i>Mammuthus meridionalis</i> Extinct species of mammal

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<i>Mammuthus lamarmorai</i> Extinct species of mammal

Mammuthus lamarmorai is a species of dwarf mammoth which lived during the late Middle and Late Pleistocene on the island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean. It has been estimated to have had a shoulder height of around 1.4 metres (4.6 ft). Remains have been found across the western part of the island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woolly mammoth</span> Extinct species of mammoth from the Quaternary period

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Primelephas is a genus of Elephantinae that existed during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs. The name of the genus suggests 'first elephant'. These primitive elephantids are thought to be the common ancestor of Mammuthus, the mammoths, and the closely allied genera Elephas and Loxodonta, the Asian and African elephants, diverging some 4-6 million years ago. It had four tusks, which is a trait not shared with its descendants, but common in earlier proboscideans. The type species, Primelephas gomphotheroides, was described by Vincent Maglio in 1970, with the specific epithet indicating the fossil specimens were gomphothere-like. Primelephas korotorensis is the only other species to be assigned to the genus. All fossils found of the Primelephas have been found in Africa, primarily in modern day Chad, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Uganda.

<i>Palaeoloxodon naumanni</i> Extinct species of elephant

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Mammuthus rumanus is a species of mammoth that lived during the Pliocene in Eurasia. It the oldest mammoth species known outside of Africa.

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  23. ↑ Shpansky, Andrei V; Kuzmin, Yaroslav V (April 2021). "Chronology of the MIS 3 megafauna in southeastern West Siberia and the possibility of late survival of the Khosarian steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricus)". Radiocarbon. 63 (2): 575–584. Bibcode:2021Radcb..63..575S. doi:10.1017/RDC.2021.6. ISSN   0033-8222.
  24. ↑ Palombo, Maria Rita; Zedda, Marco; Zoboli, Daniel (March 2024). "The Sardinian Mammoth's Evolutionary History: Lights and Shadows". Quaternary. 7 (1): 10. doi: 10.3390/quat7010010 . ISSN   2571-550X.
  25. ↑ Haynes, Gary (March 2022). "Late Quaternary Proboscidean Sites in Africa and Eurasia with Possible or Probable Evidence for Hominin Involvement". Quaternary. 5 (1): 18. doi: 10.3390/quat5010018 . ISSN   2571-550X.

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