The Scorpion King

Last updated

The Scorpion King
The Scorpion King poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Chuck Russell
Screenplay by
Story by
Produced by
Starring
Cinematography John R. Leonetti
Edited by
Music by John Debney
Production
companies
Distributed by Universal Pictures
Release date
  • April 19, 2002 (2002-04-19)
Running time
92 minutes
CountriesUnited States
Germany
LanguageEnglish
Budget$60 million [2]
Box office$180.6 million [2]

The Scorpion King is a 2002 action adventure film directed by Chuck Russell. The film stars Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson as the lead, with Steven Brand, Kelly Hu, Grant Heslov, and Michael Clarke Duncan. It is both a prequel and spin-off of The Mummy franchise and launched The Scorpion King film series. The film marks Johnson's first lead role. It received mixed reviews and grossed $180.6 million worldwide against the production budget of $60 million.

Contents

The events of The Scorpion King take place 5,000 years before the events of The Mummy and The Mummy Returns , revealing the origins of Mathayus and his rise to power as the legendary hero, the Scorpion King. The name is a reference to a historical king of the Protodynastic Period of Egypt, King Scorpion. The film was released on April 19, 2002.

Plot

Before the time of the pyramids, a horde of warriors from the East, led by Memnon, invades and conquers almost the entirety of the local tribes. No tribe is willing to fight Memnon, as his sorceress Cassandra can foresee any attack. Mathayus, along with his half-brother Jesup and their friend Rama, the only three true remaining Akkadians, are hired by King Pheron of the free tribes to kill Memnon's sorceress for 20 blood rubies.

The Akkadians sneak into Memnon's camp but are ambushed by guards who were warned by Pheron's son, Takmet, who pledged allegiance to Memnon and killed his father as proof of his betrayal. Rama is killed, while Jesup is captured. Mathayus finds Cassandra but spares her life before he is captured. After witnessing his brother's execution, Mathayus is buried up to his neck in the desert to be devoured by fire ants at dawn. He escapes with help from a fellow prisoner, the horse thief, Arpid, and desires to finish his mission and avenge his brother.

Mathayus sneaks into Memnon's stronghold, Gomorrah, and enters Memnon's palace with the help of a street urchin. Memnon's sympathetic court magician, Philos, helps direct Mathayus to the courtyard where Memnon is training. Mathayus tries shooting Memnon from the watchtower, but instead saves the street urchin from having his hand cut off by Takmet under suspicion of theft. He barely escapes Gomorrah, abducting Cassandra along the way.

Memnon sends his warrior, Thorak, and a group of his men to kill Mathayus and retrieve Cassandra. He provides Thorak with an arrow tipped with scorpion venom to kill Mathayus. Mathayus detects the following group and leads them into a nearby cave under cover of a sandstorm. Mathayus kills Thorak and his men, but he is pierced with a poisoned arrow from a dying Thorak.

Cassandra heals Mathayus with her magical powers, believing that he is the world's best chance to kill Memnon and bring about peace. Although unsaid, Cassandra has secretly fallen in love with Mathayus since he had spared and rescued her from Memnon, having been his prisoner since she was a child.

Mathayus, Arpid, and Cassandra run into Philos, who has perfected an explosive powder since his escape. However, they are ambushed by the rebels, now under the rule of the Nubian King Balthazar. Mathayus defeats Balthazar in a fight and earns his reluctant respect and sanctuary, but Cassandra informs Mathayus of two visions: one where Memnon and his army slaughter the entire rebel camp, and another where Mathayus dies facing Memnon. Mathayus reassures her that he will make his own destiny and then the two make love.

The next morning, Cassandra returns to Memnon to kill him and prevent her visions. Mathayus, with help from Balthazar, Arpid, Philos, and the army of rebels, launches an all-out assault on Memnon's stronghold, facing Memnon personally before he can kill Cassandra. Balthazar takes on Memnon's forces alone and kills Takmet during the battle, thus avenging Pheron. The battle continues until a guard shoots Mathayus, as predicted by Cassandra. As Memnon is about to claim victory, Cassandra kills the guard, while Mathayus retrieves his bow and pulls the arrow from his back. He fires the arrow at the exhausted Memnon, sending him off the roof to his death. Philos and Arpid use the explosive powder to destroy the palace's foundation, bringing down Memnon's forces. With the battle over, the remnants of Memnon's army bow before Mathayus, who by their law, is proclaimed the Scorpion King.

In the aftermath, Mathayus and Balthazar share a peaceful farewell as the latter returns to his kingdom. Cassandra foretells Mathayus of a temporary period of peace and prosperity. An undeterred Mathayus decides that he will make his own destiny.

Cast

Soundtrack

The Scorpion King
Soundtrack album by
Various artists
Released26 March 2002 (2002-03-26)
Genre
Length1:00:41
Label Universal
Producer Various artists
Singles from The Scorpion King
  1. "I Stand Alone"
    Released: 18 May 2002
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic Star full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svg [3]

The soundtrack to The Scorpion King was released on March 26, 2002, just before the film was released on April 19. It contains tracks from various bands performing either previously released tracks or their B-sides. The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA. [4]

Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Performer(s)Length
1."I Stand Alone" Sully Erna Godsmack 4:05
2."Set It Off" (Tweaker remix) P.O.D. P.O.D.4:10
3."Break You"  Drowning Pool 2:48
4."Streamline"
 System of a Down 3:36
5."To Whom It May Concern"
 Creed 5:09
6."Yanking Out My Heart" Nickelback Nickelback3:35
7."Losing My Grip"
  • Chris Hesse
  • Markku Lappalainen
  • Doug Robb
 Hoobastank 3:55
8."Only the Strong" Flaw Flaw4:17
9."Iron Head" (featuring Ozzy Osbourne) Rob Zombie Rob Zombie4:10
10."My Life" 12 Stones 12 Stones3:03
11."Along the Way"
 Mushroomhead 3:17
12."Breathless" Lifer Lifer4:04
13."Corrected"
 Sevendust 4:31
14."Burn It Black" Injected Injected2:42
15."27"Justin Rimer Breaking Point 3:38
16."Glow"
  • Mike Cox
  • B. Dez Fafara
  • Miguel "Meegs" Rascon
 Coal Chamber 3:06
Total length:1:00:41

Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for The Scorpion King
Chart (2002)Position
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) [5] 18
Canadian Albums (Billboard) [6] 12
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) [7] 38
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) [8] 25

Year-end charts

Year-end chart performance for The Scorpion King
Chart (2002)Position
Canadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) [9] 160
Canadian Alternative Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) [10] 52
Canadian Metal Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) [11] 26

Certifications

RegionCertification Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA) [12] Gold500,000^

^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

Release

Home media

The Scorpion King was released on DVD and VHS on October 1, 2002. [13] It was released on Blu-ray on July 22, 2008, and was one of the first Universal titles released on the format. [14] The Scorpion King was released on 4K on June 18, 2019. [15]

Video games

The film spawned two video games: The Scorpion King: Rise of the Akkadian for the Nintendo GameCube and the PlayStation 2, which served as a prequel to the film's events, and a sequel, The Scorpion King: Sword of Osiris , for the Game Boy Advance, in which Cassandra is abducted by the ruthless sorcerer Menthu and his lackey, the witch Isis (not to be confused with Queen Isis from the film), prompting Mathayus to undergo a quest to uncover the legendary Sword of Osiris to defeat Menthu and Isis and rescue Cassandra.

Reception

Box office

The Scorpion King grossed $12,553,380 on its opening day and $36,075,875 in total over the weekend, from 3,444 theaters for an average of $10,475 per venue, ranking at #1 at the box office. The film had the largest April opening weekend at that time, beating The Matrix . [16] This record would only last for a year before being surpassed by Anger Management in 2003. [17] It then dropped 50 percent in its second weekend, but remained at #1, earning another $18,038,270. The film closed on June 27, 2002, with a total domestic gross of $91,047,077, and an additional $87,752,231 internationally, for a total worldwide gross of $178,799,308, against a budget of $60 million, making it a moderate box office success. [2]

Critical response

The Scorpion King holds an 41% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 137 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10. The site’s critical consensus states, "Action adventure doesn't get much cheesier than The Scorpion King." [18] Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 45 out of 100, based on 30 reviews. [19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of B, on a scale of A+ to F. [20]

Roger Ebert, film critic of the Chicago Sun-Times , gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, writing "Here is a movie that embraces its goofiness like a Get Out of Jail Free card. The plot is recycled out of previous recycling jobs, the special effects are bad enough that you can grin at them, and the dialogue sounds like the pre-Pyramidal desert warriors are channeling a Fox sitcom...For its target audience, looking for a few laughs, martial arts and stuff that blows up real good, it will be exactly what they expected. It has high energy, the action never stops, the dialogue knows it's funny, and The Rock has the authority to play the role and the fortitude to keep a straight face. I expect him to become a durable action star." [21]

James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film two stars (out of four), saying: "It's possible to make an engaging action/adventure picture of this sort, but The Scorpion King isn't it." [22] Dennis Harvey of Variety gave a positive review, saying the film "rouses excitement mostly from stuntwork and their agility rather than CGI excess." [23] Nathan Rabin of The Onion's A.V. Club gave the film a mildly positive review, calling it "prototypical summer-movie fare, designed to be consumed, enjoyed, and forgotten all at once." [24] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a score of C+, calling it "plodding and obvious" but adding that The Rock "holds it together." [25] Jonathan Foreman of the New York Post gave a negative review, saying that The Scorpion King "has none of the qualities—epic sweep, relative originality and heartfelt bloodthirstiness—that made Conan so trashily entertaining." [26]

Accolades

The film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film at the Saturn Awards but lost to The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers .

Legacy

Prequel and sequels

Following the film's release, there were plans for a sequel with Johnson to return as Mathayus and go up against a new villain, Sargon, but these plans eventually fell through and the project was shelved. A direct-to-video prequel, The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior , was released in 2008 with Michael Copon as Mathayus and Randy Couture as Sargon.

A sequel, The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption , was released in 2012 with Victor Webster as Mathayus and Billy Zane as the villain, King Talus. The fourth film in the franchise, The Scorpion King 4: Quest for Power , was released in 2015. Webster reprised his role, while Michael Biehn, Rutger Hauer, Lou Ferrigno, and former WWE wrestler Eve Torres joined the cast. [27] Will Kemp portrayed the villain, Drazen.

A fifth and final film, Scorpion King: Book of Souls , was released in 2018. Zach McGowan played Mathayus, while Peter Mensah portrayed the villain, Nebserek.

Reboot

In November 2020, a reboot of The Scorpion King film series was announced to be in development. Jonathan Herman will serve as screenwriter, with the plot taking place in the modern-day, involving a contemporary adaptation of the Mathayus of Akkad / Scorpion King character. Dwayne Johnson will serve as producer alongside Dany Garcia and Hiram Garcia. The project will be a joint-venture production between Universal Pictures and Seven Bucks Productions. [28]

Related Research Articles

<i>The Mummy Returns</i> 2001 American action adventure film

The Mummy Returns is a 2001 American adventure horror comedy film written and directed by Stephen Sommers, starring Brendan Fraser, Rachel Weisz, John Hannah, Arnold Vosloo, Oded Fehr, Patricia Velásquez, Freddie Boath, Alun Armstrong, and Dwayne Johnson in his film acting debut. The film is a sequel to the 1999 film The Mummy and was distributed by Universal Pictures.

<i>Constantine</i> (film) 2005 American superhero horror film

Constantine is a 2005 American superhero horror film directed by Francis Lawrence in his directorial debut. Written by Kevin Brodbin and Frank Cappello from a story by Brodbin, it is loosely based on the DC Comics/Vertigo Comics Hellblazer graphic novels. The film stars Keanu Reeves as John Constantine, a cynical exorcist with the ability to perceive and communicate with half-angels and half-demons in their true forms and to travel between Earth and Hell. Rachel Weisz, Shia LaBeouf, Tilda Swinton, Pruitt Taylor Vince, Djimon Hounsou, Gavin Rossdale, and Peter Stormare also feature.

<i>How to Stuff a Wild Bikini</i> 1965 film by William Asher

How to Stuff a Wild Bikini is a 1965 Pathécolor beach party film from American International Pictures. The sixth entry in a seven-film series, the movie features Mickey Rooney, Annette Funicello, Dwayne Hickman, Brian Donlevy, and Beverly Adams. The film features a brief appearance by Frankie Avalon and includes Buster Keaton in one of his last roles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ralf Moeller</span> German actor and former competitive bodybuilder

Ralf Rudolf Moeller is a German actor and former competitive bodybuilder. He is known for his roles of Brick Bardo in Cyborg, Kjartan in The Viking Sagas, the title character in the television show Conan the Adventurer, Hagen in Gladiator, Thorak in The Scorpion King, and Ulfar in Pathfinder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">I Stand Alone (Godsmack song)</span> 2002 single by Godsmack

"I Stand Alone" is a song by the American rock band Godsmack. It was released to radio in February 2002 as the lead single from the Scorpion King soundtrack. It would reappear on Godsmack's third studio album, Faceless, the following year. It won a 2002 Metal Edge Readers' Choice Award for "Song of the Year From a Movie Soundtrack."

<i>The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior</i> 2008 film by Russell Mulcahy

The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior is a 2008 American direct-to-DVD sword and sorcery action adventure film prequel to the 2002 film The Scorpion King, itself a prequel to the 1999 reimagining of The Mummy. Filming for the film began on October 1, 2007, in Cape Town, South Africa. The film had a scheduled release date of August 19, 2008, in the United States, and was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steven Brand</span> Scottish actor, director and producer

Steven Brand is a Scottish actor. His feature debut was The Scorpion King (2002), where he portrayed Memnon. He has had many guest appearances on television series, and in 2015, Brand was nominated for Best Guest Starring Role on Television at the Saturn Awards for his performance in Teen Wolf.

<i>The Sorcerers Apprentice</i> (2010 film) Film directed by Jon Turteltaub

The Sorcerer's Apprentice is a 2010 American action adventure fantasy film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, directed by Jon Turteltaub, and released by Walt Disney Pictures, the team behind the National Treasure franchise. The film stars Nicolas Cage and Jay Baruchel with Alfred Molina, Teresa Palmer, and Monica Bellucci in supporting roles.

The Mummy is a media franchise based on films by Universal Pictures about a mummified ancient Egyptian priest who is accidentally resurrected, bringing with him a powerful curse, and the ensuing efforts of heroic archaeologists to stop him. The franchise was created by Nina Wilcox Putnam and Richard Schayer.

<i>The Scorpion King: Rise of the Akkadian</i> 2002 video game

The Scorpion King: Rise of the Akkadian is an action-adventure game released in 2002 for both GameCube and the PlayStation 2. The game was developed by Point of View, Inc. and was published by Universal Interactive. The game serves as a prequel to the film The Scorpion King, and Dwayne Johnson provided the voice for Mathayus, whom he played in the film.

<i>Hercules</i> (2014 film) 2014 film by Brett Ratner

Hercules is a 2014 American action-adventure fantasy film starring Dwayne Johnson as the titular character. It is directed by Brett Ratner from a screenplay written by Ryan J. Condal and Evan Spiliotopoulos. The film also stars Ian McShane, Rufus Sewell, Joseph Fiennes, Peter Mullan, and John Hurt. It is based on Steve Moore's graphic novel Hercules, specifically The Thracian Wars limited series. The film follows Hercules, a self-proclaimed demigod, and his band of mercenaries as they are hired to lead the Thracian army against a warlord.

<i>The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption</i> 2012 American film

The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption is a 2012 direct-to-video sword and sorcery action adventure film released on January 10, 2012. It is the third installment in The Scorpion King series and stars Victor Webster in the title role, replacing Dwayne Johnson, with supporting roles by Bostin Christopher, Temuera Morrison, Krystal Vee, Selina Lo, Kimbo Slice, Dave Bautista, Billy Zane, and Ron Perlman. The film continues the story of Mathayus, after he becomes the Scorpion King at the end of The Scorpion King and focuses on Mathayus battling Talus and trying to stop him from claiming the Book of the Dead. This was the first film produced by Universal 1440 Entertainment.

<i>Cut Bank</i> (film) 2014 American film

Cut Bank is a 2014 American thriller film directed by Matt Shakman and written by Roberto Patino. Starring Liam Hemsworth, Billy Bob Thornton, John Malkovich, Teresa Palmer, and Michael Stuhlbarg, the film was selected to be screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. The film follows a witness to a murder who wants to get rich off of what he saw. It was released in the United States on April 3, 2015, in a limited release and through video on demand by A24.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwayne Johnson filmography</span> List of films featuring Dwayne Johnson

American actor Dwayne Johnson, also known by his wrestling ring name "The Rock", has a long career in media, appearing in films, television series and video games. Dwayne started his acting career in 2001. His films have grossed over $3.5 billion in North America and over $12.5 billion worldwide, making Johnson one of the most successful and highest-grossing box-office stars of all time. Dwayne Johnson has also starred in at least 66 movies/films.

<i>The Scorpion King 4: Quest for Power</i> 2015 American film

The Scorpion King 4: Quest for Power is a 2015 direct-to-video sword and sorcery action adventure film. It was released on January 6, 2015, on home media. It is the fourth installment in The Scorpion King series and stars Victor Webster in the title role with supporting roles by Ellen Hollman, Lou Ferrigno, Rutger Hauer, Royce Gracie, Eve Torres, and Ian Whyte. This film continues the story of Mathayus, after the events in The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption.

<i>The Scorpion King: Sword of Osiris</i> 2002 video game

The Scorpion King: Sword of Osiris is a platform game developed by WayForward Technologies and published by Universal Interactive for the Game Boy Advance in 2002. It is based on the film The Scorpion King, serving as a sequel to it.

<i>Hobbs & Shaw</i> 2019 film by David Leitch

Hobbs & Shaw is a 2019 buddy action comedy film directed by David Leitch from a script by Chris Morgan and Drew Pearce. It is the first spin-off film and the overall ninth installment in the Fast & Furious franchise, set after the events of The Fate of the Furious (2017). It stars Dwayne Johnson, Jason Statham, Idris Elba, Vanessa Kirby, Eiza González, Cliff Curtis and Helen Mirren. In the film, Luke Hobbs (Johnson) and Deckard Shaw (Statham) joins Deckard's sister Hattie Shaw (Kirby) to take down Brixton Lore (Elba), a cybernetically enhanced terrorist, who is threatening the world with a deadly virus.

The Scorpion King film series consists of American sword and sorcery action adventure films, and is a spin-off of The Mummy remake film series created by Stephen Sommers. The film series consists of one released theatrical film, four straight-to-home video releases, and an upcoming theatrical reboot.

<i>The Scorpion King: Book of Souls</i> 2018 American film

The Scorpion King: Book of Souls is a direct-to-video sword and sorcery action-adventure film that was released on October 23, 2018. As the fifth and final installment in The Scorpion King series, it represents the culmination of the original series and a sequel to The Scorpion King 4: Quest for Power. The film stars Zach McGowan as Mathayus, along with Pearl Thusi, Mayling Ng, and Peter Mensah in supporting roles. Directed by Don Michael Paul and written by David Alton Hedges.

References

  1. ↑ "The Scorpion King". British Film Institute . Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 "The Scorpion King". Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  3. ↑ "The Scorpion King [Soundtrack]". AllMusic . Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  4. ↑ "Gold & Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  5. ↑ "Austriancharts.at – Soundtrack – The Scorpion King" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  6. ↑ "Top 100 Albums: April 18, 2002". Jam! . Archived from the original on 2 September 2004. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  7. ↑ "Offiziellecharts.de – Soundtrack – The Scorpion King" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  8. ↑ "Charts.nz – Soundtrack – The Scorpion King". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  9. ↑ "Top 200 Albums of 2002 (based on sales)". Jam! . Archived from the original on 6 September 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  10. ↑ "Canada's Top 200 Alternative albums of 2002". Jam! . Archived from the original on 4 December 2003. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  11. ↑ "Top 100 Metal Albums of 2002". Jam! . Archived from the original on 12 August 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  12. ↑ "American album certifications – Soundtrack – The Scorpion King". Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  13. ↑ "The Scorpion King DVD Release Date June 1, 2003". DVDs Release Dates. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  14. ↑ The Scorpion King Blu-ray, archived from the original on 13 May 2022, retrieved 13 May 2022
  15. ↑ "The Scorpion King 4K Blu-ray". Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  16. ↑ "'Scorpion King' dominates US box office". United Press International . 21 April 2002. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  17. ↑ Gray, Brandon (14 April 2003). "'Anger' Manages April Record: $42.2 Million". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  18. ↑ "The Scorpion King". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  19. ↑ "The Scorpion King". Metacritic . Red Ventures. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  20. ↑ "SCORPION KING, THE (2002) B". CinemaScore . Archived from the original on 20 December 2018.
  21. ↑ Ebert, Roger (19 April 2002). "The Scorpion King". Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2018.Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svg
  22. ↑ Review by James Berardinelli Archived 5 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine , ReelViews Star full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svg
  23. ↑ Dennis Harvey (18 April 2002). "The Scorpion King". Variety . Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  24. ↑ Nathan Rabin (29 April 2002). "The Scorpion King". The A.V. Club . The Onion. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  25. ↑ Review by Owen Gleiberman, Entertainment Weekly Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Review by Jonathan Foreman Archived 9 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine , The New York Post
  27. ↑ "Exclusive interview: Eve Torres on life after WWE". WWE. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  28. ↑ Kroll, Justin (10 November 2020). "'Scorpion King' Reboot In Works From Dwayne Johnson And Dany Garcia's Seven Bucks Productions And Universal; 'Straight Outta Compton' Scribe Jonathan Herman Penning Script". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.