The TESS-Keck Survey

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The TESS-Keck Survey or TKS is an exoplanet search project that uses the Keck I and the Automated Planet Finder (APF) to conduct ground-based follow-up of planet candidates discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. [1] The TKS aims to measure the mass for about 100 exoplanets [2] and has been awarded some of the largest time allocations in the histories of Keck I and APF. [1] The program has four main science themes: [2]

  1. the bulk compositions of small planets
  2. dynamical temperatures and system architectures
  3. a larger, more refined sample for future atmospheric studies
  4. planets orbiting evolved stars

List of discoveries

NameclassRadius

(R🜨)

Mass

(ME)

bulk density

(g/cm3)

orbital period

(days)

discovery yearnotereference
HD 332231 b warm sub-Saturn 9.74476.320.46418.712020 [3]
TOI-561 b super-earth 1.453.25.50.442021old metal-poor host star [4]
TOI-561 c sub-Neptune 2.906.51.610.82021old metal-poor host star [4]
TOI-561 dsub-Neptune2.322.41.316.42021metal-poor host star [4]
HD 63935 b sub-Neptune2.9910.82.29.062021 [5]
HD 63935 csub-Neptune2.9011.12.521.402021 [5]
HIP-97166 b sub-Neptune2.7205.310.32021 eccentric orbit [6]
HIP-97166 csub-Neptune1016.82021eccentric orbit [6]
TOI-2180 b giant planet 11.3890.43.32260.82022originally found by citizen scientists of Planet Hunters, planet with eccentric orbit [7]
HD 191939 ewarm Saturn 108101.52022study also announced the mass of the other planets [8]
HD 191939 fgiant planet≥6301700-72002022candidate [8]
TOI-1444 b super-earth1.43.870.472021 [9]
TOI-1444 c11.8162021candidate [10]
TOI-1246 e >25.693.82022candidate, study also announced the mass of the other planets [11]
TOI-1272 b hot Neptune4.1251.93.32022eccentric orbit [12]
TOI-1272 c278.72022 [13]
TOI-1669 cgiant planet1915012022planet b is a close-in small planet (about 4 ME) [14]
TOI-1694 cgiant planet2953932022planet b is a close-in small planet (31 ME) [14]
HIP 8152 b (TOI-266)sub-Neptune2.67.82.510.752023 [15]
HIP 8152 csub-Neptune2.59.43.419.612023 [15]
HD 42813 b (TOI-469)sub-Neptune3.45.80.813.632023star is metal-rich, planet has relative low density [15]
HD 25463 b (TOI-554)sub-Neptune2.68.52.67.052023 [15]
HD 25463 csuper-Earth1.5<4.1<7.13.042023 [15]
TOI-669 bhot sub-Neptune2.69.83.03.952023 [15]
HD 135694 b (TOI-1247)warm sub-Neptune2.515.72.015.922023 [15]
HD 6061 b (TOI-1473)hot sub-Neptune2.4510.84.05.252023 [15]
TOI-1736 bsub-Neptune3.111.92.37.072023star is a subgiant [15]
TOI-1736 ctemperature super-Jovian >2477571.32023not transiting, in a moderately eccentric orbit [15]
TOI-1386 bwarm sub-Saturn6.05471.1625.842024orbits a solar analogue [16]
TOI-1386 c>98227.62024not transiting [16]
TOI-1347 b ultra-short period planet 1.811.19.90.852024possible high molecular weight atmosphere [17]
TOI-1347 c1.6<6.4<4.14.842024 [17]
TOI-329 bNeptune size4.7240.82.135.702024old subgiant host star; moderate eccentric orbit e=0.39 [18]
HD 39688 b (TOI-480)Earth-density2.6915.74.426.862024 [18]
TOI-603 b7.9347.50.5216.172024subgiant host star [18]
TOI-1199 bgiant planet10.6069.40.323.672024 [18]
TOI-1294 bSaturn-sized9.1962.20.443.912024massive metal-rich host star [18]
TOI-1294 c148.3160.12024not transiting [18]
TOI-1439 bNeptune-sized4.1538.42.9427.642024metal-rich subgiant host star [18]
TOI-1605 bJupiter-sized10.34221.38.702024solar-like metallicity host star; eccentric orbit e=0.28 [18]
TOI-1828 bhot Jupiter8.6258.50.509.092024subgiant host star; eccentric orbit e=0.31 [18]
HD 148193 b (TOI-1836)8.3828.40.2720.382024young and hot subgiant host star [18]
TOI-1885 bgiant planet13.66516.41.126.542024young and hot host star [18]
HD 83342 b (TOI-1898)warm Jupiter9.74127.50.7645.522024CTOI of Planet Hunters: TESS; highly eccentric orbit e=0.48 [19] [18]
TOI-2019 b5.6634.61.0515.342024cool metal-rich subgiant host star [18]
TOI-1736 c2477571.32024eccentric orbit e=0.37 [18]
TOI-1751 bsub-Neptune2.7714.53.637.472024slightly evolved solar-type metal-poor star [20]

Follow-up works by TKS studied the already discovered planets TOI-1726 c [21] and WASP-107b. [22]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lambda Serpentis</span> Star in the constellation Serpens

Lambda Serpentis, Latinized from λ Serpentis, is a star in the constellation Serpens, in its head. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.43, making it visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, this star lies at a distance of about 38.9 light-years from Earth. Lambda Serpentis is moving toward the Solar System with a radial velocity of 66.4 km s−1. In about 166,000 years, this system will make its closest approach of the Sun at a distance of 7.371 ± 0.258 light-years, before moving away thereafter.

An ultra-short period (USP) planet is a type of exoplanet with an orbital period of less than one Earth day. At this short distance, tidal interactions lead to relatively rapid orbital and spin evolution. Therefore when there is a USP planet around a mature main-sequence star it is most likely that the planet has a circular orbit and is tidally locked. There are not many USP planets with sizes exceeding 2 Earth radii. About one out of 200 Sun-like stars has an ultra-short-period planet. There is a strong dependence of the occurrence rate on the mass of the host star. The occurrence rate falls from % for M dwarfs to % for F dwarfs. Mostly the USP planets seem consistent with an Earth-like composition of 70% rock and 30% iron, but K2-229b has a higher density suggesting a more massive iron core. WASP-47e and 55 Cnc e have a lower density and are compatible with pure rock, or a rocky-iron body surrounded by a layer of water.

HD 66428 is a G-type main sequence star located approximately 174 light-years away in the constellation of Monoceros. This star is similar to the Sun with an apparent magnitude of 8.25, an effective temperature of 5705 ± 27 K and a solar luminosity 1.28. Its absolute magnitude is 11.1 while its U-V color index is 0.71. It is considered an inactive star and it is metal-rich . This star has a precise mass of 1.14552 solar masses. This precision comes from the Corot mission that measured asteroseismology.

14 Herculis c or 14 Her c is an exoplanet approximately 58.4 light-years away in the constellation of Hercules. The planet was found orbiting the star 14 Herculis, with a mass that would make the planet a gas giant roughly the same size as Jupiter but much more massive. It was discovered on November 17, 2005 and published on November 2, 2006, although its existence was not confirmed until 2021.

HD 68988 is a star in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. It has been given the proper name Násti, which means star in the Northern Sami language. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Norway, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. HD 68988 is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 8.20. The star is located at a distance of 199 light years from the Sun based on parallax. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −69 km/s and is predicted to come as close as 78 light-years in 617,000 years.

HD 34445 is a star in the equatorial constellation of Orion. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.31, it is a 7th magnitude star that is too dim to be readily visible to the naked eye. The system is located at a distance of 150.5 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, but is drifting closer with a high radial velocity of −79 km/s. It is expected to draw as close as 57.5 light-years in ~492,000 years.

K2-187, also known as EPIC 212157262, is a Sun-like star in K2 Campaign 5. It is very close in size and temperature to the Sun, and has a system of four confirmed exoplanets ranging between 1.4 R🜨 and 3.2 R🜨. The innermost planet takes just 18 hours to orbit its star, while the outermost planet orbits every 2 weeks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WASP-107b</span> Super Neptune orbiting WASP-107

WASP-107b is a super-Neptune exoplanet that orbits the star WASP-107. It lies 200 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. Its discovery was announced in 2017 by a team led by D. R. Anderson via the WASP-South.

The small planet radius gap is an observed scarcity of planets with radii between 1.5 and 2 times Earth's radius, likely due to photoevaporation-driven mass loss. A bimodality in the Kepler exoplanet population was first observed in 2011 and attributed to the absence of significant gas atmospheres on close-in, low-mass planets. This feature was noted as possibly confirming an emerging hypothesis that photoevaporation could drive atmospheric mass loss This would lead to a population of bare, rocky cores with smaller radii at small separations from their parent stars, and planets with thick hydrogen- and helium-dominated envelopes with larger radii at larger separations. The bimodality in the distribution was confirmed with higher-precision data in the California-Kepler Survey in 2017, which was shown to match the predictions of the photoevaporative mass-loss hypothesis later that year.

WASP-75 is a F-type main-sequence star about 980 light-years away. The star is much younger than the Sun at approximately 2.9±0.2 billion years. WASP-75 is similar to the Sun in its concentration of heavy elements.

References

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  2. 1 2 Chontos, Ashley; Murphy, Joseph M. Akana; MacDougall, Mason G.; Fetherolf, Tara; Van Zandt, Judah; Rubenzahl, Ryan A.; Beard, Corey; Huber, Daniel; Batalha, Natalie M.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dressing, Courtney D.; Fulton, Benjamin; Howard, Andrew W.; Isaacson, Howard; Kane, Stephen R. (2022-06-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey: Science Goals and Target Selection". The Astronomical Journal. 163 (6): 297. arXiv: 2106.06156 . Bibcode:2022AJ....163..297C. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac6266 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   235417319.
  3. ↑ Dalba, Paul A.; Gupta, Arvind F.; Rodriguez, Joseph E.; Dragomir, Diana; Huang, Chelsea X.; Kane, Stephen R.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Bieryla, Allyson; Esquerdo, Gilbert A.; Fulton, Benjamin J.; Scarsdale, Nicholas; Batalha, Natalie M.; Beard, Corey; Behmard, Aida; Chontos, Ashley (2020-05-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. I. A Warm Sub-Saturn-mass Planet and a Caution about Stray Light in TESS Cameras". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (5): 241. arXiv: 2003.10451 . Bibcode:2020AJ....159..241D. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab84e3 . hdl:1721.1/132405.2. ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   214623340.
  4. 1 2 3 Weiss, Lauren M.; Dai, Fei; Huber, Daniel; Brewer, John M.; Collins, Karen A.; Ciardi, David R.; Matthews, Elisabeth C.; Ziegler, Carl; Howell, Steve B.; Batalha, Natalie M.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dressing, Courtney; Fulton, Benjamin; Howard, Andrew W.; Isaacson, Howard (2021-02-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. II. An Ultra-short-period Rocky Planet and Its Siblings Transiting the Galactic Thick-disk Star TOI-561". The Astronomical Journal. 161 (2): 56. arXiv: 2009.03071 . Bibcode:2021AJ....161...56W. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/abd409 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   229279232.
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  6. 1 2 MacDougall, Mason G.; Petigura, Erik A.; Angelo, Isabel; Lubin, Jack; Batalha, Natalie M.; Beard, Corey; Behmard, Aida; Blunt, Sarah; Brinkman, Casey; Chontos, Ashley; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dai, Fei; Dalba, Paul A.; Dressing, Courtney; Fulton, Benjamin (2021-12-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. VI. Two Eccentric Sub-Neptunes Orbiting HIP-97166". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (6): 265. arXiv: 2110.05628 . Bibcode:2021AJ....162..265M. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac295e . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   238634523.
  7. ↑ Dalba, Paul A.; Kane, Stephen R.; Dragomir, Diana; Villanueva, Steven; Collins, Karen A.; Jacobs, Thomas Lee; LaCourse, Daryll M.; Gagliano, Robert; Kristiansen, Martti H.; Omohundro, Mark; Schwengeler, Hans M.; Terentev, Ivan A.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Fulton, Benjamin; Isaacson, Howard (2022-02-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. VIII. Confirmation of a Transiting Giant Planet on an Eccentric 261 Day Orbit with the Automated Planet Finder Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 163 (2): 61. arXiv: 2201.04146 . Bibcode:2022AJ....163...61D. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac415b . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   245877799.
  8. 1 2 Lubin, Jack; Van Zandt, Judah; Holcomb, Rae; Weiss, Lauren M.; Petigura, Erik A.; Robertson, Paul; Akana Murphy, Joseph M.; Scarsdale, Nicholas; Batygin, Konstantin; Polanski, Alex S.; Batalha, Natalie M.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dressing, Courtney; Fulton, Benjamin; Howard, Andrew W. (2022-02-01). "TESS-Keck Survey. IX. Masses of Three Sub-Neptunes Orbiting HD 191939 and the Discovery of a Warm Jovian plus a Distant Substellar Companion". The Astronomical Journal. 163 (2): 101. arXiv: 2108.02208 . Bibcode:2022AJ....163..101L. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac3d38 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   236924440.
  9. ↑ Dai, Fei; Howard, Andrew W.; Batalha, Natalie M.; Beard, Corey; Behmard, Aida; Blunt, Sarah; Brinkman, Casey L.; Chontos, Ashley; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dalba, Paul A.; Dressing, Courtney; Fulton, Benjamin; Giacalone, Steven; Hill, Michelle L.; Huber, Daniel (2021-08-01). "TKS X: Confirmation of TOI-1444b and a Comparative Analysis of the Ultra-short-period Planets with Hot Neptunes". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (2): 62. Bibcode:2021AJ....162...62D. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac02bd . hdl: 1721.1/135593.2 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   234778143.
  10. ↑ Dai, Fei; Howard, Andrew W.; Batalha, Natalie M.; Beard, Corey; Behmard, Aida; Blunt, Sarah; Brinkman, Casey L.; Chontos, Ashley; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dalba, Paul A.; Dressing, Courtney; Fulton, Benjamin; Giacalone, Steven; Hill, Michelle L.; Huber, Daniel (2021-08-01). "TKS X: Confirmation of TOI-1444b and a Comparative Analysis of the Ultra-short-period Planets with Hot Neptunes". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (2): 62. Bibcode:2021AJ....162...62D. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac02bd . hdl: 1721.1/135593.2 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   234778143.
  11. ↑ Turtelboom, Emma V.; Weiss, Lauren M.; Dressing, Courtney D.; Nowak, Grzegorz; Pallé, Enric; Beard, Corey; Blunt, Sarah; Brinkman, Casey; Chontos, Ashley; Claytor, Zachary R.; Dai, Fei; Dalba, Paul A.; Giacalone, Steven; Gonzales, Erica; Harada, Caleb K. (2022-06-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. XI. Mass Measurements for Four Transiting Sub-Neptunes Orbiting K Dwarf TOI-1246". The Astronomical Journal. 163 (6): 293. arXiv: 2204.11895 . Bibcode:2022AJ....163..293T. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac69e5 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   248392257.
  12. ↑ MacDougall, Mason G.; Petigura, Erik A.; Fetherolf, Tara; Beard, Corey; Lubin, Jack; Angelo, Isabel; Batalha, Natalie M.; Behmard, Aida; Blunt, Sarah; Brinkman, Casey; Chontos, Ashley; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dai, Fei; Dalba, Paul A.; Dressing, Courtney (2022-09-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. XIII. An Eccentric Hot Neptune with a Similar-mass Outer Companion around TOI-1272". The Astronomical Journal. 164 (3): 97. arXiv: 2206.14327 . Bibcode:2022AJ....164...97M. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac7ce1 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   250113765.
  13. ↑ MacDougall, Mason G.; Petigura, Erik A.; Fetherolf, Tara; Beard, Corey; Lubin, Jack; Angelo, Isabel; Batalha, Natalie M.; Behmard, Aida; Blunt, Sarah; Brinkman, Casey; Chontos, Ashley; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dai, Fei; Dalba, Paul A.; Dressing, Courtney (2022-09-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. XIII. An Eccentric Hot Neptune with a Similar-mass Outer Companion around TOI-1272". The Astronomical Journal. 164 (3): 97. arXiv: 2206.14327 . Bibcode:2022AJ....164...97M. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac7ce1 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   250113765.
  14. 1 2 Van Zandt, Judah E.; Petigura, Erik A.; MacDougall, Mason; Gilbert, Gregory J.; Lubin, Jack; Batalha, Natalie M.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dressing, Courtney; Fulton, Benjamin; Howard, Andrew W.; Huber, Daniel; Isaacson, Howard; Kane, Stephen R.; Robertson, Paul; Roy, Arpita (2022-09-01). "TESS-Keck Survey XIV: 2 giant exoplanets from the Distant Giants Survey". The Astronomical Journal. 165 (2): 60. arXiv: 2209.06958 . Bibcode:2023AJ....165...60V. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aca6ef . S2CID   252280288.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akana Murphy, Joseph M.; Batalha, Natalie M.; Scarsdale, Nicholas; Isaacson, Howard; Ciardi, David R.; Gonzales, Erica J.; Giacalone, Steven; Twicken, Joseph D.; Dattilo, Anne; Fetherolf, Tara; Rubenzahl, Ryan A.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dressing, Courtney D.; Fulton, Benjamin; Howard, Andrew W. (2023-10-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. XVI. Mass Measurements for 12 Planets in Eight Systems". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (4): 153. arXiv: 2306.16587 . Bibcode:2023AJ....166..153A. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ace2ca . ISSN   0004-6256.
  16. 1 2 Hill, Michelle L.; Kane, Stephen R.; Dalba, Paul A.; MacDougall, Mason; Fetherolf, Tara; Li, Zhexing; Pidhorodetska, Daria; Batalha, Natalie M.; Crossfield, Ian J. M. (2024-02-01), The TESS-Keck Survey. XIX. A Warm Transiting Sub-Saturn Mass Planet and a non-Transiting Saturn Mass Planet Orbiting a Solar Analog, arXiv: 2402.03498 , retrieved 2024-02-13
  17. 1 2 Rubenzahl, Ryan A.; Dai, Fei; Howard, Andrew W.; Lissauer, Jack J.; Van Zandt, Judah; Beard, Corey; Giacalone, Steven; Akana Murphy, Joseph M.; Chontos, Ashley; Lubin, Jack; Brinkman, Casey; Tyler, Dakotah; MacDougall, Mason G.; Rice, Malena; Dalba, Paul A. (12 Feb 2024). "The TESS-Keck Survey. XII. A Dense 1.8 R⊕ Ultra-Short-Period Planet Possibly Clinging to a High-Mean-Molecular-Weight Atmosphere After the First Gyr". The Astronomical Journal. arXiv: 2402.07451 .
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Chontos, Ashley; Huber, Daniel; Grunblatt, Samuel K.; Saunders, Nicholas; Winn, Joshua N.; McCormack, Mason; Knudstrup, Emil; Albrecht, Simon H.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Rodriguez, Joseph E.; Ciardi, David R.; Collins, Karen A.; Jenkins, Jon M.; Bieryla, Allyson; Batalha, Natalie M. (12 Feb 2024). "The TESS-Keck Survey XXI: 13 New Planets and Homogeneous Properties for 21 Subgiant Systems". Pre-print. arXiv: 2402.07893 .
  19. ↑ "ExoFOP TIC 91987762". exofop.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  20. ↑ Desai, Anmol; Turtelboom, Emma V.; Harada, Caleb K.; Dressing, Courtney D.; Rice, David R.; Akana Murphy, Joseph M.; Brinkman, Casey L.; Chontos, Ashley; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dai, Fei; Hill, Michelle L.; Fetherolf, Tara; Giacalone, Steven; Howard, Andrew W.; Huber, Daniel (11 Feb 2024). "The TESS-Keck Survey. XVIII. A sub-Neptune and spurious long-period signal in the TOI-1751 system". AJ. arXiv: 2402.07110 .
  21. ↑ Dai, Fei; Roy, Arpita; Fulton, Benjamin; Robertson, Paul; Hirsch, Lea; Isaacson, Howard; Albrecht, Simon; Mann, Andrew W.; Kristiansen, Martti H.; Batalha, Natalie M.; Beard, Corey; Behmard, Aida; Chontos, Ashley; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dalba, Paul A. (2020-10-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. III. A Stellar Obliquity Measurement of TOI-1726 c". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (4): 193. arXiv: 2008.12397 . Bibcode:2020AJ....160..193D. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/abb3bd . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   221370690.
  22. ↑ Rubenzahl, Ryan A.; Dai, Fei; Howard, Andrew W.; Chontos, Ashley; Giacalone, Steven; Lubin, Jack; Rosenthal, Lee J.; Isaacson, Howard; Batalha, Natalie M.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dressing, Courtney; Fulton, Benjamin; Huber, Daniel; Kane, Stephen R.; Petigura, Erik A. (2021-03-01). "The TESS-Keck Survey. IV. A Retrograde, Polar Orbit for the Ultra-low-density, Hot Super-Neptune WASP-107b". The Astronomical Journal. 161 (3): 119. arXiv: 2101.09371 . Bibcode:2021AJ....161..119R. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/abd177 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   231698426.


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