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The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. The synthesis combined the ideas of natural selection, Mendelian genetics, and population genetics. It also related the broad-scale macroevolution seen by palaeontologists to the small-scale microevolution of local populations.
Lamarckism, also known as Lamarckian inheritance or neo-Lamarckism, is the notion that an organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime. It is also called the inheritance of acquired characteristics or more recently soft inheritance. The idea is named after the French zoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), who incorporated the classical era theory of soft inheritance into his theory of evolution as a supplement to his concept of orthogenesis, a drive towards complexity.
Anolis is a genus of anoles, iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to be moved to other genera, in which case only about 45 Anolis species remain. Previously, it was classified under the family Polychrotidae that contained all the anoles, as well as Polychrus, but recent studies place it in the Dactyloidae.
A trade-off is a situational decision that involves diminishing or losing on quality, quantity, or property of a set or design in return for gains in other aspects. In simple terms, a tradeoff is where one thing increases, and another must decrease. Tradeoffs stem from limitations of many origins, including simple physics – for instance, only a certain volume of objects can fit into a given space, so a full container must remove some items in order to accept any more, and vessels can carry a few large items or multiple small items. Tradeoffs also commonly refer to different configurations of a single item, such as the tuning of strings on a guitar to enable different notes to be played, as well as an allocation of time and attention towards different tasks.
Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Evolution holds that all species are related and gradually change over generations. In a population, the genetic variations affect the phenotypes of an organism. These changes in the phenotypes will be an advantage to some organisms, which will then be passed on to their offspring. Some examples of evolution in species over many generations are the peppered moth and flightless birds. In the 1930s, the discipline of evolutionary biology emerged through what Julian Huxley called the modern synthesis of understanding, from previously unrelated fields of biological research, such as genetics and ecology, systematics, and paleontology.
Experimental evolution is the use of laboratory experiments or controlled field manipulations to explore evolutionary dynamics. Evolution may be observed in the laboratory as individuals/populations adapt to new environmental conditions by natural selection.
Phenotypic plasticity refers to some of the changes in an organism's behavior, morphology and physiology in response to a unique environment. Fundamental to the way in which organisms cope with environmental variation, phenotypic plasticity encompasses all types of environmentally induced changes that may or may not be permanent throughout an individual's lifespan.
Raymond Brunson Huey is a biologist specializing in evolutionary physiology. He has taught at the University of Washington (UW), and he earned his Ph.D. in biology at Harvard University under E. E. Williams. He has recently been the chair of the university's biology department, but a retirement celebration was held on 4 Oct. 2013 in Seattle.
Comparative physiology is a subdiscipline of physiology that studies and exploits the diversity of functional characteristics of various kinds of organisms. It is closely related to evolutionary physiology and environmental physiology. Many universities offer undergraduate courses that cover comparative aspects of animal physiology. According to Clifford Ladd Prosser, "Comparative Physiology is not so much a defined discipline as a viewpoint, a philosophy."
Evolutionary physiology is the study of the biological evolution of physiological structures and processes; that is, the manner in which the functional characteristics of individuals in a population of organisms have responded to natural selection across multiple generations during the history of the population. It is a sub-discipline of both physiology and evolutionary biology. Practitioners in the field come from a variety of backgrounds, including physiology, evolutionary biology, ecology, and genetics.
Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence in The Origin of Species. However, the fact that closely related lineages share many traits and trait combinations as a result of the process of descent with modification means that lineages are not independent. This realization inspired the development of explicitly phylogenetic comparative methods. Initially, these methods were primarily developed to control for phylogenetic history when testing for adaptation; however, in recent years the use of the term has broadened to include any use of phylogenies in statistical tests. Although most studies that employ PCMs focus on extant organisms, many methods can also be applied to extinct taxa and can incorporate information from the fossil record.
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. Traditionally, it has covered research on the biochemistry, physiology, and genetics of animals. A recent editorial change has expanded the scope to include life-history traits, comparative biomechanics, and behavioral endocrinology, as well as a wider range of paper categories, including those related to educational outreach. The journal has also published a number of Focused Collections based on calls for papers or conference symposia. The current editor-in-chief is Theodore Garland, Jr.. Previous Editors include Charles Manning Child, Warder Clyde Allee, Clifford Ladd Prosser, and James Hicks. The journal was established in 1928 as Physiological Zoology, obtaining its current name in 1999. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 2.250.
Herman Spieth was an American zoologist and university administrator. He was the first chancellor of the University of California, Riverside from 1956 to 1964. Originally hired as a professor in the Life Sciences Department, he was responsible for administering UCR's change from a liberal arts college to a major research university. Spieth Hall at UCR is named after him.
Paul H. Harvey is a British evolutionary biologist. He is Professor of Zoology and was head of the zoology department at the University of Oxford from 1998 to 2011 and Secretary of the Zoological Society of London from 2000 to 2011, holding these posts in conjunction with a professorial fellowship at Jesus College, Oxford.
Patricia Adair Gowaty is an American evolutionary biologist. She received her B.A. in biology at Tulane University and her PhD in zoology at Clemson University in 1980. She is currently a Distinguished Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Ecoimmunology or Ecological Immunology is the study of the causes and consequences of variation in immunity. The field of ecoimmunology seeks to give an ultimate perspective for proximate mechanisms of immunology. This approach places immunology in evolutionary and ecological contexts across all levels of biological organization.
Chrysomela aeneicollis is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. This organism has been used as a model for studies of natural selection in nature. It is currently being investigated to study effects of environmental change on insect populations, and the evolutionary significance of variation at genes affecting metabolism and the response to stress. It has been included as a study species in the California Conservation Genomics Project, due to its presence in multiple California ecoregions and extensive knowledge of genetic variation, evolutionary ecology, and interactions with other species. Information about its range and comparisons with closely related species can be found in a review of the genus Chrysomela published in the Canadian Entomologist.
Albert Farrell Bennett is an American zoologist, physiologist, evolutionary biologist, author, and academic. He is Dean Emeritus of the School of Biological Sciences at University of California, Irvine.
References
- ↑ Kaufman, Donald W.; Courtney, Mark W.; Chu, Penn R. (1982). "The First Three Years of NSF's Population Biology and Physiological Ecology Program". BioScience. 32 (1): 51–53. doi:10.2307/1308755. JSTOR 1308755.
- ↑ "Physiological and Biochemical Zoology Editorial Board". journals.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ↑ "Editorial Board - Zoology - Journal - Elsevier".
- ↑ "Comprehensive Physiology list of editors". Wiley.com. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ↑ "Journal of Morphology". .interscience.wiley.com. Archived from the original on 2011-04-14. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ↑ "Garland Curriculum Vitae Ted Garland CV Theodore Garland CV Evolution Physiological Ecology Evolutionary Physiology Comparative Physiology Exercise Physiology Animal Behavior Quantitative Genetics Biostatistics Herpetology Locomotion Conservation Biology Phenotypic Plasticity Adaptive Plasticity".
- ↑ "NERE Home Page". Nere.bio.uci.edu. 2004-01-01. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ↑ Peter E. Midford. "Mesquite:PDAP:PDTree". Mesquiteproject.org. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ↑ "Presidential Young Investigator Award". Nsf.gov. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ↑ "College of Sciences Alumnus of the Year". unlv.edu. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
