Thereza Imanishi-Kari

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Thereza Imanishi-Kari is an associate professor of pathology at Tufts University. Her research focuses on the origins of autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus, studied using mice as model organisms. [1] Previously she had been a faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is notable for her role in what became known as the "Baltimore affair", in which a 1986 paper she co-authored with David Baltimore was the subject of research misconduct allegations. Following a series of investigations, she was fully exonerated of the charges in 1996.

Contents

Early life and education

A native of Brazil, Thereza Imanishi-Kari earned a BS degree in biology from the University of Sao Paulo near her home town of Indaiatuba, Brazil. Subsequently, she studied at Kyoto University, in Kyoto, Japan, and the University of Helsinki in Finland, which awarded her a PhD in the field of immunogenetics. [2]

Research

Imanishi-Kari's research focuses on immunology, particularly on understanding the molecular and cell biology underlying the development of autoimmune disease. She studies systemic lupus erythematosus using mouse models [1] and has been funded for this work by the Lupus Research Institute and the National Institutes of Health. [3] Her interest in immunology was motivated in part by her sister's death due to lupus. [4] : 149 

Investigation and exoneration

In 1986, Imanishi-Kari co-authored a scientific paper on immunology with David Baltimore. The paper, published in the scientific journal Cell , showed unexpected results on how the immune system rearranges its genes to produce antibodies against antigens it encounters for the first time. [5] Margot O'Toole, a researcher in Imanishi-Kari's lab, claimed she could not reproduce some of the experiments in the paper and accused Imanishi-Kari of fabricating the data. Since the research had been funded by the U.S. federal government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the matter was taken up by the United States Congress, where it was aggressively pursued by, among others, Representative John Dingell. Largely on the basis of these findings, NIH's fraud unit, then called the Office of Scientific Integrity, accused Dr. Imanishi-Kari in 1991 of falsifying data and recommended she be barred from receiving research grants for 10 years. [6]

In 1996, a newly constituted U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) appeals panel reviewed the case again and dismissed all charges against Imanishi-Kari. [6] In August 1996 she gained an official position as an assistant professor in the pathology department of the Tufts University School of Medicine. There was widespread criticism of the government's system for dealing with allegations of misconduct, and calls for review of the oversight procedures dealing with the integrity of biomedical research. [7] The case of alleged scientific misconduct and her exoneration was reported in Scientific American . [8] A New York Times editorial at the time described the final result of the ten-year investigation as "embarrassment for the Federal Government and belated vindication for the accused scientist". [9]

The high profile of the case resulted in a great deal of published commentary on the matter. The New York Times published an account of the medical establishment’s treatment of O’Toole on March 22, 1991. [10] The mathematician Serge Lang discussed the case in an article published in the journal Ethics and Behavior in January 1993. [11] Several books, including The Baltimore Case (1998) by Daniel Kevles of Yale University [12] and The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science by science historian Horace Freeland Judson, [13] also covered the Baltimore affair.

Related Research Articles

Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research. A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries provides the following sample definitions, reproduced in The COPE report 1999:

David Baltimore American biologist (born 1938)

David Baltimore is an American biologist, university administrator, and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine. He is currently President Emeritus and Distinguished Professor of Biology at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he served as president from 1997 to 2006. He also served as the director of the Joint Center for Translational Medicine, which joined Caltech and UCLA in a program to translate basic scientific discoveries into clinical realities. He also formerly served as president of Rockefeller University from 1990 to 1991, founder and Director of the Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research from 1982 to 1990, and was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007.

John Dingell American politician (1926–2019)

John David Dingell Jr. was an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1955 until 2015. A member of the Democratic Party, he holds the record for longest-serving member of Congress in American history, representing Michigan for more than 59 years. He most recently served as the representative for Michigan's 12th congressional district. A longtime member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, Dingell was the chairman of the committee from 1981 to 1995 and 2007 to 2009.

In academic publishing, a retraction is the action by which a published paper in an academic journal is removed from the journal.

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Luk Van Parijs was an associate professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Center for Cancer Research. After investigating for a year, MIT fired Van Parijs for research misconduct. Van Parijs admitted to fabricating and falsifying research data in a paper, several unpublished manuscripts, and grant applications. In March 2011, Van Parijs pleaded guilty in a U.S. District Court in Boston to one count of making a false statement on a federal grant application. The government asked Judge Denise Casper for a 6-month jail term because of the seriousness of the fraud, which involved a $2-million grant. After several prominent scientists including Van Parijs' former post-doc supervisor pleading for clemency on his behalf, on 13 June, Van Parijs was finally sentenced six months of home detention with electronic monitoring, plus 400 hours of community service and a payment to MIT of $61,117 - restitution for the already-spent grant money that MIT had to return to the National Institutes of Health.

In scientific inquiry and academic research, data fabrication is the intentional misrepresentation of research results. As with other forms of scientific misconduct, it is the intent to deceive that marks fabrication as unethical, and thus different from scientists deceiving themselves. There are many ways data can be fabricated. Experimental data can be fabricated by reporting experiments that were never conducted, and accurate data can be manipulated or misrepresented to suit a desired outcome. One of the biggest problems with this form of scientific fraud is that "university investigations into research misconduct are often inadequate, opaque and poorly conducted. They challenge the idea that institutions can police themselves on research integrity."

United States Office of Research Integrity

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References

  1. 1 2 "The Thereza Imanishi-Kari Lab". Tufts University. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  2. ↑ "Thereza Imanishi-Kari". Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University . Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  3. ↑ "Thereza Imanishi-Kari, PhD". Lupus Research Institute. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  4. ↑ Crotty, Shane (2001). Ahead of the Curve David Baltimore's Life in Science. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN   9780520930261.
  5. ↑ Weaver D, Reis MH, Albanese C, Costantini F, Baltimore D, Imanishi-Kari T (April 1986). "Altered repertoire of endogenous immunoglobulin gene expression in transgenic mice containing a rearranged mu heavy chain gene". Cell. 45 (2): 247–59. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90389-2. PMID   3084104. (Retracted)
  6. 1 2 "Thereza Imanishi-Kari, Ph.D., DAB No. 1582 (1996)". United States Department of Health and Human Services. 21 June 1996. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
  7. ↑ Billy Goodman (19 August 1996). "Multiple Investigations". The Scientist Magazine. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  8. ↑ Beardsley T (1996). "Profile: Thereza Imanishi-Kari – Starting With a Clean Slate". Scientific American . 275 (5): 50–52. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1196-50.
  9. ↑ "The Fraud Case That Evaporated". The New York Times. 25 June 1996. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  10. ↑ Philip J. Hilts (22 March 1991). "Biologist Who Disputed a Study Paid Dearly". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ Lang S (January 1993). "Questions of scientific responsibility: the Baltimore case". Ethics & Behavior. 3 (1): 3–72. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0301_1. PMID   11653082.
  12. ↑ Kevles, Daniel J. (2000). The Baltimore case : a trial of politics, science, and character (1st Norton paperpack ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN   0393319709.
  13. ↑ Judson, Horace F. (2004). The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science. New York: Harcourt. ISBN   978-0151008773.

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