Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress

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Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress are generally rare. Although the Republican and Democratic parties have dominated U.S. politics in a two-party system since 1856, some independents and members of other political parties have also been elected to the House of Representatives or Senate, or changed their party affiliation during their term.

Contents

Senate

ImageSenatorStateTermNotes
Senator Manchin (cropped 2).jpg Joe Manchin West Virginia 2010–present Elected as a Democrat, switched to Independent in 2024 [1]
Kyrsten Sinema (cropped).jpg Kyrsten Sinema Arizona 2019–present Elected as a Democrat, switched to Independent in 2022 [2]
Angus King, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg Angus King Maine 2013–present Elected as an Independent; caucuses with the Democrats
Joe Lieberman official portrait 2 (cropped 2).jpg Joe Lieberman Connecticut 1989–2013 Re-elected on the Connecticut for Lieberman ticket after losing the 2006 Democratic nomination
Bernie Sanders.jpg Bernie Sanders Vermont 2007–present Elected as an Independent; caucuses with the Democrats; Democratic Party member from 2015–2016 and 2019–2020 while running for President
Dean Barkley.jpg Dean Barkley Minnesota 2002–2003Appointed for Independence Party of Minnesota
JeffordsJim(I-VT).jpg Jim Jeffords Vermont 1989–2007Switched from Republican to Independent in 2001
Robert C Smith.jpg Bob Smith New Hampshire 1990–2003Switched from Republican to Independent in 1999 but switched back to Republican in 2000
JamesLBuckley.jpg James L. Buckley New York 1971–1977 Elected as a Conservative, lost re-election as a Republican in 1976
Hbyrdjr.jpg Harry F. Byrd Jr. Virginia 1965–1983Switched from Democratic to Independent in 1970
Wayne Morse.jpg Wayne Morse Oregon 1945–1969Switched from Republican to Independent in 1953, then to Democratic in 1955
John E. Miller.jpg John E. Miller Arkansas 1937–1941Elected as an Independent, served as Democratic
ErnestLundeen.jpg Ernest Lundeen Minnesota 1937–1940 Elected as Farmer-Labor
GeorgeWNorris.jpg George W. Norris Nebraska 1913–1943Switched from Republican to Independent in 1936
Elmer Austin Benson.jpg Elmer Austin Benson Minnesota 1935–1936Elected as Farmer-Labor
RMLaFolletteJr.jpg Robert M. La Follette Jr. Wisconsin 1925–1947Switched from Republican to Progressive in 1934, then back to Republican in 1946
Magnus Johnson.jpg Magnus Johnson Minnesota 1923–1925Elected as Farmer-Labor
Sen. Henrik Shipstead LCCN2016848354 (cropped).jpg Henrik Shipstead Minnesota 1923–1947Elected as Farmer-Labor, switched to Republican in 1940
MilesPoindexter.jpg Miles Poindexter Washington 1911–1923Switched from Republican to Progressive in 1912, switched back to Republican in 1915
Joseph M. Dixon.jpg Joseph M. Dixon Montana 1907–1913Switched from Republican to Progressive in 1912
Henry Heitfeld (senator) (cropped).jpg Henry Heitfeld Idaho 1897–1903Elected as a Populist
Senator William A. Harris as a Member of the 55th US Congress (cropped).jpeg William Alexander Harris Kansas 1897–1903Elected as a Populist
Henry Moore Teller.jpg Henry Moore Teller Colorado 1876–1909Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1896, then to Democratic in 1903
Freddubois.jpg Fred Dubois Idaho 1891–1897Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1896
Frank Jenne Cannon.jpg Frank J. Cannon Utah 1896–1899Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1896
RichardFPettigrew.jpg Richard F. Pettigrew South Dakota 1889–1901Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1896
Lee Mantle U.S. Senator from Montana (1895) by James Presley Ball (Detail).jpg Lee Mantle Montana 1895–1899Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1896
Senator John P Jones as a Member of the 55th US Congress.jpg John P. Jones Nevada 1873–1903Switched from Republican to Silver in 1895, then back to Republican in 1901
William M. Stewart - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg William Morris Stewart Nevada 1887–1905Switched from Republican to Silver in 1893, then back to Republican in 1901
ALLEN, William Vincent.jpg William V. Allen Nebraska 1893–1901Elected as a Populist
James Henderson Kyle.jpg James H. Kyle South Dakota 1891–1901Elected as a Populist
Marion Butler.jpg Marion Butler North Carolina 1895–1901Elected as a Populist
William A. Peffer (cropped).jpg William A. Peffer Kansas 1891–1897Elected as a Populist
Harrison H. Riddleberger - Brady-Handy.jpg Harrison H. Riddleberger Virginia 1883–1889Elected as a Readjuster
William Mahone.jpg William Mahone Virginia 1881–1887Elected as a Readjuster
DDavis.jpg David Davis Illinois 1877–1883Elected as an Independent
Newton Booth - Brady-Handy (3x4a).jpg Newton Booth California 1875–1881Elected as an Anti-Monopolist, served as an Independent Republican
Orris S. Ferry - Brady-Handy.jpg Orris S. Ferry Connecticut 1867–1875Elected as a Liberal Republican in 1872
Morgan C. Hamilton - Brady-Handy.jpg Morgan C. Hamilton Texas 1870–1877Switched from Republican to Liberal Republican in 1872, switched back to Republican in 1875
Charles Sumner 1855 BPL-crop.jpg Charles Sumner Massachusetts 1851–1874Elected as Free Soil Democratic in 1851, became a Republican in 1855, then became a Liberal Republican in 1872
Senator David T. Patterson.jpg David T. Patterson Tennessee 1866–1869Elected as a Unionist in 1866, became a Republican by 1867
JSFowler.jpg Joseph S. Fowler Tennessee 1866–1871Elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1866, became a Republican by 1867
John A J Creswell Brady-Handy Photograph Collection.tif John Creswell Maryland 1865–1867Elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1864
BGratzBrown.png Benjamin Gratz Brown Missouri 1863–1867Elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1863, became a Republican by 1865
Peter G. Van Winkle - Brady-Handy.jpg Peter G. Van Winkle West Virginia 1863–1869Elected as a Unionist in 1863, became a Republican by 1867
Reverdy Johnson.jpg Reverdy Johnson Maryland 1863–1868Elected as a Unionist in 1863, switched to Democratic by 1865
Lemuel Jackson Bowden.jpg Lemuel J. Bowden Virginia 1863–1864Elected as a Unionist in 1863
Thomas Holliday Hicks - photo portrait standing (cropped).jpg Thomas Holliday Hicks Maryland 1862–1865Elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1862
RobWilson-Miss (cropped).jpg Robert Wilson Missouri 1862–1863Appointed as an Unconditional Unionist in 1862
John B. Henderson - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg John B. Henderson Missouri 1862–1869Elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1862, became a Republican by 1865
Hon. Garrett Davis, Ky - NARA - 528757 (cropped).jpg Garrett Davis Kentucky 1861–1872Elected as a Unionist in 1861, switched to Democratic by 1867
JCarlile (cropped).jpg John S. Carlile Virginia 1861–1865Elected as a Unionist in 1861
Waitman T. Willey - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg Waitman T. Willey Virginia 1861–1863Elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1861

House of Representatives

ImageRepresentativeDistrictTermNotes
Paul Mitchell official congressional photo.jpg Paul Mitchell Michigan 10th 2017–2021First elected as a Republican, switched to independent in 2020
Justin Amash official photo (cropped)2.jpg Justin Amash Michigan 3rd 2011–2021First elected as a Republican, switched to independent in 2019 and then to Libertarian in 2020
Rep Virgil Goode.jpg Virgil Goode Virginia 5th 1997–2009Switched from Democratic to independent in 2000, then to Republican in 2002
Jo Ann Emerson, Official Portrait, 111th Congress.jpg Jo Ann Emerson Missouri 8th 1996–2013First elected as a Republican, re-elected as an independent due to state law, then rejoined Republicans in early 1997
Bernie Sanders.jpg Bernie Sanders Vermont at-large 1991–2007Elected as an independent
Wm Carney.png William Carney New York 1st 1979–1987Elected as a Conservative and later sat with Republicans, switched to Republican in 1985
Frazier Reams.jpg Frazier Reams Ohio 9th 1951–1955Elected as an independent
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.jpg Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. New York 20th 1949–1955Elected as a Liberal, re-elected as Democratic
Leo Isacson.jpg Leo Isacson New York 24th 1948–1949Elected from the American Labor Party ticket
HaroldHagen.jpg Harold Hagen Minnesota 9th 1943–1955Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1942
JohnTBernard.jpg John Bernard Minnesota 8th 1937–1939Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1936
DeweyJohnson.jpg Dewey Johnson Minnesota 5th 1937–1939Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1936
Franck R. Havenner (California Congressman).jpg Franck R. Havenner California 4th 1937–1941, 1945–1953Elected as a Progressive
Henry Teigan.jpg Henry Teigan Minnesota 3rd 1937–1939Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1936
ThomasRyumAmlie (cropped).jpg Thomas Ryum Amlie Wisconsin 1st 1935–1939Elected as a Progressive
GeraldJBoileau.jpg Gerald J. Boileau Wisconsin 7th 1935–1939Elected as a Progressive
Rich T. Buckler (6674236095).jpg Rich T. Buckler Minnesota 9th 1935–1943Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1934
BernardJGehrmann (cropped).jpg Bernard J. Gehrmann Wisconsin 10th 1935–1943Elected as a Progressive
Harry Sauthoff (Wisconsin congressman) 2.jpg Harry Sauthoff Wisconsin 2nd 1935–1945Elected as a Progressive
George J. Schneider.jpg George J. Schneider Wisconsin 8th 1935–1939Elected as a Progressive
MerlinHull.jpg Merlin Hull Wisconsin 9th 1935–1944Elected as a Progressive
Vito Marcantonio (New York Congressman) 2.jpg Vito Marcantonio New York 20th 1935–1937, 1939–1945Elected from the American Labor Party ticket in 1938
GardnerRWithrow.jpg Gardner R. Withrow Wisconsin 3rd 1935–1939Elected as a Progressive
Henry Martin Arens.jpg Henry M. Arens Minnesota at-large 1933–1935Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932
MagnusJohnson.jpg Magnus Johnson Minnesota at-large 1933–1935Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932
ErnestLundeen.jpg Ernest Lundeen Minnesota 5th, Minnesota at-large, Minnesota 3rd 1933–1937Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932
FrancisShoemaker.jpg Francis Shoemaker Minnesota at-large 1933–1935Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932
Paul John Kvale 1932.jpg Paul John Kvale Minnesota 7th, Minnesota at-large 1929–1939Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1928
KnudWefald (cropped).jpg Knud Wefald Minnesota 9th 1923–1927Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1922
OleJKvale.jpg Ole J. Kvale Minnesota 7th 1923–1929Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1922
Carss, William L..jpg William Leighton Carss Minnesota 8th 1919–1929Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1918
LaGuardia Congress.jpg Fiorello La Guardia New York 14th, New York 20th 1917–1919, 1923–1933Re-elected as a Socialist in 1924, ran as a Republican in all other elections
JohnAElston.jpg John A. Elston California 6th 1915–1921Elected as a Progressive in 1915
Meyer London (cropped).jpg Meyer London New York 12th 1915–1923Elected as a Socialist
WhitmellPMartin (cropped).jpg Whitmell P. Martin Louisiana 3rd 1915–1929Elected as a Progressive
SCHALL, THOMAS. HONORABLE LCCN2016862337 (cropped).jpg Thomas D. Schall Minnesota 10th 1915–1925Elected as a Progressive
CharlesHiramRandall.jpg Charles Hiram Randall California 9th 1915–1921Elected as a Prohibitionist
Walter M Chandler.jpg Walter M. Chandler New York 19th 1913–1919Elected as a Progressive in 1913
James W. Bryant (Washington state Congressman).jpg James W. Bryan Washington at-large 1913–1915Elected as a Progressive in 1913
JacobFalconer.jpg Jacob Falconer Washington at-large 1913–1915Elected as a Progressive in 1913
WilliamHHinebaugh.jpg William H. Hinebaugh Illinois 12th 1913–1915Elected as a Progressive in 1913
HULLINGS, WILLIS J. LCCN2016858467 (2) (cropped).jpg Willis James Hulings Pennsylvania 28th 1913–1915Elected as a Progressive in 1913
William Josiah MacDonald Michigan 12th 1913–1915Elected as a Progressive in 1913
Milton William Shreve.JPG Milton William Shreve Pennsylvania 25th 1913–1915, 1919–1933Re-elected as an independent Republican in 1920
H.W. Temple-RPTS Class of 1887.png Henry Wilson Temple Pennsylvania 24th 1913–1915Elected as a Progressive in 1913
Charles M. Thomson.jpg Charles M. Thomson Illinois 10th 1913–1915Elected as a Progressive in 1913
William D. Stephens LCCN2014715011 (cropped).jpg William Stephens California 10th 1911–1917Switched parties from a Republican to a Progressive in 1913
RoyOWoodruff.jpg Roy O. Woodruff Michigan 10th 1913–1915Elected as a Progressive in 1913
William Kent congressman.jpeg Bill Kent California 1st 1913–1917Elected as an independent
IraCCopley (cropped).jpg Ira C. Copley Illinois 11th 1911–1923Switched from a Republican to a Progressive in 1915
Victor L. Berger.jpg Victor L. Berger Wisconsin 5th 1911–1929Elected as a Socialist
Peter Augustus Porter 1853-1925.jpg Peter A. Porter New York 34th 1907–1909Elected as an independent Republican
Caldwell Edwards (Montana Congressman).jpg Caldwell Edwards Montana at-large 1901–1903Elected as a Populist
Thomas L. Glenn (Idaho Congressman).jpg Thomas L. Glenn Idaho at-large 1901–1903Elected as a Silver
John W. Atwater.jpg John Wilbur Atwater North Carolina 4th 1899–1901Elected as a Populist
William Neville (Nebraska Congressman).jpg William Neville Nebraska 6th 1899–1903Elected as a Populist
Edgarwilson.PNG Edgar Wilson Idaho at-large 1899–1901Elected as a Silver Republican
Charles A. Barlow (California Congressman).jpg Charles A. Barlow California 6th 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
Botkin LCCN2014695062 (cropped).tif Jeremiah D. Botkin Kansas at-large 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
Curtis H. Castle (California Congressman).jpg Curtis H. Castle California 7th 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
John Edgar Fowler, congressman, 1899.jpg John Edgar Fowler North Carolina 3rd 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
William Laury Greene (Nebraska Congressman).jpg William Laury Greene Nebraska 6th 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
James Gunn (Idaho Congressman).jpg James Gunn Idaho at-large 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
Jones-William-C-1898.jpg William Carey Jones Washington at-large 1897–1899Elected as a Silver Republican
John Edward Kelley (South Dakota).jpg John Edward Kelley South Dakota at-large 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
Freeman Knowles (South Dakota).jpg Freeman Knowles South Dakota at-large 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
Charles Martin North Carolina 6th 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
Samuel Maxwell (Nebraska Congresman).jpg Samuel Maxwell Nebraska 3rd 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
Nelson B. McCormick (Kansas Congressman).jpg Nelson B. McCormick Kansas 6th 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
Mason S. Peters.jpg Mason S. Peters Kansas 2nd 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
Edwin R. Ridgely.jpg Edwin R. Ridgely Kansas 3rd 1897–1901Elected as a Populist
William L. Stark (Nebraska Congressman).jpg William Ledyard Stark Nebraska 4th 1897–1903Elected as a Populist
Roderick Dhu Sutherland (Nebraska Congressman).jpg Roderick Dhu Sutherland Nebraska 5th 1897–1901Elected as a Populist
William D. Vincent (Kansas Congressman).jpg William D. Vincent Kansas 5th 1897–1899Elected as a Populist
Albert Taylor Goodwyn.jpg Albert Taylor Goodwyn Alabama 5th 1896–1897Elected as a Populist
John Shafroth.gif John F. Shafroth Colorado 1st 1895–1904Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1897
MW Howard(1).jpg Milford W. Howard Alabama 7th 1895–1899Elected as a Populist in 1894
Harry Skinner (1855-1929).png Harry Skinner North Carolina 1st 1895–1899Elected as a Populist
WilliamFranklinStrowd.jpg William Franklin Strowd North Carolina 4th 1895–1899Elected as a Populist
John Calhoun Bell.jpeg John Calhoun Bell Colorado 2nd 1893–1903Elected as a Populist
Marion Cannon (California Congressman).jpg Marion Cannon California 6th 1893–1895Elected as a Populist
Lafayette Pence (Colorado Congressman).jpg Lafe Pence Colorado 1st 1893–1895Elected as a Populist
AlonzoCShuford.jpg Alonzo C. Shuford North Carolina 7th 1893–1899Elected as a Populist
Thomas J. Hudson (Kansas Congressman).jpg Thomas Jefferson Hudson Kansas 3rd 1893–1895Elected as a Populist
HaldorBoen.jpg Haldor Boen Minnesota 7th 1893–1895Elected as a Populist
Senator William A. Harris as a Member of the 55th US Congress (cropped).jpeg Bill Harris Kansas at-large 1893–1895Elected as a Populist
Rep. William Hewitt Baker.jpg Bill Baker Kansas 6th 1891–1897Elected as a Populist
Benjamin H. Clover (Kansas Congressman).jpg Benjamin H. Clover Kansas 3rd 1891–1893Elected as a Populist
John davis kansas.jpg John Davis Kansas 5th 1891–1895Elected as a Populist
Kittel Halvorson (Minnesota Congressman).jpg Kittel Halvorson Minnesota 5th 1891–1893Elected as a Populist
OmerMadisonKem.jpg Omer Madison Kem Nebraska 3rd 1891–1897Elected as a Populist
William A. McKeighan (Nebraska Congressman).jpg William A. McKeighan Nebraska 2nd 1891–1895Elected as a Populist
John Grant Otis.png John G. Otis Kansas 4th 1891–1893Elected as a Populist
Jerry Simpson (cropped).jpg Jerry Simpson Kansas 7th 1891–1895Elected as a Populist
Younger Tom Watson.gif Thomas E. Watson Georgia 10th 1891–1893Elected as a Populist
Lewis P. Featherstone Arkansas 1st 1889–1891Elected as a member of the Labor Party
Samuel I. Hopkins Virginia 6th 1887–1889Elected as a member of the Labor Party
Col. John Nichols.jpg John Nichols North Carolina 4th 1887–1889Elected as an independent
HenrySmithLaborPartyCongressmanMilwaukee.png Henry Smith Wisconsin 4th 1887–1889Elected as a member of the Labor Party
Shively, Benjamin Franklin.jpg Benjamin F. Shively Indiana 13th 1884–1885Elected as an Anti-Monopolist
James Ronald Chalmers - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg James Ronald Chalmers Mississippi 6th 1883–1885Elected as an Independent
Theodore Lyman III.png Ted Lyman Massachusetts 9th 1883–1885Elected as an Independent
ThomasOchiltree1860.jpg Thomas P. Ochiltree Texas 7th 1883–1885Elected as an Independent
CharlesNBrumm.jpg Charles N. Brumm Pennsylvania 13th 1881–1909Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880
Joseph H. Burrows (Missouri Congressman).jpg Joseph Henry Burrows Missouri 10th 1881–1883Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880
IraSherwinHazeltine.jpg Ira S. Haseltine Missouri 6th 1881–1883Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880
JamesMosgrove.jpg James Mosgrove Pennsylvania 25th 1881–1883Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880
TheronMosesRice.jpg Theron Moses Rice Missouri 7th 1881–1883Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880
J. Hyatt Smith - Brady-Handy.jpg J. Hyatt Smith New York 3rd 1881–1883Elected as an independent
Bradley Barlow.jpg Bradley Barlow Vermont 3rd 1879–1881Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
NicholasFord.jpg Nicholas Ford Missouri 9th 1879–1883Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
Albert P. Forsythe Illinois 15th 1879–1881Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
Edward H. Gillette (Iowa Congressman).jpg Edward H. Gillette Iowa 7th 1879–1881Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
George Washington Jones (Texas Congressman).jpg George Jones Texas 5th 1879–1883Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party
George W. Ladd (Maine Congressman).jpg George W. Ladd Maine 4th 1879–1883Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party
WilliamMLowe.jpg William M. Lowe Alabama 8th 1879–1882Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
Gilbert De La Matyr (Indiana Congressman).jpg Gilbert De La Matyr Indiana 7th 1879–1881Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
THMurch.jpg Thompson H. Murch Maine 5th 1879–1883Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party
HenryPersons.jpg Henry Persons Georgia 4th 1879–1881Elected as an independent
Daniel Lindsay Russell.jpg Daniel Lindsay Russell North Carolina 3rd 1879–1881Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party
Judge Emory Speer.jpg Emory Speer Georgia 9th 1879–1883Elected as an independent
James Weaver - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg James Weaver Iowa 6th 1879–1889Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
HBWright.jpg Hendrick Bradley Wright Pennsylvania 12th 1879–1881Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
SethHartmanYocum.jpg Seth Hartman Yocum Pennsylvania 20th 1879–1881Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878

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References

  1. Broadwater, Luke (May 31, 2024). "Manchin Becomes an Independent, Leaving Options Open for Another Run". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  2. Hulse, Carl; Victor, Daniel (December 9, 2022). "Kyrsten Sinema Says She Will Leave the Democratic Party". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2022.