Tin(II) bromide

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Tin(II) bromide
SnBr2-xtal-chain-3D-bs-17.png
part of an (SnBr2)∞ chain in the solid state [1]
Names
Other names
tin dibromide, stannous bromide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.067 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 233-087-0
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2BrH.Sn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 X mark.svgN
    Key: ZSUXOVNWDZTCFN-UHFFFAOYSA-L X mark.svgN
  • InChI=1/2BrH.Sn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
    Key: ZSUXOVNWDZTCFN-NUQVWONBAM
  • Br[Sn]Br
Properties
SnBr2
Molar mass 278.518 g/mol
Appearanceyellow powder
Density 5.12 g/cm3, solid
Melting point 215 °C (419 °F; 488 K)
Boiling point 639 °C (1,182 °F; 912 K)
Structure
related to PbCl2
Hazards
GHS labelling: [2]
GHS-pictogram-acid.svg
Danger
H314
P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Tin(II) bromide is a chemical compound of tin and bromine with a chemical formula of SnBr2. Tin is in the +2 oxidation state. The stability of tin compounds in this oxidation state is attributed to the inert pair effect. [3]

Contents

Structure and bonding

In the gas phase SnBr2 is non-linear with a bent configuration similar to SnCl2 in the gas phase. The Br-Sn-Br angle is 95° and the Sn-Br bond length is 255pm. [4] There is evidence of dimerisation in the gaseous phase. [5] The solid state structure is related to that of SnCl2 and PbCl2 and the tin atoms have five near bromine atom neighbours in an approximately trigonal bipyramidal configuration. [6] Two polymorphs exist: a room-temperature orthorhombic polymorph, and a high-temperature hexagonal polymorph. Both contain (SnBr2)∞ chains but the packing arrangement differs. [1]

O-SnBr2-xtal-packing-2x2x2-3D-bs-17.png
orthorhombic polymorph [1] [7]
H-SnBr2-xtal-packing-2x2x2-3D-bs-17.png
hexagonal polymorph [1] [8]

Preparation

Tin(II) bromide can be prepared by the reaction of metallic tin and HBr distilling off the H2O/HBr and cooling: [9]

Sn + 2 HBr → SnBr2 + H2

However, the reaction will produce tin (IV) bromide in the presence of oxygen.

Reactions

SnBr2 is soluble in donor solvents such as acetone, pyridine and dimethylsulfoxide to give pyramidal adducts. [9]
A number of hydrates are known, 2SnBr2·H2O, 3SnBr2·H2O & 6SnBr2·5H2O which in the solid phase have tin coordinated by a distorted trigonal prism of 6 bromine atoms with Br or H2O capping 1 or 2 faces. [3] When dissolved in HBr the pyramidal SnBr3− ion is formed. [3] Like SnCl2 it is a reducing agent. With a variety of alkyl bromides oxidative addition can occur to yield the alkyltin tribromide [10] e.g.

SnBr2 + RBr → RSnBr3

Tin(II) bromide can act as a Lewis acid forming adducts with donor molecules e.g. trimethylamine where it forms NMe3·SnBr2 and 2NMe3·SnBr2 [11] It can also act as both donor and acceptor in, for example, the complex F3B·SnBr2·NMe3 where it is a donor to boron trifluoride and an acceptor to trimethylamine. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogen bromide</span> Chemical compound

Hydrogen bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula HBr. It is a hydrogen halide consisting of hydrogen and bromine. A colorless gas, it dissolves in water, forming hydrobromic acid, which is saturated at 68.85% HBr by weight at room temperature. Aqueous solutions that are 47.6% HBr by mass form a constant-boiling azeotrope mixture that boils at 124.3 °C (255.7 °F). Boiling less concentrated solutions releases H2O until the constant-boiling mixture composition is reached.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphorus tribromide</span> Chemical compound

Phosphorus tribromide is a colourless liquid with the formula PBr3. The liquid fumes in moist air due to hydrolysis and has a penetrating odour. It is used in the laboratory for the conversion of alcohols to alkyl bromides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aluminium bromide</span> Chemical compound

Aluminium bromide is any chemical compound with the empirical formula AlBrx. Aluminium tribromide is the most common form of aluminium bromide. It is a colorless, sublimable hygroscopic solid; hence old samples tend to be hydrated, mostly as aluminium tribromide hexahydrate (AlBr3·6H2O).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gold(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Gold(III) bromide is a dark-red to black crystalline solid. It has the empirical formula AuBr3, but exists primarily as a dimer with the molecular formula Au2Br6 in which two gold atoms are bridged by two bromine atoms. It is commonly referred to as gold(III) bromide, gold tribromide, and rarely but traditionally auric bromide, and sometimes as digold hexabromide. As is similar with the other gold halides, this compound is unique for being a coordination complex of a group 11 transition metal that is stable in an oxidation state of +3 whereas copper or silver complexes persist in oxidation states of +1 or +2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanadium(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Vanadium(III) bromide, also known as vanadium tribromide, describes the inorganic compounds with the formula VBr3 and its hydrates. The anhydrous material is a green-black solid. In terms of its structure, the compound is polymeric with octahedral vanadium(III) surrounded by six bromide ligands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallium(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Gallium(III) bromide (GaBr3) is a chemical compound, and one of four gallium trihalides.

Bromine compounds are compounds containing the element bromine (Br). These compounds usually form the -1, +1, +3 and +5 oxidation states. Bromine is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine and iodine, and is one of the most reactive elements. Bond energies to bromine tend to be lower than those to chlorine but higher than those to iodine, and bromine is a weaker oxidising agent than chlorine but a stronger one than iodine. This can be seen from the standard electrode potentials of the X2/X− couples (F, +2.866 V; Cl, +1.395 V; Br, +1.087 V; I, +0.615 V; At, approximately +0.3 V). Bromination often leads to higher oxidation states than iodination but lower or equal oxidation states to chlorination. Bromine tends to react with compounds including M–M, M–H, or M–C bonds to form M–Br bonds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indium(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Indium(III) bromide, (indium tribromide), InBr3, is a chemical compound of indium and bromine. It is a Lewis acid and has been used in organic synthesis.

There are three sets of Indium halides, the trihalides, the monohalides, and several intermediate halides. In the monohalides the oxidation state of indium is +1 and their proper names are indium(I) fluoride, indium(I) chloride, indium(I) bromide and indium(I) iodide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beryllium bromide</span> Chemical compound

Beryllium bromide is the chemical compound with the formula BeBr2. It is very hygroscopic and dissolves well in water. The compound is a polymer with tetrahedral coordinated Be centres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silicon tetrabromide</span> Chemical compound

Silicon tetrabromide, also known as tetrabromosilane, is the inorganic compound with the formula SiBr4. This colorless liquid has a suffocating odor due to its tendency to hydrolyze with release of hydrogen bromide. The general properties of silicon tetrabromide closely resemble those of the more commonly used silicon tetrachloride.

Organobromine chemistry is the study of the synthesis and properties of organobromine compounds, also called organobromides, which are organic compounds that contain carbon bonded to bromine. The most pervasive is the naturally produced bromomethane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bismuth tribromide</span> Chemical compound

Bismuth tribromide is an inorganic compound of bismuth and bromine with the chemical formula BiBr3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chromium(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Chromium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrBr3. It is a dark colored solid that appears green in transmitted light but red with reflected light. It is used as a precursor to catalysts for the oligomerization of ethylene.

Titanium(III) bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula TiBr3. It is a blue black paramagnetic solid with a reddish reflection. It has few applications, although it is a catalyst for the polymerization of alkenes.

Praseodymium(III) bromide is a crystalline compound of one praseodymium atom and three bromine atoms.

Europium(III) bromide is a crystalline compound, a salt, made of one europium and three bromine atoms. Europium tribromide is a grey powder at room temperature. It is odorless. Europium tribromide is hygroscopic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Californium(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Californium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound, a salt with a chemical formula CfBr3. Like in californium oxide (Cf2O3) and other californium halides, including californium(III) fluoride (CfF3), californium(III) chloride, and californium(III) iodide (CfI3), the californium atom has an oxidation state of +3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thiophosphoryl bromide</span> Chemical compound

Thiophosphoryl bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula PSBr3.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Eckold, Pierre; Hügel, Werner; Dinnebier, Robert E.; Niewa, Rainer (2005). "Two Modifications of Tin(II) Bromide". Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 641 (8–9): 1467–1472. doi:10.1002/zaac.201500108.
  2. ↑ "Tin(II) bromide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN   978-0-08-037941-8.
  4. ↑ J.L Wardell "Tin:Inorganic Chemistry" Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry Ed: R Bruce King John Wiley & Sons (1994) ISBN   0-471-93620-0
  5. ↑ K. Hilpert; M. Miller; F. Ramondo (1991). "Thermochemistry of tetrabromoditin and bromoiodotin gaseous". J. Phys. Chem. 95 (19): 7261–7266. doi:10.1021/j100172a031.
  6. ↑ Abrahams I.; Demetriou D.Z. (2000). "Inert Pair Effects in Tin and Lead Dihalides: Crystal Structure of Tin(II) Bromide". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 149 (1): 28–32. Bibcode:2000JSSCh.149...28A. doi:10.1006/jssc.1999.8489.
  7. ↑ "ICSD Entry: 429132". Cambridge Structural Database: Access Structures. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre . Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  8. ↑ "ICSD Entry: 429133". Cambridge Structural Database: Access Structures. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  9. 1 2 Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN   0-471-19957-5
  10. ↑ Bulten E.J. (1975). "A convenient synthesis of (C1-C18) alkyltin tribromides". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 97 (1): 167–172. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)89463-2. hdl: 1874/15985 .
  11. ↑ Chung Chun Hsu & R. A. Geanangel (1977). "Synthesis and studies of trimethylamine adducts with tin(II) halides". Inorg. Chem. 16 (1): 2529–2534. doi:10.1021/ic50176a022.
  12. ↑ Chung Chun Hsu & R. A. Geanangel (1980). "Donor and acceptor behavior of divalent tin compounds". Inorg. Chem. 19 (1): 110–119. doi:10.1021/ic50203a024.
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