VGA text mode

Last updated

VGA text mode was introduced in 1987 by IBM as part of the VGA standard for its IBM PS/2 computers. [1] Its use on IBM PC compatibles was widespread through the 1990s and persists today for some applications on modern computers. [2] The main features of VGA text mode are colored (programmable 16 color palette) characters and their background, blinking, various shapes of the cursor (block/underline/hidden static/blinking), [3] and loadable fonts (with various glyph sizes). [4] The Linux console traditionally uses hardware VGA text modes, [5] and the Win32 console environment has an ability to switch the screen to text mode for some text window sizes.

Contents

  Distinctive features of VGA text as it commonly used:

  Light gray background (normally not white).

Box-drawing.

Various
back-/foreground
combinations.

VGA text sample animation.gif
Custom/non-ASCII characters

CGA–EGA-style 16 color palette for foreground.
Blinking text.

 Cursor.
 		 

Data arrangement

Text buffer

Each screen character is represented by two bytes aligned as a 16-bit word accessible by the CPU in a single operation. The lower (or character) byte is the actual code point for the current character set, and the higher (or attribute) byte is a bit field used to select various video attributes such as color, blinking, character set, and so forth. [6] This byte-pair scheme is among the features that the VGA inherited from the EGA, CGA, and ultimately from the MDA.

Attribute Character
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Blink [n 1] Background color Foreground color [n. 2] [n. 3] Code point
  1. ^ Depending on the mode setup, attribute bit 7 may be either the blink bit or the fourth background color bit (which allows all 16 colors to be used as background colours).
  2. ^ Attribute bit 3 (foreground intensity) also selects between fonts A and B (see below). Therefore, if these fonts are not the same, this bit is simultaneously an additional code point bit.
  3. ^ Attribute bit 0 also enables underline, if certain other attribute bits are set to zero (see below).

Colors are assigned in the same way as in 4-bit indexed color graphic modes (see VGA color palette). VGA modes have no need for the MDA's reverse and bright attributes because foreground and background colors can be set explicitly.

Underline

The VGA hardware has the ability to enable an underline on any character that has attribute bit 0 set. However, since this is an MDA-compatible feature, [7] the attribute bits not used by the MDA must be set to zero or the underline will not be shown. [6] This means that only bits 3 (intensity) and 7 (blink) can be set concurrently with bit 0 (underline). [8] With the default VGA palette, setting bit 0 to enable underline will also change the text colour to blue. This means text in only two colors can be underlined (5555FF and 0000AA with the default palette).

Despite all this, the underline is not normally visible in color modes, as the location of the underline defaults to a scanline below the character glyph, rendering it invisible. [6] If the underline location is set to a visible scanline (as it is by default when switching to an MDA-compatible monochrome text mode), then the underline will appear.

Fonts

VGA shows us the code page 737 with Greek letters Codepage-737.png
VGA shows us the code page 737 with Greek letters

Screen fonts used in EGA and VGA are monospace raster fonts containing 256 glyphs. All glyphs in a font are the same size, but this size can be changed. Typically, glyphs are 8 dots wide and 8–16 dots high, however the height can be any value up to a maximum of 32. Each row of a glyph is coded in an 8-bit byte, with high bits to the left of the glyph and low bits to the right. Along with several hardware-dependent fonts stored in the adapter's ROM, the text mode offers 8 [6] loadable fonts. Two active font pointers (font A and font B) select two of the available fonts, although they usually point to the same font. When they each point to different fonts, attribute bit 3 (see above) acts as a font selection bit instead of as a foreground color bit. On real VGA hardware, this overrides the bit's use for color selection, but on many clones and emulators, the color selection remains — meaning one font is displayed as normal intensity, and the other as high-intensity. This error can be overcome by changing the palette registers to contain two copies of an 8-color palette. A VGA-capable video card must implement Code page 437 chars in its Video BIOS.[ citation needed ]

There are modes with a character box width of 9 dots (e.g. the default 80×25 mode), however the 9th column is used for spacing between characters, so the content cannot be changed. It is always blank, and drawn with the current background colour. [6] An exception to this is in Line Graphics Enable mode, which causes code points 0xC0 to 0xDF inclusive [6] to have the 8th column repeated as the 9th. These code points cover those box-drawing characters which must extend all the way to the right side of the glyph box. For this reason, placing letter-like characters in code points 0xC0–0xDF should be avoided. The box-drawing characters from 0xB0 to 0xBF are not extended, as they do not point to the right and so do not require extending.

Cursor

Mouse cursor in Impulse Tracker Itmouse.png
Mouse cursor in Impulse Tracker

The shape of the cursor is restricted to a rectangle the full width of the character box, and filled with the foreground color of the character at the cursor's current location. Its height and position may be set to anywhere within a character box;. [9] The EGA and many VGA clones allowed a split-box cursor (appearing as two rectangles, one at the top of the character box and one at the bottom), by setting the end of the cursor before the start, however if this is done on the original VGA, the cursor is completely hidden instead. [9] The VGA standard does not provide a way to alter the blink rate, [9] although common workarounds involve hiding the cursor and using a normal character glyph to provide a so-called software cursor.

A mouse cursor in TUI (when implemented) is not usually the same thing as a hardware cursor, but a moving rectangle with altered background or a special glyph.

Some text-based interfaces, such as that of Impulse Tracker, went to even greater lengths to provide a smoother and more graphic-looking mouse cursor. This was done by constantly re-generating character glyphs in real-time according to the cursor's on-screen position. [10] [11] [12] [13]

Access methods

There are generally two ways to access VGA text-mode for an application: through the Video BIOS interface or by directly accessing video RAM [4] and I/O ports. The latter method is considerably faster, and allows quick reading of the text buffer, for which reason it is preferred for advanced TUI programs.

The VGA text buffer is located at physical memory address 0xB8000. [14] Since this address is usually used by 16-bit x86 processes operating in real-mode, it is also the first half of memory segment 0xB800. The text buffer data can be read and written, and bitwise operations can be applied. A part of text buffer memory above the scope of the current mode is accessible, but is not shown.

The same physical addresses are used in protected mode. Applications may either have this part of memory mapped to their address space or access it via the operating system. When an application (on a modern multitasking OS) does not have control over the console, it accesses a part of system RAM instead of the actual text buffer.

For computers in the 1980s, very fast manipulation of the text buffer, with the hardware generating the individual pixels as fast as they could be displayed, was extremely useful for a fast UI. Even on relatively modern hardware, the overhead of text mode emulation via hardware APA (graphics) modes (in which the program generates individual pixels and stores them into the video buffer) may be noticeable.

Modes and timings

Video signal

From the monitor's side, there is no difference in input signal in a text mode and an All Points Addressable (APA) mode of the same size. A text mode signal may have the same timings as VESA standard modes. The same registers are used on adapter's side to set up these parameters in a text mode as in APA modes. The text mode output signal is essentially the same as in graphic modes, but its source is a text buffer and character generator, not a framebuffer as in APA.

PC common text modes

Depending on the graphics adapter used, a variety of text modes are available on IBM PC compatible computers. They are listed on the table below:

Mode(s)
(decimal)		Mode(s)
(hex)		TypeText res.
(W×H)		Char. sizeGraphics res.Colors /
memory model		Adapters
70007hVGA Text80×259×14720×3502 (mono) /
MTEXT		 MDA, Hercules [15]
60006hVGA G80×258×8640×2002 (mono) /
CGA		Hercules, CGA, PCjr, EGA, MCGA [15] [16]
0, 10000h, 0001hVGA Text [17] 40×258×8320×20016 /
CTEXT		 CGA, EGA [15]
20002hVGA Text80×258×8640×20016 (gray) /
CTEXT		CGA, EGA [15]
2, 30002h, 0003hVGA Text80×259×16720×40016 /
CTEXT		CGA, EGA [15] [18]
160010hVGA G80×258×14640×3504 / PL4, 16 / PL1664k EGA, [15] 256k EGA, VGA
170011hVGA G80×308×16640×4802 (mono) /
PL1		VGA, MCGA, ATI EGA, ATI VIP
23, 880017h, 0058hVGA Text80×438×8640×350, 640×34816 /
CTEXT		NEL Electronics BIOS, EGA [19]
1020066hVESA Text, VGA G, Video7 G80×508×8640×40016 / CTEXT, 256K / LINEAR, 256 / LINEAR8Video7 V-RAM VGA, WD90C, Diamond Speedstar 24X [19]
38, 67, 82, 2640026h, 0043h, 0052h, 0108hVideo7 Text, VGA G80×608×8640×48016 / CTEXT, 256K / LINEARTseng Labs EVA, Tseng ET3000/4000, VEGA VGA, Trident TVGA 8800/8900, Video7 V-RAM VGA, VESA-compatible Super VGA [20] [16] [19] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]
35, 20, 23, 27, 39, 65, 2369, 2650023h, 0014h, 0017h, 001Bh, 0027h, 0041h, 0941h, 0109hVESA Text, VGA G132×258×14, 9×14, 8×16, 8×81056×350, 1188×350, 1056×400, 1056×2002 (mono) / MTEXT, 4 (gray) / TEXT, 16 / CTEXT, 256K / LINEARTseng ET3000, Tseng ET4000, ATI EGA/VGA Wonder, Cirrus CL-GD5420/5422/5426, VESA-compatible Super VGA [20] [16] [19] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
29, 66, 84, 86, 266001Dh, 0042h, 0054h, 0056h, 010AhVESA Text, VGA G132×439×11, 8×9, 9×91188×473, 1056×387, 1188×38716 / CTEXT, 256K / LINEARVESA-compatible Super VGA [ citation needed ]
34, 51, 99, 23700022h, 0033h, 0063h, 0942hVESA Text132×448×8, 9×81056×352, 1188×35216 /
CTEXT		Tseng Labs EVA, ATI EGA Wonder, ATI VIP, Genoa SuperEGA [15] [20] [16] [19] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
81, 97, 105, 2670051h, 0061h, 0069h, 010BhVESA Text132×508×81056×40016 /
CTEXT		MORSE VGA, Cirrus 5320, WD90C, VESA-compatible Super VGA [15] [20] [16] [19] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
33, 82, 30, 2680021h, 0052h, 001Eh, 010ChVESA Text132×608×8, 9×81056×480, 1188×48016 /
CTEXT		Tseng ET4000, MORSE VGA, Realtek RTVGA, VESA-compatible Super VGA [15] [20] [16] [19] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
47002FhVideo7 Text, VGA G [27] 160×508×8, .1280×400, 720×51216 / CTEXT, 256 / LINEAR8Ahead B (Wizard/3270), VEGA VGA, Genoa [15] [20] [16] [19] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
68, 23720044h, 0944hVideo7 Text100×608×8800×48016 /
CTEXT		Video7 V-RAM VGA, VEGA VGA, Tatung VGA [15] [20] [16] [19] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]

VGA and compatible cards support MDA, CGA and EGA modes. All colored modes have the same design of text attributes. MDA modes have some specific features (see above) — a text could be emphasized with bright, underline, reverse and blinking attributes.

The most common text mode used in DOS environments and initial Windows consoles is the default 80 columns by 25 rows, or 80×25, with 16 colors and 8×16 pixels large characters. VGA cards always have a built-in font of this size whereas other sizes may require downloading a differently sized font. [28] This mode was available on practically all IBM and compatible personal computers.

Linux kernel 2.6 and later assumes that modes from 0000h to 00FFh represent standard modes if the VGA BIOS supports those, and that modes from 0100h to 07FFh represent VESA modes if the VESA BIOS supports them. Modes from 0900h to 09FFh are Video7 special modes (usually 0940h=80×43, 0941h=132×25, 0942h=132×44, 0943h=80×60, 0944h=100×60, 0945h=132×28 for the typical Video7 BIOS). [29] Linux 2.x allows to check supported video resolutions by passing the argument "vga=ask". [30]

Later versions of Linux allow to specify the resolution using modes from 1000h to 7FFFh. The code has a "0xHHWW" form where HH is a number of rows and WW is a number of columns. E.g. 0x1950 corresponds to a 80×25 mode, 0x2b84 to 132×43, etc. [29] (Linux 3.x and later allow to set resolution using "video=<conn>:<xres>x<yres>", but solely for video framebuffer drivers. [30] [31] )

Two other VGA text modes, 80×43 and 80×50, exist but are less common. Windows NT 4.0 displayed its system messages during the boot process in 80×50 text mode. [32]

Character sizes and graphical resolutions for the extended VESA-compatible Super VGA text modes are manufacturer-dependent. Some cards, e.g. S3, supported some very large custom text modes, like 132×43 and 132×25. [33] Some graphic adapters of the 2000s were capable of setting up an arbitrarily-sized text mode (in reasonable limits) instead of choosing its parameters from some list.

SVGATextMode

On Linux and DOS systems with so-named SVGA cards, a program called SVGATextMode [34] can be used to set up better looking text modes than EGA and VGA standard ones. This is particularly useful for large (≥ 17") monitors, where the normal 80×25 VGA text mode's 720×400 pixel resolution is far lower than a typical graphics mode would be. SVGATextMode allows setting of the pixel clock and higher refresh rate, larger font size, cursor size, etc., and allows a better use of the potential of a video card and monitor. In non-Windows systems, the use of SVGATextMode (or alternative options such as the Linux framebuffer) to obtain a sharp text is critical for LCD monitors of 1280×1024 (or higher resolution) because none of the standard text mode resolutions fits this matrix size exactly (and there would be upscaling artifacts). SVGATextMode also allows a fine tuning of video signal timings.

Despite the name of this program, only a few of its supported modes conform to SVGA (i.e. VESA) standards.

General restrictions

VGA text mode has some hardware-imposed limitations. Because these are too restrictive for modern (post 2000) applications, the hardware text mode on VGA compatible video adapters only has a limited use.

Parameter Original VGA Modern video adapters Remarks
Character cell
(glyph) width 		8 or 9 dots [6] ≤ 9 dots Not all hardware support glyphs narrower than 8 dots.
Character cell
(glyph) height 		≤ 32 dots
Number of character cells At least
4,000
(reached at 80×50)		≤ 16,384 = 214
(memory addressing limitations)		A modern adapter, if it supports non-standard modes, may produce a reasonably dense text screen even on a large monitor.
Width in character cells
(characters per line) 		At least
80		≤ 256(?)
Height in character cells
(number of lines) 		At least
50
(reached at 80×50)
Code page size
(number of different glyphs displayed simultaneously)		≤ 512 = 29
(if font A ≠ font B)		Even 512 is insufficient for comprehensive Unicode support.
≤ 256 = 28
(if font A = font B)
Number of colors foreground:16*

background:8 or 16**

16 of arbitrarily chosen colors, not fixed.

* 8 colors may be used by font A and other 8 colors by font B; so, if font A ≠ font B (512 characters mode), then the palette should be halved and a text may effectively use only 8 colors.
** Normally, first 8 colors of the same palette. If blink is disabled, then all 16 colors are available for background.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Video Graphics Array</span> Computer display standard and resolution

Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a video display controller and accompanying de facto graphics standard, first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, which became ubiquitous in the IBM PC compatible industry within three years. The term can now refer to the computer display standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector, or the 640 × 480 resolution characteristic of the VGA hardware.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hercules Graphics Card</span> IBM PC graphic adapter and display standard

The Hercules Graphics Card (HGC) is a computer graphics controller formerly made by Hercules Computer Technology, Inc. that combines IBM's text-only MDA display standard with a bitmapped graphics mode, also offering a parallel printer port. This allows the HGC to offer both high-quality text and graphics from a single card.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</span> IBM PC graphic adapter and display standard

The Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) is an IBM PC graphics adapter and de facto computer display standard from 1984 that superseded the CGA standard introduced with the original IBM PC, and was itself superseded by the VGA standard in 1987. In addition to the original EGA card manufactured by IBM, many compatible third-party cards were manufactured, and EGA graphics modes continued to be supported by VGA and later standards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Color Graphics Adapter</span> IBM PC graphic adapter and display standard

The Color Graphics Adapter (CGA), originally also called the Color/Graphics Adapter or IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter, introduced in 1981, was IBM's first color graphics card for the IBM PC and established a de facto computer display standard.

The Multi-Color Graphics Array or MCGA is a video subsystem built into the motherboard of the IBM PS/2 Model 30, introduced on September 2, 1986, and Model 25, introduced later on August 11, 1987; no standalone MCGA cards were ever made.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Text-based user interface</span> Type of interface based on outputting to or controlling a text display

In computing, text-based user interfaces (TUI), is a retronym describing a type of user interface (UI) common as an early form of human–computer interaction, before the advent of bitmapped displays and modern conventional graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Like modern GUIs, they can use the entire screen area and may accept mouse and other inputs. They may also use color and often structure the display using box-drawing characters such as ┌ and ╣. The modern context of use is usually a terminal emulator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM Monochrome Display Adapter</span> IBM PC graphic adapter and display standard

The Monochrome Display Adapter is IBM's standard video display card and computer display standard for the IBM PC introduced in 1981. The MDA does not have any pixel-addressable graphics modes, only a single monochrome text mode which can display 80 columns by 25 lines of high-resolution text characters or symbols useful for drawing forms.

Text mode is a computer display mode in which content is internally represented on a computer screen in terms of characters rather than individual pixels. Typically, the screen consists of a uniform rectangular grid of character cells, each of which contains one of the characters of a character set; at the same time, contrasted to graphics mode or other kinds of computer graphics modes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Code page 437</span> Character set of the original IBM PC

Code page 437 is the character set of the original IBM PC. It is also known as CP437, OEM-US, OEM 437, PC-8, or DOS Latin US. The set includes all printable ASCII characters as well as some accented letters (diacritics), Greek letters, icons, and line-drawing symbols. It is sometimes referred to as the "OEM font" or "high ASCII", or as "extended ASCII".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Professional Graphics Controller</span> Graphics adapter and display standard for early IBM PCs

Professional Graphics Controller is a graphics card manufactured by IBM for PCs. It consists of three interconnected PCBs, and contains its own processor and memory. The PGC was, at the time of its release, the most advanced graphics card for the IBM XT and aimed for tasks such as CAD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Video BIOS</span>

Video BIOS is the BIOS of a graphics card in a computer. It initializes the graphics card at the computer's boot time. It also implements INT 10h interrupt and VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE) for basic text and videomode output before a specific video driver is loaded. In UEFI 2.x systems, the INT 10h and the VBE are replaced by the UEFI GOP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plantronics Colorplus</span> Graphics card for IBM PC computers

The Plantronics Colorplus is a graphics card for IBM PC computers, first sold in 1982. It implements a superset of the then-current CGA standard, using the same monitor standard and providing the same pixel resolutions. It was produced by Frederick Electronics, a subsidiary of Plantronics since 1968, and sold by Plantronics' Enhanced Graphics Products division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Video display controller</span> Type of integrated circuit

A video display controller or VDC is an integrated circuit which is the main component in a video-signal generator, a device responsible for the production of a TV video signal in a computing or game system. Some VDCs also generate an audio signal, but that is not their main function.

In computing, indexed color is a technique to manage digital images' colors in a limited fashion, in order to save computer memory and file storage, while speeding up display refresh and file transfers. It is a form of vector quantization compression.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linux console</span> Console of the Linux kernel

The Linux console is a system console internal to the Linux kernel. A system console is the device which receives all kernel messages and warnings and which allows logins in single user mode. The Linux console provides a way for the kernel and other processes to send text output to the user, and to receive text input from the user. The user typically enters text with a computer keyboard and reads the output text on a computer monitor. The Linux kernel supports virtual consoles – consoles that are logically separate, but which access the same physical keyboard and display. The Linux console are implemented by the VT subsystem of the Linux kernel, and do not rely on any user space software. This is in contrast to a terminal emulator, which is a user space process that emulates a terminal, and is typically used in a graphical display environment.

The ATI Wonder series represents some of the first video card add-on products for IBM Personal Computers and compatibles introduced by ATI Technologies in the mid to late 1980s. These cards were unique at the time as they offered the end user a considerable amount of value by combining support for multiple graphics standards into a single card. The VGA Wonder series added additional value with the inclusion of a bus mouse port, which normally required the installation of a dedicated Microsoft Mouse adapter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tandy Graphics Adapter</span> Computer display standard for the Tandy 1000 series

Tandy Graphics Adapter is a computer display standard for the Tandy 1000 series of IBM PC compatibles, which has compatibility with the video subsystem of the IBM PCjr but became a standard in its own right.

References

  1. ↑ Petzold, Charles (July 1987). "Triple standard: three new video modes from IBM". PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  2. ↑ "Appendix D: Console Frame Buffer Drivers". Oracle. 2010. On x86 platforms, the Solaris kernel terminal emulator module (tem) uses VGA text mode exclusively to interact with the vgatext module. The vgatext module uses industry standard VGA text mode to interact with x86 compatible frame buffer devices.
  3. ↑ J. D. Neal (1997). "Hardware Level VGA and SVGA Video Programming Information Page" . Retrieved 13 April 2020. The corresponding byte in plane 1 is used to specify the attributes of the character possibly including color, font select, blink, underline and reverse.
  4. 1 2 Prosise, Jeff (30 January 1990). "Tutor: modifying character sets". PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 13 April 2020. Unlike IBM's original video adapters, the CGA and the MDA, which store character bitmaps in ROM where they can't be altered, the EGA and the VGA store them in RAM.
  5. ↑ "The Framebuffer Console". kernel.org. If fbcon is detached from the console layer, your boot console driver (which is usually VGA text mode) will take over.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "VGA/SVGA Video Programming-VGA Text Mode Operation". Osdever.net. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  7. ↑ "Monochrome Display Adapter Notes". Seasip.info. 6 November 2005. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  8. ↑ Frank Van Gilluwe (1997). The Undocumented PC: A Programmer's Guide to I/O, Cpus, and Fixed Memory Areas (2nd ed.). US: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 172–174. ISBN   978-0-201-47950-8. "Table 6. Sample cursor shapes, Base video port address, Internal mode bits, Screen attribute bit 7 role, Byte for internal mode register at port 3D8h (CGA), 3B8h (MDA) and virtual (EGA/VGA)"
  9. 1 2 3 "VGA/SVGA Video Programming-Manipulating the Text-mode Cursor". Osdever.net. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  10. ↑ Lim, Jeffrey. Impulse Tracker II User Manual. p. 4. The Tracker runs entirely in text mode with some neat remapping of characters
  11. ↑ Lim, Jeffrey (20 March 2014). "20 Years of Impulse Tracker, Part 2" . Retrieved 14 March 2021. [...]features with some notes:[...] Mouse and character generation functions overall. Text mode let me keep the user interface snappy and memory requirements down, but I bridged the gap with real time character generation beyond what I've seen in other programs.
  12. ↑ Leonard, Andrew (29 April 1999). "Mod love - Salon.com". Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2021. Jeffrey Lim, the author of the popular Impulse Tracker program
  13. ↑ Lim, Jeffrey (2014). "IT_MOUSE.ASM". GitHub. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  14. ↑ Cyrix (16 January 1998). "VGA Function Specification GXm/MXi Processors" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2015.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Roschi, Winn L. (1988). "VGA Compatibles: Gaining on the New Standard". PC Mag. Ziff Davis, Inc.: 177. ISSN   0888-8507.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RBIL 61 (INT 10). Set video mode
  17. ↑ Text
  18. ↑ Frank Van Gilluwe (1994). The Undocumented PC (1st ed.). US: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 319–321. ISBN   0-201-62277-7. "Table 9-2. Video Modes by Adapter Family"
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Columbia University. Values for standard video mode (INT 10)
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ESTGV RBIL
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Seabios. Ralf Brown's interrupt list (RBIL)
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The x86 Interrupt List aka "Ralf Brown's Interrupt List" (RBIL)
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Qemu. Vgabios. vgatables.h (Reference implementation)
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Link to historical Ralph Brown's Interrupt List (RBIL)
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dosbox official technical info (RBIL, INT10)
  26. ↑ Richard F. Ferraro (1994). Programmer's Guide To The EGA, VGA, and Super VGA Cards : including XGA cards (3rd ed.). US: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. p. 1218. ISBN   978-0-201-62490-8. SBN   201-62490-7.
  27. ↑ Graphics or text through graphics
  28. ↑ "OpenBSD Programmer's Manual, vga". 20 March 1999. 16 different colors can be displayed at the same time. Characters are 8×16 pixels large, and a font consists of 256 characters. A built-in font of this size is always present on a VGA card.
  29. 1 2 Official Linux documentation. 1995-1999 Martin Mares. Video Mode Selection Support
  30. 1 2 Paul Gortmaker (1999). The Linux BootPrompt − HowTo, The 'vga=' Argument (PDF). p. 22.
  31. ↑ Linux admin guide: kernel-parameters, The 'video=' Argument. 2017.
  32. ↑ Olga Kokoreva (2001). Windows XP Registry: A Complete Guide to Customizing and Optimizing Windows XP. БХВ-Петербург. ISBN   9781931769013. On obvious difference between Windows 2000/XP and Windows NT 4.0 is the fact that all system messages that appear during the Windows NT 4.0 boot process are displayed in 80×50 text mode, while Windows 2000 and Windows XP display these messages in VGA mode.
  33. ↑ S3 Graphics. "VC963-3D (S3 ViRGE/DX) User Manual". Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. The S3 ViRGE supports 132×43 and 132×25 extended text modes for text applications. This also allows you to emulate terminals requiring 132 columns of text.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ "Project details for SVGATextMode". 19 March 2000. Archived from the original on 3 February 2001. SVGATextMode uses extra features on SVGA cards to enhance Linux textmodes. It allows setting of the pixel clock, H/V timings, font size, cursor size, etc, and lets you use your video card and monitor to their full potential in textmode.


This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.