The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services,and is headquartered in Atlanta,Georgia.
The AIDS epidemic,caused by HIV,found its way to the United States between the 1970s and 1980s,but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los Angeles,New York City,and San Francisco in 1981. Treatment of HIV/AIDS is primarily via the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs,and education programs to help people avoid infection.
Men who have sex with men (MSM) refers to all men who engage in sexual activity with other men,regardless of their sexual orientation or sexual identity. The term was created by epidemiologists in the 1990s,to better study and communicate the spread of sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS between all sexually active males,not strictly those identifying as gay,bisexual,pansexual or various other sexualities,but also for example male prostitutes. The term is often used in medical literature and social research to describe such men as a group. It does not describe any specific kind of sexual activity,and which activities are covered by the term depends on context. An alternative term,males who have sex with males is sometimes considered more accurate in cases where those described may not be legal adults.
AIDS,caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),has become a global health issue,and various ways are being explored in order to combat the spread of the disease. One such way to somewhat limit the spread of AIDS is through education. Societies with significant number of HIV positive individuals and people that have been diagnosed with having cases of AIDS are societies in which education about the disease is limited to almost non-existent and where culture and tradition clash with modern medicine. Thus,education and training are of great importance and a number of organizations have been formed within the past two decades. Organizations vary from being government funded to private and/or are formed by health and social advocates. Organizations provide range of services from support for families and individuals affected by the disease,classes in academic settings ranging from preschools to universities,available resources to updates on the latest advances in medical treatments.
AIDS service organizations are community-based organizations that provide support for people affected by HIV/AIDS. This article focuses on HIV/AIDS service organizations in the United States only. However,it is important to note that similar organizations in other countries,such as Canada,also played significant roles during the HIV/AIDS crisis and share many common experiences and challenges.
HIV/AIDS in China can be traced to an initial outbreak of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) first recognized in 1989 among injecting drug users along China's southern border. Figures from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,World Health Organization,and UNAIDS estimate that there were 1.25 million people living with HIV/AIDS in China at the end of 2018,with 135,000 new infections from 2017. The reported incidence of HIV/AIDS in China is relatively low,but the Chinese government anticipates that the number of individuals infected annually will continue to increase.
The index case or patient zero is the first documented patient in a disease epidemic within a population,or the first documented patient included in an epidemiological study. It can also refer to the first case of a condition or syndrome to be described in the medical literature,whether or not the patient is thought to be the first person affected. An index case can achieve the status of a "classic" case study in the literature,as did Phineas Gage,the first known person to exhibit a definitive personality change as a result of a brain injury.
And the Band Played On is a 1993 American television film docudrama directed by Roger Spottiswoode. The teleplay by Arnold Schulman is based on the best-selling 1987 non-fiction book And the Band Played On:Politics,People,and the AIDS Epidemic by Randy Shilts,and is noteworthy for featuring both a vast historical scope,as well as an exceptionally sprawling cast.
Since HIV/AIDS was first reported in Thailand in 1984,1,115,415 adults had been infected as of 2008,with 585,830 having died since 1984. 532,522 Thais were living with HIV/AIDS in 2008. In 2009 the adult prevalence of HIV was 1.3%. As of 2016,Thailand had the highest prevalence of HIV in Southeast Asia at 1.1 percent,the 40th highest prevalence of 109 nations.
Edward C. (Ted) Green is an American medical anthropologist working in public health and development. He was a senior research scientist at the Harvard School of Public Health and served as senior research scientist at the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies for eight years,the last three years as director of the AIDS Prevention Project. He was later affiliated with the Department of Population and Reproductive Health at Johns Hopkins University (2011–14) and the George Washington University as research professor. He was appointed to serve as a member of the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS (2003–2007),and served on the Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council for the National Institutes of Health (2003–2006). Green serves on the board of AIDS.org and the Bonobo Conservation Initiative. and Medical Care Development.
And the Band Played On:Politics,People,and the AIDS Epidemic is a 1987 book by San Francisco Chronicle journalist Randy Shilts. The book chronicles the discovery and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with a special emphasis on government indifference and political infighting—specifically in the United States—to what was then perceived as a specifically gay disease. Shilts's premise is that AIDS was allowed to happen:while the disease is caused by a biological agent,incompetence and apathy toward those initially affected allowed its spread to become much worse.
Since reports of emergence and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States between the 1970s and 1980s,the HIV/AIDS epidemic has frequently been linked to gay,bisexual,and other men who have sex with men (MSM) by epidemiologists and medical professionals. It was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los Angeles,New York City,and San Francisco in 1981. The first official report on the virus was published by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) on June 5,1981,and detailed the cases of five young gay men who were hospitalized with serious infections. A month later,The New York Times reported that 41 homosexuals had been diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma,and eight had died less than 24 months after the diagnosis was made.
Voluntary Health Services,popularly known as the VHS Hospital,is a multispecialty tertiary care referral hospital in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu,reportedly serving the economically weaker sections of the society. It was founded in 1958 by Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi,an Indian physician,social worker and a winner of Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan awards and is run by a charitable non governmental organization of the same name. The hospital is situated along Rajiv Gandhi Salai at Taramani,in Chennai.
Multiple sex partners (MSP) is the measure and incidence of engaging in sexual activities with two or more people within a specific time period. Sexual activity with MSP can happen simultaneously or serially. MSP includes sexual activity between people of a different gender or the same gender. A person can be said to have multiple sex partners,when the person have sex with more than one person at the same time. Another term,polyamorous,is a behavior and not a measure describing multiple romantically sexually or romantically committed relationships at the same time.
Jeffrey T. Parsons is an American psychologist,researcher,and educator;he was a Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) and was the Director of Hunter College's Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies &Training,which he founded in 1996. Parsons was trained as a developmental psychologist and applied this training to understand health,with a particular emphasis on HIV prevention and treatment. He was known for his research on HIV risk behaviors of gay,bisexual,and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM),HIV-related syndemics,and sexual compulsivity. He resigned his positions at CUNY on July 3,2019,following a year-long university investigation of misconduct allegations against him. In 2023,the U.S. Attorney's Office announced that he was required to pay a $375,000 settlement for engaging in fraud against the federal government for many years.
Social and political activism to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS,as well as to raise funds for effective treatment and care of people with AIDS (PWAs),has taken place in multiple nations across the world since the 1980s. As a disease that began in marginalized populations,efforts to mobilize funding,treatment,and fight discrimination have largely been dependent on the work of grassroots organizers directly confronting public health organizations as well as politicians,drug companies,and other institutions.
Willard Cates Jr. was an American epidemiologist and public health advocate known for his work on HIV/AIDS and women's health. In 1974,he began working at the Epidemic Intelligence Service of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),where he researched the epidemiology of abortion. He served as director of the CDC's Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases from 1982 to 1992. In 1994,he began working at FHI 360,where he became president of the Institute for Family Health in 1998. He was a member of the Institute of Medicine and served as president of both the Society for Epidemiologic Research and the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals.
Native Americans are affected by noncommunicable illnesses related to social changes and contemporary eating habits. Increasing rates of obesity,poor nutrition,sedentary lifestyle,and social isolation affect many Americans. While subject to the same illnesses,Native Americans have higher morbidity and mortality to diabetes and cardiovascular disease as well as certain forms of cancer. Social and historical factors tend to promote unhealthy behaviors including suicide and alcohol dependence. Reduced access to health care in Native American communities means that these diseases as well as infections affect more people for longer periods of time.
Suzanne Maman is a social scientist who is trained in public health and serving as a professor in the Department of Human Behavior at the University of North Carolina (UNC) and an associate dean for global health at the University's Gillings School. Maman also serves as UNC faculty director at the Duke-UNC Rotary Peace Center. Her specific research interests concern HIV/AIDS among women.
Godefridus Johannes Petrus "Frits" van Griensven is a pioneering Dutch scientist in epidemiology,sociology and public health. Most of his work is on addressing the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men and other HIV key populations.
