12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

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12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.svg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(1aR,1bS,4aR,7aS,7bS,8R,9R,9aS)-4a,7b-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-5-oxo-1,1a,1b,4,4a,5,7a,7b,8,9-decahydro-9aH-cyclopropa[3,4]benzo[1,2-e]azulene-9,9a-diyl 9a-acetate 9-tetradecanoate
Other names
TPA, PMA, Phorbol myristate acetate,
Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate.
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.109.485 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C36H56O8/c1-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-29(39)43-32-24(3)35(42)27(30-33(5,6)36(30,32)44-25(4)38)20-26(22-37)21-34(41)28(35)19-23(2)31(34)40/h19-20,24,27-28,30,32,37,41-42H,7-18,21-22H2,1-6H3/t24-,27+,28-,30-,32-,34-,35-,36-/m1/s1 X mark.svgN
    Key: PHEDXBVPIONUQT-RGYGYFBISA-N X mark.svgN
  • InChI=1/C36H56O8/c1-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-29(39)43-32-24(3)35(42)27(30-33(5,6)36(30,32)44-25(4)38)20-26(22-37)21-34(41)28(35)19-23(2)31(34)40/h19-20,24,27-28,30,32,37,41-42H,7-18,21-22H2,1-6H3/t24-,27+,28-,30-,32-,34-,35-,36-/m1/s1
    Key: PHEDXBVPIONUQT-RGYGYFBIBK
  • CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@]2([C@@H](C=C(C[C@]3([C@H]2C=C(C3=O)C)O)CO)[C@H]4[C@@]1(C4(C)C)OC(=O)C)O)C
  • CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@@H]2C(C)[C@]1(O)C4/C=C(/C)C(=O)[C@@]4(O)CC(\CO)=C/[C@H]1[C@H]3[C@]2(OC(C)=O)C3(C)C
Properties
C36H56O8
Molar mass 616.83 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also commonly known as tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a diester of phorbol. It is a potent tumor promoter often employed in biomedical research to activate the signal transduction enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). [1] [2] [3] The effects of TPA on PKC result from its similarity to one of the natural activators of classic PKC isoforms, diacylglycerol. TPA is a small molecule drug.

In ROS biology, superoxide was identified as the major reactive oxygen species induced by TPA/PMA but not by ionomycin in mouse macrophages. [4] Thus, TPA/PMA has been routinely used as an inducer for endogenous superoxide production. [5]

TPA is also being studied as a drug in the treatment of hematologic cancer [ citation needed ]

TPA has a specific use in cancer diagnostics as a B-cell specific mitogen in cytogenetic testing. To view the chromosomes, a cytogenetic test requires dividing cells. TPA is used to stimulate division of B-cells during cytogenetic diagnosis of B-cell cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. [6]

TPA is also commonly used together with ionomycin to stimulate T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production, and is used in protocols for intracellular staining of these cytokines. [7]

TPA induces KSHV reactivation in PEL cell cultures via stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The pathway involves the activation of the early-immediate viral protein RTA that contributes to the activation of the lytic cycle. [8]

TPA was first found in the croton plant, a shrub found in Southeast Asia, exposure to which provokes a poison ivy-like rash.[ citation needed ] It underwent a phase 1 clinical trial. [9]

Related Research Articles

A mitogen-activated protein kinase is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine. MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis.

In cell biology, Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family. PKC enzymes in turn are activated by signals such as increases in the concentration of diacylglycerol (DAG) or calcium ions (Ca2+). Hence PKC enzymes play important roles in several signal transduction cascades.

A mitogen is a small bioactive protein or peptide that induces a cell to begin cell division, or enhances the rate of division (mitosis). Mitogenesis is the induction (triggering) of mitosis, typically via a mitogen. The mechanism of action of a mitogen is that it triggers signal transduction pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), leading to mitosis.

Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase, MAPKKK is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which acts upon MAP kinase kinase. Subsequently, MAP kinase kinase activates MAP kinase. Several types of MAPKKK can exist but are mainly characterized by the MAP kinases they activate. MAPKKKs are stimulated by a large range of stimuli, primarily environmental and intracellular stressors. MAPKKK is responsible for various cell functions such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. The duration and intensity of signals determine which pathway ensues. Additionally, the use of protein scaffolds helps to place the MAPKKK in close proximity with its substrate to allow for a reaction. Lastly, because MAPKKK is involved in a series of several pathways, it has been used as a therapeutic target for cancer, amyloidosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. In humans, there are at least 19 genes which encode MAP kinase kinase kinases:

Phorbol Chemical compound

Phorbol is a natural, plant-derived organic compound. It is a member of the tigliane family of diterpenes. Phorbol was first isolated in 1934 as the hydrolysis product of croton oil, which is derived from the seeds of the purging croton, Croton tiglium. The structure of phorbol was determined in 1967. Various esters of phorbol have important biological properties, the most notable of which is the capacity to act as tumor promoters through activation of protein kinase C. They mimic diacylglycerols, glycerol derivatives in which two hydroxyl groups have reacted with fatty acids to form esters. The most common and potent phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also called phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), which is used as a biomedical research tool in contexts such as models of carcinogenesis.

Phorbol esters

Phorbol esters are a class of chemical compounds found in a variety of plants, particularly in the families Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae. Chemically, they are ester derivatives of the tetracyclic diterpenoid phorbol.

The MAPK/ERK pathway is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy. Persistent activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in muscle satellite cells due to ageing, impairs muscle regeneration.

C1 domain

C1 domain binds an important secondary messenger diacylglycerol (DAG), as well as the analogous phorbol esters. Phorbol esters can directly stimulate protein kinase C, PKC.

AP-1 transcription factor Instance of defined set in Homo sapiens with Reactome ID (R-HSA-6806560)

Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 controls a number of cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The structure of AP-1 is a heterodimer composed of proteins belonging to the c-Fos, c-Jun, ATF and JDP families.

PKC alpha

Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCA gene.

PRKCD Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Protein kinase C delta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCD gene.

PRKCQ

Protein kinase C theta (PKC-θ) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCQ gene. PKC-θ, a member of serine/threonine kinases, is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells with high levels in platelets and T lymphocytes, where plays a role in signal transduction. Different subpopulations of T cells vary in their requirements of PKC-θ, therefore PKC-θ is considered as a potential target for inhibitors in the context of immunotherapy.

GPRC5A

Retinoic acid-induced protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPRC5A gene. This gene and its encoded mRNA was first identified as a phorbol ester-induced gene, and named Phorbol Ester Induced Gen 1 (PEIG1); two years later it was rediscovered as a retinoic acid-inducible gene, and named Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene 1 (RAIG1). Its encoded protein was later named Retinoic acid-induced protein 3.

PRKCI

Protein kinase C iota type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCI gene.

PRKCH

Protein kinase C eta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCH gene.

MAP2K5

Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP2K5 gene.

MAPK6

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK6 gene.

MAPKAPK3

MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPKAPK3 gene.

The S100 calcium-binding protein mS100a7a15 is the murine ortholog of human S100A7 (Psoriasin) and human S100A15 (Koebnerisin). mS100a7a15 is also known as S100a15, mS100a7 and mS100a7a and is encoded by the mS100a7a gene

References

  1. ↑ Castagna (1982). "Direct activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol esters" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry . 257 (13): 7847–7851. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)34459-4 . PMID   7085651.
  2. ↑ Blumberg (1988). "Protein kinase C as the receptor for the phorbol ester tumor promoters: sixth Rhoads memorial award lecture". Cancer Research . 48 (1): 1–8. PMID   3275491.
  3. ↑ Niedel (1983). "Phorbol Diester Receptor Copurifies with Protein Kinase C". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 80 (1): 36–40. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80...36N. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.1.36 . PMC   393304 . PMID   6296873.
  4. ↑ Swindle (2002). "A Comparison of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Rat Peritoneal Macrophages and Mast Cells Using the Highly Sensitive Real-Time Chemiluminescent Probe Pholasin: Inhibition of Antigen-Induced Mast Cell Degranulation by Macrophage-Derived Hydrogen Peroxide" (PDF). The Journal of Immunology . 169 (10): 5866–5873. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5866 . PMID   12421969. S2CID   21433304.
  5. ↑ Huang (2014). "Megakaryocytic Differentiation of K562 Cells Induced by PMA Reduced the Activity of Respiratory Chain Complex IV". PLoS ONE . 9 (5): e96246. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996246H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096246 . PMC   4015910 . PMID   24817082.
  6. ↑ The AGT cytogenetics laboratory manual. 3rd ed. Barch, Margaret J., Knutsen, Turid., Spurbeck, Jack L., eds. 1997. Lippincott-Raven.
  7. ↑ "Flow Cytometry Intracellular Staining Guide". eBioscience, Inc. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
  8. ↑ Cohen, Adina; Brodie, Chaya; Sarid, Ronit (April 2006). "An essential role of ERK signalling in TPA-induced reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus". The Journal of General Virology. 87 (Pt 4): 795–802. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.321.5484 . doi:10.1099/vir.0.81619-0. PMID   16528027.
  9. ↑ Schaar, Dale; Goodell, Lauri; Aisner, Joseph; Cui, Xiao Xing; Han, Zheng Tao; Chang, Richard; Martin, John; Grospe, Stephanie; Dudek, Liesel; Riley, Joan; Manago, Jacqueline; Lin, Yong; Rubin, Eric H.; Conney, Allan; Strair, Roger K. (June 2006). "A phase I clinical trial of 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for patients with relapsed/refractory malignancies". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 57 (6): 789–795. doi:10.1007/s00280-005-0125-1. ISSN   1432-0843. PMID   16231182. S2CID   33377618.
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