2010 Turkish constitutional referendum

Last updated

2010 Turkish constitutional referendum
Flag of Turkey.svg
12 September 2010

Constitutional referendum for 26 articles of the constitution.
Results
Choice
Votes %
Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svgYes21,789,18057.88%
Light brown x.svgNo15,854,11342.12%
Valid votes37,643,29398.11%
Invalid or blank votes725,9611.89%
Total votes38,369,254100.00%
Registered voters/turnout52,051,82873.71%

Turkish constitutional referendum 2010 2.svg
Results by province

A constitutional referendum on a number of changes to the constitution was held in Turkey on 12 September 2010. The results showed the majority supported the constitutional amendments, with 58% in favour and 42% against. [1] [2] The changes were aimed at bringing the constitution into compliance with European Union standards. Supporters of Turkish EU membership hope constitutional reform will facilitate the membership process. [3]

Contents

Background

After the military coup of 12 September 1980, a new constitution was drafted, designed by the military junta that came to power. Thirty years later, a referendum was held regarding a number of amendments to that constitution.

In 2010, the Turkish parliament adopted a series of constitutional amendments. The amendments did not achieve the required two-thirds majority (67%) for immediately implementing the changes. However, a majority of 330 votes (60%) was achieved and sufficient to present the amendments to the electorate in a referendum. A constitutional change, to make it more difficult for the Supreme Court to dissolve parties, failed to pass. [4]

The reform package was accepted by parliament on 7 May, initiating the referendum process. The referendum was expected to be held 60 days after the publication of the package in the Official Gazette , but the Supreme Election Board (YSK) announced that it would be held 120 days later, on 12 September. [4]

Changes by theme

Coup leaders and military personnel

Provisional Article 15 of the Constitution, which provided protection to coup leaders, will be abolished. The amendments will allow the leaders of the 1980 coup to be sent to court. [5] Military officers who commit crimes against the state, such as preparing coup plans, will be tried in civilian courts. [2] Military personnel who are dismissed from the Turkish Armed Forces will have the right to appeal to the judiciary, the right to legal remedies and the right of defense. [2]

Personal information such as names, photographs and ID information will be kept private. This kind of information will be stored only if the individual agrees to it, and individuals believing their personal information is being misused will be able to hold relevant entities accountable. [6]

Economic and social rights

Businesspeople with tax debts will be able to travel abroad. Businesspeople facing an investigation or prosecution are prohibited from traveling abroad under current regulations. In the amendments, businesspeople will be able to travel abroad provided there is no court order restricting their travel. [7]

Right to collective bargaining for government employees. While government employees will be granted the right to collective bargaining, the Public Employees' Arbitration Board consisting of government employee representatives will have the final say. The same right will be granted to the retired. Government employees who believe they have been punished unfairly will be able to go to court. [7]

Restrictions on the right to strike will be removed. Restrictions on politically motivated strikes and lockouts will be removed to advance workers' rights. [8] Labor unions will not be held liable for material damage to a workplace where a strike is being held as a result of deliberately negligent behavior by the workers and by the labor union. [7]

The Economic and Social Council (ESK), which comprises representatives from unions, associations and confederations, will be given constitutional protection. The council will be effective in determining economic policies[ citation needed ] and the government's involvement in council activities will be removed.

Individual freedoms

Problems between the state and citizens will be resolved by way of an ombudsman without having to go to court. If citizens are not satisfied with judicial decisions, they will be able to directly petition the Constitutional Court.

Measures enacted to ensure equal rights for men and women will not be interpreted as contrary to the principle of equality, [9] nor those enacted to protect children, elderly people, disabled people, widows and orphans of martyrs as well as for invalid and veterans. [9] [10]

Since the structure of the Constitutional Court will change, closing down parties will not be as easy as it used to be. Deputies will not be banned from politics if their party is closed down, but will keep their seats for the normal term. [2]

Government workers, who until now could only be a member of one labor union, will now have a choice. [10] Additionally, warnings and reprimands given to government employees will be open to judicial review. Government employees who believe they have been punished unfairly will be able to make claims in court. [7]

Judicial reforms

Parliament will choose some of the members of the Constitutional Court. The number of Constitutional Court members will be expanded. [5] Parliament will appoint three members while the president will appoint 14 members. The Constitutional Court will obtain a more democratic structure, consisting of two parts and functioning as a general assembly.

The Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK) will increase in number from 7 to 22. Members will no longer be elected only by the Supreme Court of Appeals and the Council of State. [5] A total of 11 judges from around 13,000 judges will be appointed to the board to represent judges on the bench.

Dismissed judges will be able to appeal to the judiciary. The HSYK's decisions, like YAŞ decisions, will be open to judicial review. Prosecutors and judges dismissed by the board will be able to challenge dismissal decisions in court.[ citation needed ]

All citizens will be able to file a petition with the Constitutional Court. [10] This is now only possible at the European Court of Human Rights. [7]

Besides the President, the ministers and other senior government officials, the chairman of the parliament and the supreme commander of the Turkish army can now also appear in the Supreme Court (Yüce Divan). [10] [11]

Changes by article

Source: Government of Turkey, Prime Ministry (19 August 2010). "Law No 5982 Amending Certain Provisions of the Constitution" (PDF). Translated by Secretariat General for European Union Affairs. Secretariat General for European Union Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2010.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Voting in parliament

On 30 March 2010, Turkey's ruling party submitted its package of constitutional amendments to the parliament. The changes were passed in parliament in late April and early May 2010 with over 330 votes, [12] below the two-thirds majority of 367 votes needed to pass them directly, [13] but enough to send them to a referendum within sixty days after President Abdullah Gül signs the law. On 13 May 2010, president Gül signed the reform package. [14]

The composition of the parliament (550 seats) during the voting was as follows: AKP: 336, CHP: 97, MHP: 69, BDP: 20, Independent: 12, DSP: 6, DP: 1, TP: 1. The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has 336 seats, but deputy Mehmet Ali Şahin cannot vote as he is the parliament speaker. CHP and BDP decided to boycott the voting. The Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) voted against the articles.

Each article required more than 330 votes in order to pass. The amendment for Article 69, which would have limited the ability of the Supreme Court to dissolve political parties, did not meet this threshold in the second round and was therefore dropped from the package. [15]

The ConstitutionIssue [9] First roundSecond roundResults
MP turnoutYesNoOtherMP turnoutYesNoOther
Article 10Equality before the Law407336701408332751Yes check.svg
Article 20Privacy protection405337680408334722Yes check.svg
Article 23Prohibition to leave the country408337710407335711Yes check.svg
Article 41Family law and children's rights408336693408338691Yes check.svg
Article 51More than 1 union membership405333702409335704Yes check.svg
Article 53Collective bargaining408336702409338710Yes check.svg
Article 54Strike and lockout408335694409337711Yes check.svg
Article 69Political party closure414337725410327767X mark.svg
Article 74Ombudsman406334702409340690Yes check.svg
Article 84Membership in parliament408335703409335731Yes check.svg
Article 94Parliament's presidential board409338701408336702Yes check.svg
Article 125Recourse to judicial review408336702409338692Yes check.svg
Article 128The right to collective bargaining408338700409339700Yes check.svg
Article 129The right to apply to courts408336711408339690Yes check.svg
Article 144Judicial oversight407335711409338701Yes check.svg
Article 145Military Justice407337700410336722Yes check.svg
Article 146Organisation of Constitutional Court407331724410337694Yes check.svg
Article 147Term of office and membership406335701408337710Yes check.svg
Article 148Functions and powers407337691408337701Yes check.svg
Article 149Functioning and trial procedure408338700408336711Yes check.svg
Article 156Military Court of Cassation408338700407336710Yes check.svg
Article 157High Military Administrative Court407335702408337710Yes check.svg
Article 159Organisation of the HSYK409336721409334732Yes check.svg

Annulment of the package

The main opposition party CHP not only argues that the constitutional package includes unconstitutional reforms, but also that it was passed through procedural violations. It wants the Constitutional Court to review the proposal process. The CHP's legal advisers also argued that the changes the package makes to the structures of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK) are in violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers. With this claim, the CHP alleges that the AKP is attempting to change one of Turkey's constitutional articles that cannot be amended. So in addition to a review of the package on procedural grounds, the CHP also demands a review of the content of the package. The CHP also demands a stay of the referendum results, bringing the total of CHP demands to three.

On 7 July 2010, the Turkish Constitutional Court delivered its final verdict on a package of constitutional amendments, which is to be subject to a public referendum on 12 September. The court has ruled in favour of the vast majority of the government's proposed reforms to the constitution. The court did not annul the whole package. Judges annulled certain parts of two articles, but rejected the demands of the Turkish opposition to scrap the whole package on technical grounds. The partially annulled articles pertain to the structure of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK). They were controversial due to the changes envisioned in the member appointment processes.

Both the government and the opposition expressed disappointment with the Court's decision. [16]

Polls

A poll by Sonar Research in August 2010 forecasted 49.1% in favour of the draft and 50.9% opposed. [17]

A poll by KONDA Research in September 2010 forecasted 56.8% in favour of the draft, 25.6% were opposed, while 17.6% were undecided. [18] [19] [20]

Results

Turkish constitutional referendum, 2010
ChoiceVotes %
Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg Yes21,788,27257.88
No15,855,04142.12
Valid votes37,643,31398.11
Invalid or blank votes725,8521.89
Total votes38,369,165100.00
Registered voters/turnout52,051,82873.71

Results by province

ProvinceRegistered votersPeople votedValid votesInvalid votesYesYes (%)NoNo (%)Turnout (%)
Adana 1,386,2901,009,435992,20217,233434,06643.75558,13656.2572.82
Adıyaman 358,247292,354287,4914,863231,22280.4356,26919.5781.61
Afyonkarahisar 483,583421,921411,45210,469270,25865.68141,19434.3287.25
Ağrı 274,121154,668148,6246,044142,31195.756,3134.2556.42
Aksaray 245,874194,680190,6004,080146,10276.6544,49823.3579.18
Amasya 233,005205,982202,1593,823118,63758.6883,52241.3288.4
Ankara 3,341,6332,669,0762,632,72036,3561,423,47454.071,209,24645.9379.87
Antalya 1,354,7871,046,9051,027,27819,627444,56443.28582,71456.7277.27
Ardahan 69,50853,63551,8351,80028,51055.0023,32545.0077.16
Artvin 122,50396,83894,7072,13147,16449.8047,54350.2079.05
Aydın 719,726598,062585,48512,577209,82035.84375,66564.1683.1
Balıkesir 859,259735,639722,08613,553348,41848.25373,66851.7585.61
Bartın 140,105121,146116,8914,25564,71355.3652,17844.6486.47
Batman 260,951105,98799,5006,48794,21894.695,2825.3140.62
Bayburt 48,97341,43240,77765534,68785.076,09014.9384.6
Bilecik 141,196124,512121,7622,75060,25649.4961,50650.5188.18
Bingöl 154,117118,652115,6513,001110,16795.265,4844.7476.99
Bitlis 174,195121,962116,5435,419108,47193.078,0726.9370.01
Bolu 198,972172,551169,0773,474110,64465.4458,43334.5686.72
Burdur 184,987165,187160,7114,47684,51152.5976,20047.4189.3
Bursa 1,843,8201,517,9021,490,23927,663839,89256.36650,34743.6482.32
Çanakkale 360,770314,284308,7235,561123,80040.10184,92359.9087.11
Çankırı 130,511109,633107,5272,10682,27276.5125,25523.4984.0
Çorum 384,676338,874333,2375,637226,05167.83107,18632.1788.09
Denizli 665,282575,622562,97812,644260,64346.30302,33553.7086.52
Diyarbakır 851,241296,245278,87117,374261,91693.9216,9556.0834.8
Düzce 237,477201,385197,8173,568143,44372.5154,37427.4984.8
Edirne 296,576254,358249,7444,61466,23326.52183,51173.4885.76
Elazığ 374,530302,605296,6635,942242,61181.7854,05218.2280.8
Erzincan 143,843123,158121,6431,51577,88064.0243,76335.9885.62
Erzurum 474,085379,988373,0266,962324,01186.8649,01513.1480.15
Eskişehir 570,044472,251463,9578,294213,33145.98250,62654.0282.84
Gaziantep 984,683716,358701,11215,246489,70669.85211,40630.1572.75
Giresun 306,396244,438240,1534,285152,47963.4987,67436.5179.78
Gümüşhane 88,53667,59666,3961,20052,11078.4814,28621.5276.35
Hakkâri 128,57211,63410,5121,1229,91094.276025.739.05
Hatay 922,012767,414756,76310,651362,01147.84394,75252.1683.23
Iğdır 105,34953,82251,9411,88128,02353.9523,91846.0551.09
Isparta 298,726251,725245,6646,061141,22657.49104,43842.5184.27
Istanbul 9,206,1246,743,6726,641,160102,5123,643,66654.862,997,49445.1473.25
İzmir 2,870,8882,283,9282,246,59337,335815,94336.321,430,65063.6879.55
Kahramanmaraş 653,042547,100539,2197,881428,10379.39111,11620.6183.78
Karabük 163,081136,555133,0243,53184,82163.7648,20336.2483.73
Karaman 158,392136,818133,4823,33688,01965.9445,46334.0686.38
Kars 183,800125,998122,4903,50880,24365.5142,24734.4968.55
Kastamonu 269,272228,815223,0445,771140,00662.7783,03837.2384.98
Kayseri 812,554692,502680,98411,518498,81273.25182,17226.7585.23
Kilis 75,64963,24361,9361,30741,41166.8620,52533.1483.6
Kırıkkale 195,333159,578156,8272,751108,58669.2448,24130.7681.7
Kırklareli 251,751220,111216,7973,31455,54225.62161,25574.3887.43
Kırşehir 156,339125,002122,5272,47571,25858.1651,26941.8479.96
Kocaeli 1,071,556864,871848,32316,548516,53360.89331,79039.1180.71
Konya 1,327,5341,117,1861,096,92220,264857,16778.14239,75521.8684.15
Kütahya 418,071372,393364,1788,215272,21774.7591,96125.2589.07
Malatya 497,796413,038408,4254,613307,13375.20101,29224.8082.97
Manisa 960,069829,573810,91718,656402,62649.65408,29150.3586.41
Mardin 385,674165,856157,6648,192147,34493.4510,3206.5543.0
Mersin 1,123,115818,141804,39713,744299,00437.17505,39362.8372.85
Muğla 593,187492,611483,3639,248149,76330.98333,60069.0283.04
Muş 208,405112,730107,8064,92499,40392.218,4037.7954.09
Nevşehir 196,436167,489164,4043,085111,04967.5553,35532.4585.26
Niğde 219,841180,549176,3104,239107,47460.9668,83639.0482.13
Ordu 508,677400,122391,4228,700248,55763.50142,86536.5078.66
Osmaniye 308,075255,251250,4804,771133,82753.43116,65346.5782.85
Rize 229,426180,309177,3692,940134,96176.0942,40823.9178.59
Sakarya 612,621505,267496,1279,140333,87167.30162,25632.7082.48
Samsun 874,952722,865709,95912,906476,77467.16233,18532.8482.62
Şanlıurfa 827,755566,395556,4349,961523,88294.1532,5525.8568.43
Siirt 150,64576,64872,3424,30668,84595.173,4974.8350.88
Sinop 149,452124,319121,2133,10673,26260.4447,95139.5683.18
Şırnak 197,04644,32637,7496,57733,62689.084,12310.9222.5
Sivas 429,921355,596350,5045,092268,47276.6082,03223.4082.71
Tekirdağ 567,415465,412458,1247,288158,82534.67299,29965.3382.02
Tokat 423,544359,680353,7085,972228,44264.58125,26635.4284.92
Trabzon 543,650428,766421,1317,635288,91168.60132,22031.4078.87
Tunceli 56,40937,91837,2606587,07218.9830,18881.0267.22
Uşak 245,586216,999211,6205,379105,35549.78106,26550.2288.36
Van 530,745231,449220,74810,701208,50194.4512,2475.5543.61
Yalova 148,306115,990113,8852,10558,30451.2055,58148.8078.21
Yozgat 319,155257,444253,6753,769196,15377.3257,52222.6880.66
Zonguldak 455,043380,435369,51710,918184,93150.05184,58649.9583.6
Customs2,556,335196,299194,7371,562119,81761.5374,92038.477.68
Turkey52,051,82838,369,16537,643,313725,85221,788,27257.8815,855,04142.1273.71
Source: Government of Turkey, Supreme Election Board (YSK) (12 September 2010). "Official Results – 12 September 2010 Constitutional Referendum". Yüksek Seçim Kurulu. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2010.

Voting irregularities

Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, the leader of the opposition represented by the Republican People's Party (CHP), could not vote because of a mix-up over where he should cast his ballot. "It was my responsibility to check the register of electors, but I could not do it due to my intense referendum campaign," he said. [21] [22]

Reactions

Domestic

International

The result of the referendum was welcomed by a number of international observers.

Aftermath

The Human Rights Association launched a petition to try Kenan Evren over his role in the 1980 coup, as Evren defended the coup, saying military intervention was needed to bring an end to years of violence between leftist and rightist factions.

Hüseyin Çelik, the deputy chairman of the AKP, said the party's agenda would now be to work on a new constitution after the 2011 elections. [37]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Turkey</span> Political system of Turkey

The politics of Turkey take place in the framework of a constitutional republic and presidential system, with various levels and branches of power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">President of Turkey</span> Head of state and head of government of Turkey

The president of Turkey, officially the president of the Republic of Türkiye, is the head of state and head of government of Turkey. The president directs the executive branch of the national government and is the commander-in-chief of the Turkish military. The president also heads the National Security Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</span> Conservative political party in Turkey

The Justice and Development Party, abbreviated officially as AK Party in English, is a political party in Turkey self-describing as conservative-democratic. It has been the ruling party of Turkey since 2002. Third-party sources often refer to the party as national conservative, social conservative, right-wing populist and as espousing neo-Ottomanism. The party is generally regarded as being right-wing on the political spectrum, although some sources have described it as far-right since 2011. It is one of the two major parties of contemporary Turkey along with the Republican People's Party (CHP).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Welfare Party</span> Islamist political party in Turkey

The Welfare Party was an Islamist political party in Turkey. It was founded by Ali Türkmen, Ahmet Tekdal, and Necmettin Erbakan in Ankara in 1983 as heir to two earlier parties, National Order Party (MNP) and National Salvation Party (MSP), which were banned from politics. The RP participated in mayoral elections at that time and won in three cities Konya, Şanlıurfa, and Van. Their vote percentage was approximately 5%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey</span> Period in the Republic of Turkey in which multiple parties are allowed (1945–present)

The multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey started in 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2007 Turkish presidential election</span> Turkish presidential election

The 2007 Turkish presidential election refers to two attempts to elect the country's 11th president, to succeed Ahmet Necdet Sezer. The most likely candidate for president was Abdullah Gül. Turkey's presidential office is regarded as the guardian of the country's secular system; the fact that Gül's wife wears the Islamic headscarf, as well as his own history in political Islam, turned the elections into a political crisis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2007 Turkish constitutional referendum</span>

A constitutional referendum on electoral reform was held in Turkey on 21 October 2007. After the aborted attempt to elect the next president in May 2007, the government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan introduced substantial electoral reforms in parliament which were then passed with the votes of Erdoğan's Justice and Development Party and the opposition Motherland Party.

Democratic initiative process is the name of the process in which the government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan launched a project aiming to improve standards of democracy, freedoms and respect for human rights in Turkey. The project is called the Unity and Fraternity Project. Interior Minister Beşir Atalay stated the primary goals of the initiative as improving the democratic standards and to end terrorism in Turkey. "We will issue circulars in the short term, pass laws in the medium term, and make constitutional amendments in the long term and take required steps," Prime Minister Erdoğan said.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</span> Turkish economist, politician (born 1948)

Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu is a Turkish politician and former leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP). He was Leader of the Main Opposition in Turkey between 2010 and 2023. He served as a member of parliament for Istanbul's second electoral district from 2002 to 2015, and as an MP for İzmir's second electoral district from 2015 to 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Turkish general election</span>

General elections were held in Turkey on 12 June 2011 to elect the 550 members of Grand National Assembly. In accordance to the result of the constitutional referendum held in 2007, the elections were held four years after the previous elections in 2007 instead of five.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Turkish presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Turkey on 10 August 2014 in order to elect the 12th President. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was elected outright with an absolute majority of the vote in the first round, making a scheduled run-off for 24 August unnecessary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">June 2015 Turkish general election</span>

General elections were held in Turkey on 7 June 2015 to elect 550 members to the Grand National Assembly. This was the 24th general election in the history of the Turkish Republic, electing the country's 25th Parliament. The result was the first hung parliament since the 1999 general elections. Unsuccessful attempts to form a coalition government resulted in a snap general election being called for November 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Turkish local elections</span> Municipal elections in Turkey

Local elections were held in Turkey on 30 March 2014, with some repeated on 1 June 2014. Metropolitan and district mayors as well as their municipal council members in cities, and muhtars and "elderly councils" in rural areas were elected. In light of the controversy around the elections, it was viewed as a referendum on the government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. About 50 million people were eligible to vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2003 Siirt Province by-election</span> By-election in the Province of Siirt held in 2003

The 2003 by-election in the Province of Siirt was held on 9 March 2003 in order to elect three Members of Parliament from the eastern Turkish province of Siirt to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The by-election was held four months after the 2002 general election in November, which the Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey declared null and void in Siirt due to voting irregularities in the district of Pervari. The council decided on 2 December 2002 that the complaints by the local electoral authorities had influenced on the election result, thus calling a by-election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">November 2015 Turkish general election</span>

General elections were held in Turkey on 1 November 2015 to elect 550 members to the Grand National Assembly. They were the 25th general elections in the History of the Republic of Turkey and elected the country's 26th Parliament. The election resulted in the Justice and Development Party (AKP) regaining a parliamentary majority following a 'shock' victory, having lost it five months earlier in the June 2015 general elections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 Turkish constitutional referendum</span>

A constitutional referendum was held in Turkey on 16 April 2017 on whether to approve 18 proposed amendments to the Turkish constitution that were brought forward by the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). As a result of its approval, the office of Prime Minister was abolished and the existing parliamentary system of government was replaced with an executive presidency and a presidential system. The number of seats in Parliament was raised from 550 to 600, while, among a series of other proposals, the president was given more control over appointments to the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK). The referendum was held under a state of emergency that was declared following the failed military coup attempt in July 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Turkish presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Turkey on 24 June 2018 as part of the 2018 general election, alongside parliamentary elections on the same day. They were the first presidential elections held after constitutional amendments were approved in a 2017 referendum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Turkish parliamentary election</span>


Parliamentary elections were held in Turkey on 24 June 2018 as part of general elections, with presidential elections taking place on the same day. Originally scheduled for 27 October 2019, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called snap elections on 18 April after months of speculation. With the passage of a series of constitutional amendments in the 2017 referendum, the number of MPs will be increased from the previous 550 to 600. These representatives will be elected by the constituents of the 87 electoral districts of Turkey by party-list proportional representation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Premiership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</span> Turkey primership administration from 2003 to 2014

The premiership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan began on March 14, 2003, when the first Cabinet headed by Erdoğan was sworn in by the Turkish Parliament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2023 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan presidential campaign</span> Presidential campaign

Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan began his candidate for the Presidential elections 2023 in April 2022. Erdoğan was the candidate of the People's Alliance consisting of the Justice and Development Party and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Erdogan and his rival Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu both failed to secure a majority in the first round on 14 May and the election went to a run-off for the first time in Turkish history. On 28 May Erdogan won the election securing 52.18 percent of the vote and claimed victory after 99.4% of the votes were counted in the second round as the Supreme Election Council declared Erdoğan as mathematically elected.

References

  1. Government of Turkey, Supreme Election Board (YSK) (12 September 2010). "Official Results – 12 September 2010 Constitutional Referendum" (PDF) (in Turkish).
  2. 1 2 3 4 Turkey backs constitutional changes BBC News. 12 September 2010. Retrieved on 12 September 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 Head, Jonathan (13 September 2010). "International backing given to Turkish reform vote". Istanbul: British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  4. 1 2 Schedule of referendum to be set after Constitutional amendment published in Official Gazette. The Free Library. 12 May 2010. Retrieved on 12 September 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 "Can Erdogan pull it off?". The Economist . 9 September 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.(subscription required)
  6. Turkey’s constitutional groundshift EuroNews. 9 September 2010. Retrieved on 12 September 2010.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "What will the Sept. 12 referendum bring?". Today's Zaman. 8 August 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  8. "What will the constitutional changes mean for Turkey?". Hurriyet . 12 September 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 Government of Turkey, Prime Ministry (19 August 2010). "Law No 5982 Amending Certain Provisions of the Constitution" (PDF). Translated by Secretariat General for European Union Affairs. Secretariat General for European Union Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2010.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Factbox: Turkey's constitutional amendments". Reuters . 12 September 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  11. Sağam, Fazıl (1 September 2010). "Orhan Pamuk ve Referandum". Hakimiyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  12. Turkish constitutional reform package goes to final round, Hürriyet Daily News. 29 April 2010.
  13. Pro-democracy NGO calls reform package a major step for democracy Archived 27 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine , Today's Zaman. 25 March 2010.
  14. Opposition vows to challenge reforms after Turkish president signs package, Hürriyet Daily News. 12 May 2010.
  15. Kiliç, Ali Aslan (4 May 2010). "Political party closure article dropped from package". Today's Zaman. Ankara: Feza Gazetecilik. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  16. Turkey's Constitutional Court does not block referendum, SETimes. 7 August 2010
  17. Turks May Vote `No' in Referendum on Constitution Next Month, Poll Says, Bloomberg. 11 August 2010
  18. Poll shows most Turks back reforms, Al Jazeera. 11 September 2010.
  19. Financial Times Retrieved on 12 September 2010.
  20. Poll shows majority back Turk reforms on eve of vote [ permanent dead link ] National Post. Retrieved on 12 September 2010.
  21. "CHP leader apologizes for not voting in Turkish charter poll". Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  22. "Turkey's opposition leader breaks his silence on referendum results". WorldBulletin.net. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  23. "İlk açıklama Bahçeli'den geldi" (in Turkish). mynet.com. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  24. 1 2 "Turkish Voters Say "Yes" to Amendments; US, EU Welcome". Al-ManarTV. Retrieved 19 September 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  25. 1 2 "Western powers back Turkish referendum results". Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  26. "EU dampens hopes of accession before Turkey referendum" (in German). AFP. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  27. "Droutsas welcomes the 'yes' at the Turkish referendum" (in Greek). Naftemporiki. 14 September 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  28. "Berlusconi chiama Erdogan: Brillante successo referendum" (in Italian). Virgilio. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  29. "Prime Minister Thaci talks with his Turkish counterpart" (in Albanian). Kosova Press. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  30. "Hariri congratulates Erdogan on referendum results". NowLebanon.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  31. "Berri congratulates Erdogan on referendum results". NowLebanon.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  32. "PM telephones Turkish counterpart; felicitates on referendum victory". Associated Press of Pakistan. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  33. "Asian, Balkans, Mideast leaders hail Turkish referendum results". Worldbulletin. 14 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  34. "Moratinos believes that the referendum demonstrates Turkey's European vocation" (in Spanish). EuropaPress. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  35. "World leaders congratulate Turkish PM for referendum result". Worldbulletin. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  36. "Turkey faces long road to EU membership". National Post. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  37. "Call to try Turkish coup leaders". AlJazeera. Retrieved 19 September 2010.