Acacia maidenii

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Acacia maidenii
Acacia maidenii.jpg
Acacia maidenii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Acacia
Species:
A. maidenii
Binomial name
Acacia maidenii
Acacia-maidenii-range-map.png
Native range of Acacia maidenii
Synonyms

Racosperma maidenii (F.Muell.) Pedley [2]

Acacia maidenii, also known as Maiden's wattle, is a tree native to Australia (New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria). It has been introduced into India, (Tamil Nadu) and Argentina, and it grows on plantations in South Africa. [2]

Contents

Description and habitat

It prefers full sun to partial shade and it is often found on the edge of the rainforest. [3] It grows up to 20 m height in an erect or spreading habit. [4] The phyllodes are dark green, alternate along the stem and reach 20 cm in length and 1 to 3 cm in width. [5] It is very fast growing, reaching 1.5 m tall in as little as five months. [6] Its flowers have pale yellow spikes up to 6 cm long [5] that often occur in clusters of two to three. [7] The fruit is hairy, about 15 cm long and narrow, [7] often becoming coiled. [3]

In the Australian state of Victoria it is listed as being an endangered species, [8] however it is a common species through much of the rest of its range. [4] The tree has a lifespan of more than 30 years. [9] It grows approximately 1 m per year. [10] It is frost tolerant down to −7 °C (19 °F), [11] but it is not drought tolerant, so irrigation may be necessary in some growing areas. [6] In its natural range, it tends to grow in places with an average maximum temperature of about 25 °C, but it also exists in a range of 22–32 °C avg. max. temp. [12] It tends to grow primarily in areas near the coast averaging 1200–1600 mm/year of rainfall, but overall it is found to some extent in an areas ranging 600–2000 mm/year of rainfall. [12]

Uses

It makes an attractive ornamental tree along streets and in parks. [10] It is very good for reforestation in suitable areas. The exudates from the trunk (like gum or pitch) have been used in the past for food by indigenous Australians. [13]

Phytochemicals

Fitzgerald and Siournis reported in the Australian Journal of Chemistry (1965, volume 18, pp. 433–4) that a sample of the bark contained 0.36% of the hallucinogen dimethyltryptamine as well as 0.24% of N-methyltryptamine. Underground chemists in the early 90s found 0.6% dimethyltryptamine in the plant. [14] It has been experimentally consumed orally in conjunction with mono amine oxidase inhibitors to produce an 'ayahuasca' analogue (variation on the South American Ayahuasca). [15]

Teracacidin, a flavan-3,4-diol, can be isolated from A. maidenii heartwood. [16]

Cultivation

USDA Zone 9 is recommended. [7] Acacia maidenii does well in all types of soil, except those that are waterlogged for lengthy periods of time. [10] The tree's seeds number about 65 seeds/g. [7] Acacia maidenii can be propagated from seed, but, in order to increase the germination rate, the seed should be treated first. It can be soaked in hot water or the seed can be nicked or otherwise mechanically scarified, so that water will penetrate the seed's hard coating and induce germination.

Germination is highest at temperatures between 21 and 27 °C. [17]

Related Research Articles

<i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i> Species of plant

Mimosa tenuiflora, syn. Mimosa hostilis, also known as jurema preta, calumbi (Brazil), tepezcohuite (México), carbonal, cabrera, jurema, black jurema, and binho de jurema, is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil and found as far north as southern Mexico, and the following countries: El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela. It is most often found in lower altitudes, but it can be found as high as 1,000 m (3,300 ft).

<i>Acacia cultriformis</i> Species of legume

Acacia cultriformis, known as the knife-leaf wattle, dogtooth wattle, half-moon wattle or golden-glow wattle, is a perennial tree or shrub of the genus Acacia native to Australia. It is widely cultivated, and has been found to have naturalised in Asia, Africa, North America, New Zealand and South America. A. cultriformis grows to a height of about 4 m (13 ft) and has triangle-shaped phyllodes. The yellow flowers appear from August to November in its natural range. Its attractive foliage and bright flowers make it a popular garden plant.

<i>Acacia phlebophylla</i> Species of legume

Acacia phlebophylla, a type of acacia also known by the names Buffalo sallow wattle and Mount Buffalo wattle, is a straggling shrub to small, twisted tree reaching up to 5 m in height. It is a close relative of Acacia alpina. It has large, elliptic, flat, commonly asymmetrical phyllodes 4–14 cm long, 1.5–6 cm wide, with coarse veins, a leathery feel, prominent nerves and reticulated veins. Deep yellow rod-like flowers appear in spring, widely scattered on spikes 4–7 cm long, followed by 7–10 cm long legumes in November–March, narrow, straight or slightly curved, releasing 5–10 elliptical seeds, 5–7.5 mm long. Solitary or twinned spikes, to 6 cm long. Only known from the high altitude granite slopes of Mount Buffalo National Park, Victoria, Australia, where it occurs above 350 meters in woodlands and heathlands often amongst granite boulders.

<i>Acacia melanoxylon</i> Species of legume

Acacia melanoxylon, commonly known as the Australian blackwood, is an Acacia species native in South eastern Australia. The species is also known as blackwood, hickory, mudgerabah, Tasmanian blackwood, or blackwood acacia. The tree belongs to the Plurinerves section of Acacia and is one of the most wide-ranging tree species in eastern Australia and is quite variable mostly in the size and shape of the phyllodes.

<i>Acacia mearnsii</i> Species of flowering plant

Acacia mearnsii, commonly known as black wattle, late black wattle or green wattle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is usually an erect tree with smooth bark, bipinnate leaves and spherical heads of fragrant pale yellow or cream-coloured flowers followed by black to reddish brown pods. In some other parts of the world, it is regarded as an invasive species.

Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil is a mimosa-like timber tree native to Caatinga and Cerrado vegetation in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru. It has also been introduced to Mauritius. It grows up to 25 m (82 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of 60–90 cm (24–35 in). The tree's mimosa-like leaves range in length from about 7–20 cm (2.8–7.9 in). The flowers are cream-colored and arrive in the spring. The seed pods are fairly straight and contain about 8 to 15 seeds each. The seeds are flat, average each about 1.5 cm (0.59 in) in diameter and have an average mass of about 0.125 g (0.0044 oz) each. The tree's wood has a density of about 840 kg/m3 (1,420 lb/cu yd).

<i>Acacia salicina</i> Species of plant

Acacia salicina is a thornless species of Acacia tree native to Australia.

<i>Acacia colei</i> Species of legume

Acacia colei is a perennial bush or tree native to northern Australia and southern Asia. A common name for it is Cole's wattle. Acacia colei blooms from May through September and the flowers are bright yellow.

<i>Acacia confusa</i> Species of plant

Acacia confusa is a perennial tree native to South-East Asia. Some common names for it are acacia petit feuille, Ayangile, small Philippine acacia, Formosa acacia, Philippine Wattle, and Formosan koa. It grows to a height of 15 m. The tree has become very common in many tropical Pacific areas, including Hawaii, where the species is considered invasive.

<i>Acacia decurrens</i> Species of legume

Acacia decurrens, commonly known as black wattle or early green wattle, is a perennial tree or shrub native to eastern New South Wales, including Sydney, the Greater Blue Mountains Area, the Hunter Region, and south west to the Australian Capital Territory. It grows to a height of 2–15 m (7–50 ft) and it flowers from July to September.

<i>Acacia falcata</i> Species of legume

Acacia falcata, commonly known as sickle wattle and by other vernacular names including sally, is a perennial shrub or tree native to eastern Australia, which reaches five metres in height and has cream flowers in early winter. It gets its common and scientific name for its sickle-shaped leaves. Hardy and adaptable to cultivation, it is used in regeneration of bushland.

<i>Acacia floribunda</i> Species of legume

Acacia floribunda is a perennial evergreen shrub or tree. It is a species of wattle native to New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, but is cultivated extensively, and has naturalised in South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia, and also in Indonesia, Mauritius and northern New Zealand. Common names for it include gossamer wattle, weeping acacia and white sallow wattle. It grows up to 6m in height, but there is a commercial form available which only grows to about 1m tall. Its cream-colored flowers occur in the early Spring.

<i>Acacia longifolia</i> Species of plant

Acacia longifolia is a species of Acacia native to southeastern Australia, from the extreme southeast of Queensland, eastern New South Wales, eastern and southern Victoria, and southeastern South Australia. Common names for it include long-leaved wattle, acacia trinervis, aroma doble, golden wattle, coast wattle, sallow wattle and Sydney golden wattle. It is not listed as being a threatened species, and is considered invasive in Portugal, New Zealand and South Africa. In the southern region of Western Australia, it has become naturalised and has been classed as a weed by out-competing indigenous species. It is a tree that grows very quickly reaching 7–10 m in five to six years.

<i>Acacia obtusifolia</i> Species of legume

Acacia obtusifolia, commonly known as stiff-leaf wattle or blunt-leaf wattle, is a perennial tree in subfamily Mimosoideae of family Fabaceae.

<i>Acacia mangium</i> Species of legume

Acacia mangium is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to northeastern Queensland in Australia, the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, Papua, and the eastern Maluku Islands. Common names include black wattle, hickory wattle, mangium, and forest mangrove. Its uses include environmental management and wood.

<i>Acacia stenophylla</i> Species of tree

Acacia stenophylla is a species of Acacia commonly referred to as the shoestring acacia. It is an evergreen tree in the family Fabaceae native to Australia. It is not considered rare or endangered.

<i>Acacia elata</i> Species of legume

Acacia elata the cedar wattle or mountain cedar wattle is a tree found in eastern Australia.

<i>Acacia verticillata</i> Species of legume

Acacia verticillata is a perennial shrub to small tree native to south eastern Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leucoanthocyanidin</span> Chemical compound

Leucoanthocyanidin (flavan-3,4-diols) are colorless chemical compounds related to anthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Leucoanthocyanins can be found in Anadenanthera peregrina and in several species of Nepenthes including N. burbidgeae, N. muluensis, N. rajah, N. tentaculata, and N. × alisaputrana.

References

  1. "Acacia maidenii". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  2. 1 2 "Acacia maidenii – ILDIS LegumeWeb". www.ildis.org. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  3. 1 2 "Action Statement No. 36 – Maiden's Wattle". www.tacethno.com. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  4. 1 2 "PlantNET - FloraOnline".
  5. 1 2 "Master List". Archived from the original on July 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  6. 1 2 "Acacia Maidenii". 209.85.171.104. Retrieved 2008-05-04.[ permanent dead link ]
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Acacia maidenii from B & T World Seeds". www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  8. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement State of Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment, 2003
  9. "Lycaeum". Archived from the original on 2007-05-27. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
  10. 1 2 3 "Acacia maidenii". www.metrotrees.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  11. "Australian National Botanic Gardens – Growing Acacia". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  12. 1 2 "Australia's Virtual Herbarium Map Interface". www.rbg.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on August 18, 2004. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  13. "Indigenous (Post Contact)". www.mountainstomangroves.org. Archived from the original on 2008-07-22. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  14. Shulgin & Shulgin, TIHKAL: The Continuation (1997) Transform Press ISBN 0-9630096-9-9
  15. Ott, J., Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangæan Entheogens (1994) publ. Natural Products Company
  16. Flavan derivatives. XIX. Teracacidin and isoteracacidin from Acacia obtusifolia and Acacia maidenii heartwoods; Phenolic hydroxylation patterns of heartwood flavonoids characteristic of sections and subsections of the genus Acacia. JW Clark-Lewis and I Dainis, Australian Journal of Chemistry, 20(10), pp. 2191–2198, doi : 10.1071/CH9672191
  17. "Acacia maidenii in Profile". www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com. Retrieved 2008-05-06.