American Platinum Eagle

Last updated
Platinum Eagle
United States
Value10–100 U.S. dollars (face value); see denominations
EdgeReeded
Composition99.95% Pt
Years of minting1997–2008, 2014, 2016–present (bullion)
1997–present (proof)
2006–2008 (uncirculated)
Obverse
Platinum Obverse.png
Bullion (1997–present), Proof (1997–2017)
Design"Liberty Looking to the Future" [1]
Designer John Mercanti
Design date1997
Reverse
American Platinum Eagle 2007 Rev.jpg
Bullion (1997–present), Proof (2017)
Design"Soaring Eagle over America"
Designer Thomas D. Rogers
Design date1997
Proof (2018–present)
DesignFlying eagle with olive branch
DesignerPatricia Lucas-Morris [2]
Design date2018

The American Platinum Eagle is the official platinum bullion coin of the United States. In 1995, Director of the United States Mint Philip N. Diehl, American Numismatic Association President David L. Ganz, and Platinum Guild International Executive Director Jacques Luben began the legislative process of creating the Platinum Eagle. After over two years of work, the 99.95% fine platinum coins were released by the United States Mint in 1⁄10, 1⁄4, 1⁄2 and 1 troy oz denominations. In late 2008, the fractional denominations were discontinued, leaving only the one ounce denomination. [3] The Platinum Eagle is authorized by the United States Congress, [4] and is backed by the United States Mint for weight, content, and purity.

Contents

Proof versions of the coins are intended for coin collectors and sold directly to the public whereas the bullion versions are sold only to the Mint's authorized buyers. [5] The proof American Platinum Eagles are unique in the fact that they are the only U.S. bullion coins that have a yearly alternating design. Bullion versions are minted with the same design every year. While minted, the uncirculated Platinum Eagles matched the proof designs and were struck on burnished coin blanks with a "W" mint mark signifying West Point, further distinguishing them from the bullion versions. [6]

Denominations

A 1/10 troy oz. bullion strike bears the .9995 PLATINUM 1/10 OZ. inscription. 1998 Tenth Ounce American Platinum Eagle.jpg
A 1⁄10 troy oz. bullion strike bears the .9995 PLATINUM 1/10 OZ. inscription.

The 1⁄10, 1⁄4, and 1⁄2 troy oz coins are identical in design to the 1 troy oz coin except for the markings on the reverse side that indicate the weight and face value of the coin (for example, .9995 PLATINUM 1 OZ.). As is often the case with bullion coins, the face values of these coins ($10, $25, $50, and $100) are their legal values reflecting their issue and monetized value as coins. They are legal tender for all debts public and private at their face values. The 1 troy oz coin's face value of $100 is the highest to ever appear on a U.S. coin. [6]

The specifications of each denomination are presented below: [7]

DenominationDiameterThicknessWeight
$10 (1⁄10 troy oz)16.5 mm (0.65 in)0.95 mm (0.037 in)0.1001 ozt (3.11 g)
$25 (1⁄4 troy oz)22.0 mm (0.87 in)1.32 mm (0.052 in)0.2501 ozt (7.78 g)
$50 (1⁄2 troy oz)27.0 mm (1.06 in)1.75 mm (0.069 in)0.5003 ozt (15.56 g)
$100 (1 troy oz)32.7 mm (1.29 in)2.39 mm (0.094 in)1.0005 ozt (31.12 g)

Value

The intrinsic values of the coins are much greater than their face values. In one notable case, this was involved in a money laundering and tax evasion case where defendant Robert Kahre paid employees a wage in bullion coins with a fair intrinsic value but a very low face value, then proceeded to use the low face values to claim zero tax withholdings, allegedly defrauding a total of $120 million. [8] [9]

Yearly designs

All denominations of the proof American Platinum Eagles carry a yearly design. Since 1998, each design aside from the 2017 reverse commemorating the 20th anniversary of the program, has been part of a themed series: [6]

YearDesignDescriptionDesigner & Sculptor
1997 1997 AEPlat Rev.png Soaring Eagle Above America [1] Thomas D. Rogers [11]
1998 1998 AEPlat Rev.png Bald eagle flying over New England and rocky beach town with light house; full moon in skyThomas D. Rogers [11]
1999 1999 AEPlat Rev.png Bald eagle flying above Southeastern Wetlands and alligator crawling in a swampAl Maletsky [11]
2000 2000 AEPlat Rev.png Bald eagle flying above Midwestern field, barn and houseAl Maletsky [11]
2001 2001 AEPlat Rev.png Bald eagle flying above giant Saguaro cacti of the Southwest (specifically Arizona)Thomas D. Rogers [11]
2002 2002 AEPlat Rev.png Swooping bald eagle and a lake bordered by snowcapped mountains and trees in the Northwestern USAl Maletsky [11]
2003 2003 AEPlat Rev.png Bald eagle perched on a Rocky Mountain pine branch against a backdrop of the United States Flag Al Maletsky
2004 2004 AEPlat Rev.png Engraving inspired by the Daniel Chester French sculpture titled America outside the U.S. Customs House in New York City.Donna Weaver
2005 2005 AEPlat Proof Rev.png American bald eagle perched on a heraldic shield with symbols representing America's strength and beautyDonna Weaver
2006"Legislative Muse" flanked by two eagles perched on columns representing the bicameral legislature of the United States Congress Designer: Joel Iskowitz
Sculptor: Don Everhart
2007 American bald eagle representing the Executive BranchDesigner: Tom Cleveland
Sculptor: Phebe Hemphill
2008"Lady Justice" watched over by an American bald eagle representing the Judicial BranchDesigner: Joel Iskowitz
Sculptor: Charles Vickers
2009To Form a More Perfect Union

"Four faces representing the diversity of our Nation, with the clothing and hair weaving together symbolizing the principle" [16]

Designer: Susan Gamble
Sculptor: Phebe Hemphill [16]
2010To Establish Justice

"A blindfolded justice–symbolizing impartiality–holding traditional scales and carrying a branch of laurel" [17]

Designer: Donna Weaver
Sculptor: Phebe Hemphill [17]
2011To Insure Domestic Tranquility

"Harvest goddess emerging from a field of wheat, symbolizing the vastness of our Nation and its wide diversity of views. She bears a a[ sic ] stalk of wheat in her left hand, as she extends her right hand to a landing dove, representing the fulfillment of tranquility in our Nation's cohesive yet free society" [18]

Designer: Joel Iskowitz
Sculptor: Phebe Hemphill [18]
2012 2012-PlatinumProof-rev.jpg To Provide for the Common Defence

"A vigilant minuteman from the Revolutionary War, representing the protection and defense of the country during its early days. The minuteman carries a rifle and a book, which symbolizes the importance of knowledge in defending our Nation" [19]

Designer: Barbara Fox
Sculptor: Charles L. Vickers [19]
2013To Promote General Welfare

"Young America against a backdrop of interlocking gears, symbolizing the interconnection of power between the states and the national government" [20]

Designer: Joel Iskowitz [20]
2014To Secure the Blessings of Liberty to Ourselves and our Posterity

"Young Lady Liberty carrying her torch, symbolizing the hope and promise of America" [21]

Designer: Susan Gamble
Sculptor: Joseph Menna [21]
2015Liberty Nurtures Freedom

"Liberty and an American bald eagle, representing Freedom. The earth and sun with rays are in the foreground" [14]

Designer: Joel Iskowitz
Sculptor: Phebe Hemphill [14]
2016"Liberty holding a torch of enlightenment in her right hand and an olive branch in her left to symbolize peace. The olives represent the Thirteen Original Colonies. A bald eagle with its wings outstretched appears beside Liberty" [22] Designer: Paul C. Balan
Sculptor: Joseph Menna [22]
2017 1997 AEPlat Rev.png Soaring Eagle Above America

20th Anniversary Commemorative [23]

Thomas D. Rogers [11]
2018Life

"Lady Liberty planting seeds for future sustenance, lighting the way westward, and harvesting the well-worked crops" [2]

Designer: Justin Kunz
Sculptor: Phebe Hemphill [2]
2019Liberty

"Lady Liberty keeping watch over prairies, lakes, and mountains as pioneers head westward" [24]

Designer: Justin Kunz
Sculptor: Joseph Menna [24]
2020Pursuit of Happiness

"Lady Liberty plants seeds for future sustenance, lighting the way westward, and harvesting the well-worked crops." [25]

2021Freedom of Religion

"The obverse (heads) design depicts a seedling and an acorn surrounded by the inscription WITH FREEDOM OF RELIGION LIBERTY GROWS." [26]

2022Freedom of Speech

"The obverse (heads) design features a juvenile oak tree framed with the inscription WITH FREEDOM OF SPEECH LIBERTY BLOSSOMS." [27]

2023Freedom of the Press

"The obverse (heads) design portrays the branch of mature oak tree with acorns amidst the inscription WITH FREEDOM OF THE PRESS LIBERTY BEARS FRUIT." [28]

2024Right to Assemble

"The obverse (heads) design showcases several types of oak leaves assembled between the inscription WITH THE RIGHT TO ASSEMBLE LIBERTY SPREADS." [29]

2025Right to Petition

"The obverse (heads) design features a mature, spreading, impressive oak tree between the inscription WITH THE RIGHT TO PETITION LIBERTY ENDURES. The oak, known for its strength, can live up to 200 years and is a symbol of endurance." [30]

Tenth anniversary set

On November 28, 2007, the U.S. Mint announced the American Eagle 10th Anniversary Platinum Coin Set. Intended to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Platinum Eagle's 1997 launch, the set contained two half-ounce ($50) Platinum Eagles, one matching the 2007 proof strike from earlier in the year and the other carrying an enhanced reverse proof finish with the same design. This first offering of a reverse proof version of the Platinum Eagle followed the prior year's release of similar sets for the American Silver Eagle and American Gold Eagle's 20th anniversary. [31] In addition to being accompanied by a certificate of authenticity, the coins were encased in a domed mahogany box designed to display the coins at an angle. [32]

The set's release on December 13, 2007, at a price of $1,949.95 (around $475 above platinum spot) with a seven-day one-set-per-household limit was met with strong collector interest. [32] First week sales reached 14,682 units, almost half of the maximum ordered mintage of 30,000 units. However, due to fluctuations in the price of platinum, the Mint suspended sales on February 13, 2008, and resumed sales about a month later at $2,649.95. Initially, the increased price constituted a larger premium, around $635, above spot. The following months brought a decline in platinum's price below $1,000 per troy oz, precipitating further suspensions and a final price of $1,249.95. When sales were officially ended on December 31, 2008, over a year after its initial release, the Mint reported total sales of 19,583 units. [31]

Mintage figures

The figures listed below are the final audited mintages from the U.S. Mint and include coins sold both individually and as part of multi-coin sets. Since 2009, only the $100 (1 troy oz) denomination has been offered. [33]

Bullion

Bullion Platinum Eagles were not issued from 2009 to 2013. Similarly, in 2015, due to an insufficient quantity of blanks, no bullion Platinum Eagles were issued. [14]

Year$10 – 1⁄10 oz.$25 – 1⁄4 oz.$50 – 1⁄2 oz.$100 – 1 oz.
199770,25027,10020,50056,000
199839,52538,88732,419133,002
199955,95539,73432,30956,707
200034,02720,05418,89210,003
200152,01721,81512,81514,070
200223,00527,40524,00511,502
200322,00725,20717,4098,007
200415,01018,01013,2367,009
200514,01312,0139,0136,310
200611,00112,0019,6026,000
200713,0038,4027,0017,202
200817,00022,80014,00021,800
2014---16,900
2016---20,000
2017---20,000
2018---30,000
2019---40,000
2020---56,500
2021---75,000

Proof

Year$10 – 1⁄10 oz.$25 – 1⁄4 oz.$50 – 1⁄2 oz.$100 – 1 oz.
1997-W36,99318,62815,43120,851
1998-W19,84714,87313,83614,912
1999-W19,13313,50711,10312,363
2000-W15,65111,99511,04912,453
2001-W12,1748,8478,2548,969
2002-W12,3659,2828,7729,834
2003-W9,5347,0447,1318,246
2004-W7,1615,1935,0636,007
2005-W8,1046,5925,9426,602
2006-W10,2057,8137,6499,152
2007-W8,1766,01725,5198,363
2008-W5,1384,1534,0204,769
2009-W---7,945
2010-W---9,871
2011-W---14,790
2012-W---9,081
2013-W---5,763
2014-W---4,596
2015-W---3,886
2016-W---9,151
2017-W---8,892
2018-W---13,724
2019-W---9,869

Uncirculated (burnished)

Year$10 – 1⁄10 oz.$25 – 1⁄4 oz.$50 – 1⁄2 oz.$100 – 1 oz.
2006-W3,5442,6762,5773,068
2007-W5,5563,6903,6354,177
2008-W3,7062,4812,2532,876

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quarter (United States coin)</span> Current denomination of United States currency

The quarter, short for quarter dollar, is a United States coin worth 25 cents, one-quarter of a dollar. The coin sports the profile of George Washington on its obverse, and after 1998 its reverse design has changed frequently. It has been produced on and off since 1796 and consistently since 1831.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Penny (United States coin)</span> Lowest-value physical American currency

The cent, the United States one-cent coin, often called the "penny", is a unit of currency equaling one one-hundredth of a United States dollar. It has been the lowest face-value physical unit of U.S. currency since the abolition of the half-cent in 1857. The first U.S. cent was produced in 1787, and the cent has been issued primarily as a copper or copper-plated coin throughout its history. Due to inflation, pennies have lost virtually all their purchasing power and are often viewed as an expensive burden to businesses, banks, government and the public in general.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Mint</span> Produces circulating coinage for the United States

The United States Mint is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury responsible for producing coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. It does not produce paper money; that responsibility belongs to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. The first United States Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and soon joined by other centers, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints: Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point.

The United States Mint has minted numerous commemorative coins to commemorate persons, places, events, and institutions since 1848. Many of these coins are not intended for general circulation, but are still legal tender. The mint also produces commemorative medals, which are similar to coins but do not have a face value, and therefore are not legal tender.

The dollar coin is a United States coin with a face value of one United States dollar. Dollar coins have been minted in the United States in gold, silver, and base metal versions. Dollar coins were first minted in the United States in 1794.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eagle (United States coin)</span> US $10 half-ounce gold coin minted 1792–1933

The eagle was a United States $10 gold coin issued by the United States Mint from 1792 to 1933.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Silver Eagle</span> Silver bullion coin of the United States

The American Silver Eagle is the official silver bullion coin of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Gold Eagle</span> Gold bullion coin of the United States

The American Gold Eagle is an official gold bullion coin of the United States. Authorized under the Gold Bullion Coin Act of 1985, it was first released by the United States Mint in 1986. Because the term "eagle" also is the official United States designation for pre-1933 ten dollars gold coins, the weight of the bullion coin is typically used when describing American Gold Eagles to avoid confusion. This is particularly true with the 1/4-oz American Gold Eagle, which has a marked face value of ten dollars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sacagawea dollar</span> US 1 dollar coin minted since 2000

The Sacagawea dollar is a United States dollar coin introduced in 2000, although not minted for general circulation between 2002 and 2008 and again from 2012 onward because of its general unpopularity with the public and low business demand for the coin.

The Artistic Infusion Program (AIP) is a program of the United States Mint, established in 2003, which invites American artists to create designs for U.S. coins and medals, most notably the 50 State, DC and US Territories, and America the Beautiful quarters. The goal of the AIP is to enrich and diversify the design of United States coins and medals by contracting a collection of artists with varying artistic skills and talents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Buffalo (coin)</span> US $50 coin containing 1oz pure gold

The American Buffalo, also known as a gold buffalo, is a 24-karat bullion coin first offered for sale by the United States Mint in 2006. The coin follows the design of the Indian Head nickel and has gained its nickname from the American Bison on the reverse side of the design. This was the first time the United States Government minted pure (.9999) 24-karat gold coins for the public. The coin contains one-troy ounce (31.1g) of pure gold and has a legal tender (face) value of US$50. Due to a combination of the coin's popularity and the increase in the price of gold, the coin's value has increased considerably. The initial 2006 U.S. Mint price of the proof coin was $800. In 2007 the price was $899.95, $1,410 in 2009, and $2,010 in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Libertad (coin)</span> Mexican bullion coin

The Libertad coins are silver and gold bullion coins originating from Mexico and minted by the La Casa de Moneda de México. The Mexican Mint was established in 1535 and is the oldest mint in the Americas. The modern coins contain 99.9% silver or gold and are available in various sizes. Both metal coins have undergone a design change. In 1989, 3,500 1⁄4 ounce Libertad platinum coins were produced. Libertads are devoid of face value, yet are still accepted as currency and guaranteed by Banco de México based on the market value of its gold or silver content.

The America the Beautiful quarters were a series of fifty-six 25-cent pieces (quarters) issued by the United States Mint, which began in 2010 and lasted until 2021. The obverse (front) of all the coins depicts George Washington in a modified version of the portrait used for the original 1932 Washington quarter. There were five new reverse (back) designs each year, each commemorating a national natural or historic site such as national parks, national historic site, or national forests – one from each state, the federal district, and each territory. The program was authorized by the America's Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act of 2008 (Pub. L. 110–456 .

Thomas S. Cleveland is an American designer, illustrator and fine artist. He served in the United States Mint's Artistic Infusion Program from 2004 until 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Palladium Eagle</span> Palladium bullion coin of the United States

The American Palladium Eagle is the official palladium bullion coin of the United States. Each coin has a face value of $25 and is composed of 99.95% fine palladium, with 1 troy ounce actual palladium weight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Innovation dollars</span> Series of US dollar coins

American Innovation dollars are dollar coins of a series minted by the United States Mint beginning in 2018 and scheduled to run through 2032. It is planned for each member of the series to showcase an innovation, innovator or group of innovators from a particular state or territory, while the obverse features the Statue of Liberty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Proof Set</span> Set of American proof coins

The United States Mint Proof Set, commonly known as the Proof Set in the United States, is a set of proof coins sold by the United States Mint. The proof set is popular with coin collectors as it is an affordable way to collect examples of United States coinage in proof condition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union (United States coin)</span> Proposed US$100 coin

The Union was a proposed $100 coin of the United States dollar. It was canceled before any pattern coins could be minted.

The American Liberty high relief gold coin is a one-ounce gold bullion coin issued by the United States Mint since 2015. This coin was the first 100 dollar gold coin to be issued by the US Mint.

Below are the mintage figures for the America the Beautiful quarters and America the Beautiful silver bullion coins.

References

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government .

  1. 1 2 "20th Anniversary 2017-W American Platinum Eagle Proof Coin Takes a Hint from the Past - ModernCoinMart". ModernCoinMart (MCM). Retrieved 2018-09-08.
  2. 1 2 3 "2018 American Eagle Platinum Proof Coin | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  3. ↑ Zielinski, Michael (2008-11-11). "U.S. Mint Makes Drastic Cuts to Its Collector Gold & Platinum Coin Offerings". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  4. ↑ "Public Law 104-208, Title V (Page 110 STAT 3009-348, Sec. 524)". Wikisource. September 30, 1996. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  5. ↑ "American Eagle Platinum Bullion Coins | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "American Eagle Proof and Uncirculated Coins | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  7. ↑ "Platinum Eagles | Guide to American Platinum Eagles". platinumeagleguide.com. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
  8. ↑ "Truth about payroll scam puts tax protester, partners in prison". 23 November 2009.
  9. ↑ Hornberger, Jacob G. (December 9, 2013). "The U.S. vs. Robert Kahre: A Horrible Miscarriage of Justice". The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  10. ↑ "Mint Releases First Proof Platinum "Vistas of Liberty™" Design | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Schechter, Scott (April 9, 2018). "Revisiting platinum 'Vistas of Liberty': Platinum coins form five-year series". Coin World . Vol. 59, no. 3026. p. 32.
  12. ↑ "2006 American Platinum Eagle". Platinum Eagle Guide. 17 January 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  13. ↑ "American Eagle Coins". United States Mint. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "2015 American Eagle Platinum Proof Coin Goes On Sale On Dec. 3 | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  15. ↑ "United States Mint Announces Release of Second Coin in Platinum Proof Series Celebrating Five Freedoms of the First Amendment | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  16. 1 2 "2009 One–Ounce Platinum Proof Coin Available December 3 | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  17. 1 2 "2010 American Eagle Platinum Proof Coin Available August 12 | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  18. 1 2 "2011 American Eagle Platinum Proof Coin Available May 26 | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  19. 1 2 "United States Mint Releases 2012 American Eagle Platinum Proof Coin August 9 | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  20. 1 2 "United States Mint to Release Fifth American Eagle Platinum Coin in "Preamble Series" on July 18 | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  21. 1 2 "Final Coin in American Eagle Platinum Coin Program Preamble Series Goes On Sale Oct. 20 | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  22. 1 2 "2016 American Eagle Platinum Proof Coin Goes On Sale on June 30 | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  23. ↑ "United States Mint Releases 20th Anniversary American Eagle Platinum Proof Coin | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  24. 1 2 "2019 American Eagle Platinum Proof Coin | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-26.
  25. ↑ "2020 Preamble to the Declaration of Independence Platinum Proof Coin – Pursuit of Happiness | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  26. ↑ "2021 First Amendment to the United States Constitution Platinum Proof Coin – Freedom of Religion | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  27. ↑ "2022 First Amendment to the United States Constitution Platinum Proof Coin – Freedom of Speech | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  28. ↑ "2023 First Amendment to the United States Constitution Platinum Proof Coin – Freedom of the Press | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  29. ↑ "2024 First Amendment to the United States Constitution Platinum Proof Coin – Right to Assemble | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  30. ↑ "2025 First Amendment to the United States Constitution Platinum Proof Coin – Right to Petition | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  31. 1 2 "10th Anniversary Platinum Eagle Set". platinumeagleguide.com. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
  32. 1 2 "United States Mint Releases Special Set to Commemorate 10th Anniversary of American Eagle Platinum Coin Program | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
  33. ↑ "Platinum Eagle Mintages". Platinum Eagle Guide. 15 December 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.