Boot disk

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A boot disk is a removable digital data storage medium from which a computer can load and run (boot) an operating system or utility program. [1] The computer must have a built-in program which will load and execute a program from a boot disk meeting certain standards.

Contents

While almost all modern computers can boot from a hard drive containing the operating system and other software, they would not normally be called boot disks (because they are not removable media). Fixed drives (such as hard drive)s that are bootable may be called boot drives. CD-ROMs are the most common forms of media used, but other media, such as magnetic or paper tape drives, ZIP drives, and more recently USB flash drives can be used. The computer's BIOS must support booting from the device in question.

One can make one's own boot disk (typically done to prepare for when the system won't start properly). [2]

Uses

Boot disks are used for:

Process

The term boot comes from the idea of lifting oneself by one's own bootstraps: [5] the computer contains a tiny program (bootstrap loader) which will load and run a program found on a boot device. This program may itself be a small program designed to load a larger and more capable program, i.e., the full operating system. To enable booting without the requirement either for a mass storage device or to write to the boot medium, it is usual for the boot program to use some system RAM as a RAM disk for temporary file storage.

As an example, any computer compatible with the IBM PC is able with built-in software to load the contents of the first 512 bytes of a floppy and to execute it if it is a viable program; boot floppies have a very simple loader program in these bytes. The process is vulnerable to abuse; data floppies could have a virus written to their first sector which silently infects the host computer if switched on with the disk in the drive.

Media

Bootable floppy disks ("boot floppies") for PCs usually contain DOS or miniature versions of Linux. The most commonly available floppy disk can hold only 1.4 MB of data in its standard format, making it impractical for loading large operating systems. The use of boot floppies is in decline, due to the availability of other higher-capacity options, such as CD-ROMs or USB flash drives.

Device selection

A modern PC is configured to attempt to boot from various devices in a certain order. If a computer is not booting from the device desired, such as the floppy drive, the user may have to enter the BIOS Setup function by pressing a special key when the computer is first turned on (such as Delete, F1, F2, F10 or F12), and then changing the boot order. [6] More recent BIOSes permit the interruption of the final stage of the boot process and invoke the Boot Menu by pressing a function key (usually F11 or F12). This results in a list of bootable devices being presented, from which a selection may be made.

Apple silicon Macs display the Boot Menu when the power button is pressed and held, the older Mac computers with Intel processors will display the Boot Menu if user presses the ⌥ Option or Alt while the machine is starting. [7]

Requirements

Different operating systems use different boot disk contents. All boot disks must be compatible with the computer they are designed for.

MS-DOS/PC DOS/DR-DOS

All files must be for the same version of the operating system. Complete boot disks can be prepared in one operation by an installed operating system; [1] details vary.

FreeDOS
Linux
Windows Preinstallation Environment

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Booting</span> Process of starting a computer

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boot sector</span> Sector of a persistent data storage device

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multi-booting</span> Act of installing multiple operating systems on a single computer

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bootloader</span> Software responsible for starting the Computer and Load other software to the CPU memory

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Live USB</span> USB drive with a full bootable operating system

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A volume boot record (VBR) is a type of boot sector introduced by the IBM Personal Computer. It may be found on a partitioned data storage device, such as a hard disk, or an unpartitioned device, such as a floppy disk, and contains machine code for bootstrapping programs stored in other parts of the device. On non-partitioned storage devices, it is the first sector of the device. On partitioned devices, it is the first sector of an individual partition on the device, with the first sector of the entire device being a Master Boot Record (MBR) containing the partition table.

The Linux booting process involves multiple stages and is in many ways similar to the BSD and other Unix-style boot processes, from which it derives. Although the Linux booting process depends very much on the computer architecture, those architectures share similar stages and software components, including system startup, bootloader execution, loading and startup of a Linux kernel image, and execution of various startup scripts and daemons. Those are grouped into 4 steps: system startup, bootloader stage, kernel stage, and init process. When a Linux system is powered up or reset, its processor will execute a specific firmware/program for system initialization, such as Power-on self-test, invoking the reset vector to start a program at a known address in flash/ROM, then load the bootloader into RAM for later execution. In personal computer (PC), not only limited to Linux-distro PC, this firmware/program is called BIOS, which is stored in the mainboard. In embedded Linux system, this firmware/program is called boot ROM. After being loaded into RAM, bootloader will execute to load the second-stage bootloader. The second-stage bootloader will load the kernel image into memory, decompress and initialize it then pass control to this kernel image. Second-stage bootloader also performs several operation on the system such as system hardware check, mounting the root device, loading the necessary kernel modules, etc. Finally, the first user-space process starts, and other high-level system initializations are performed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UNetbootin</span>

UNetbootin is a cross-platform utility that can create live USB systems and can load a variety of system utilities or install various Linux distributions and other operating systems without a CD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpartaDOS X</span> Disk operating system

SpartaDOS X is a disk operating system for the Atari 8-bit computers that closely resembles MS-DOS. It was developed and sold by ICD in 1987-1993, and many years later picked up by the third-party community SpartaDOS X Upgrade Project, which still maintains the software.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DOS</span> Family of IBM PC-compatible operating systems

DOS is a family of disk-based operating systems for IBM PC compatible computers. The DOS family primarily consists of IBM PC DOS and a rebranded version, Microsoft's MS-DOS, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include DR-DOS (1988), ROM-DOS (1989), PTS-DOS (1993), and FreeDOS (1998). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995.

A master boot record (MBR) is a type of boot sector in the first few blocks of partitioned computer mass storage devices like fixed disks or removable drives intended for use with IBM PC-compatible systems and beyond. The concept of MBRs was publicly introduced in 1983 with PC DOS 2.0.

The Ultimate Boot CD (UBCD) is a bootable CD-ROM containing a collection of diagnostic tools including CPU tests, memory tests, virus scanning, and other tools.

References

  1. 1 2 By J. D. Biersdorfer (October 8, 1998). "Emergency Preparedness". The New York Times .
  2. "How to Make a Compaq System Boot Disk". Hearst Newspapers.
  3. "How to Survive the Worst PC Disasters". PC World . May 23, 2007. p. 11. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020. Download the demo and burn it to a bootable CD
  4. "Can I recover from recovering my PC?". Computerworld .[ permanent dead link ]
  5. a series of self-sustaining processes that proceed without external help: Martin, Gary. "'Pull yourself up by your bootstraps' - the meaning and origin of this phrase". Phrasefinder. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  6. "How to enter your PC's BIOS". PC World . October 5, 2011. Need to change your computer's boot order or access other ..
  7. "Mac startup key combinations".