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The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) is the main advocate for accelerated,comprehensive and coordinated global action on the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
The United States President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is a United States governmental initiative to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the lives of those suffering from the disease. Launched by U.S. President George W. Bush in 2003,as of May 2020,PEPFAR has provided about $90 billion in cumulative funding for HIV/AIDS treatment,prevention,and research since its inception,making it the largest global health program focused on a single disease in history until the COVID-19 pandemic. PEPFAR is implemented by a combination of U.S. government agencies in over 50 countries and overseen by the Global AIDS Coordinator at the U.S. Department of State. As of 2021,PEPFAR has saved over 20 million lives,primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa.
This is a timeline of AIDS,including AIDS cases before 1980.
The global pandemic of HIV/AIDS began in 1981,and is an ongoing worldwide public health issue. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),as of 2021,HIV/AIDS has killed approximately 40.1 million people,and approximately 38.4 million people are infected with HIV globally. Of these 37.7 million people,73% have access to antiretroviral treatment,and 16% do not know they were infected. There were about 770,000 deaths from HIV/AIDS in 2018,and 680,000 deaths in 2020. The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million per year. Global incidence fell rapidly from 1997 to 2005,to about 2.6 million per year. Incidence of HIV has continued to fall,decreasing by 23% from 2010 to 2020,with progress dominated by decreases in eastern and southern Africa. As of 2020,there are approximately 1.5 million new infections of HIV per year globally.
According to experts,the total number of individuals with HIV was estimated in 2016 to be between 0.85 and 1.5 million. As for 2016,the prevalence of HIV in adult people was between 0.8 and 1%,and according to the UN,Russia had one of the fastest growing HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world. Approximately 95,000 Russians were diagnosed with HIV in 2015,and approximately 75,000 in the first nine months of 2016. Stigma surrounding the disease,and government indifference have contributed to the crisis. As of 2016 the HIV/AIDS epidemic,despite successes with intravenous drug users,was poised to move into the general population of sexually active young people.
The history of HIV/AIDS in Australia is distinctive,as Australian government bodies recognised and responded to the AIDS pandemic relatively swiftly,with the implementation of effective disease prevention and public health programs,such as needle and syringe programs (NSPs). As a result,despite significant numbers of at-risk group members contracting the virus in the early period following its discovery,the country achieved and has maintained a low rate of HIV infection in comparison to the rest of the world.
HIV/AIDS was first detected in Canada in 1982. In 2018,there were approximately 62,050 people living with HIV/AIDS in Canada. It was estimated that 8,300 people were living with undiagnosed HIV in 2018. Mortality has decreased due to medical advances against HIV/AIDS,especially highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS or serophobia is the prejudice,fear,rejection,and stigmatization of people with HIV/AIDS. Marginalized,at-risk groups such as members of the LGBTQ+ community,intravenous drug users,and sex workers are most vulnerable to facing HIV/AIDS discrimination. The consequences of societal stigma against PLHIV are quite severe,as HIV/AIDS discrimination actively hinders access to HIV/AIDS screening and care around the world. Moreover,these negative stigmas become used against members of the LGBTQ+ community in the form of stereotypes held by physicians.
The Canadian Association for HIV Research (CAHR) is an organization that represents HIV/AIDS research in Canada or by Canadians. CAHR includes all researchers and all disciplines of the scientific approaches to HIV and AIDS,for the purpose of its better prevention and treatment and ultimately for its eradication and cure. Disciplines represented by CAHR include basic science,clinical science,epidemiology/public health and social science.
Quarraisha Abdool Karim is an infectious diseases epidemiologist and co-founder and Associate Scientific Director of CAPRISA. She is a Professor in Clinical Epidemiology,Columbia University,New York and Pro-Vice Chancellor for African Health,University of KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa.
Dr. Debrework Zewdie,former Director of the World Bank Global AIDS Program and Deputy Executive Director and COO of the Global Fund,is an Ethiopian national who has led strategy,policy implementation,and management of development programs at country,regional,and global levels for international bodies such as the World Bank and The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,Tuberculosis and Malaria. As an immunologist,she conceptualized and managed the groundbreaking US$1 billion Multi-country HIV/AIDS Program that changed the AIDS funding landscape and pioneered the large-scale multi-sectorial response with direct financing to civil society and the private sector. Dr. Zewdie led the articulation of the World Bank's first global strategy on HIV/AIDS and the Global HIV/AIDS Program of Action. As a founding UNAIDS Global Coordinator,she has been instrumental in making the unique cooperative structure of the UNAIDS family a working reality,fostering strong inter-agency partnerships. She is an advocate for women's health and was a founding Vice President and member of the Society for Women and AIDS in Africa (SWAA). She established institutional rigor at the Global Fund and led its wide-ranging internal reform which culminated in the ongoing corporate transformation program. Dr. Zewdie has a Ph.D. in clinical immunology from the University of London,a postdoctoral fellowship at SYVA Company,and was a Senior MacArthur Fellow at the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies. Dr. Zewdie was a Richard L. and Ronay A. Menschel Senior Leadership Fellow at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in 2015. During her Fellowship at the Harvard Chan School,she also participated as a speaker on Voices in Leadership,an original webcast series,in a discussion titled,"Leadership in Getting AIDS on the World Bank Agenda",moderated by Dr. Barry Bloom.
Suniti Solomon was an Indian physician and microbiologist who pioneered AIDS research and prevention in India after having diagnosed the first Indian AIDS cases among the Chennai sex workers in 1986 along with her student Sellappan Nirmala. She founded the Y R Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education in Chennai. The Indian government conferred the National Women Bio-scientist Award on her. On 25 January 2017,the Government of India awarded her the Padma Shri for medicine for her contributions towards diagnosis and treatment of HIV.
Deborah Leah Birx is an American physician and diplomat who served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021. Birx specializes in HIV/AIDS immunology,vaccine research,and global health. Starting in 2014,she oversaw the implementation of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program to support HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in 65 countries. From 2014-2020,Birx was the United States global AIDS coordinator for presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump and served as the United States special representative for global health diplomacy between 2015 and 2021. Birx was part of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from February 2020 to January 2021. In March 2021,Birx joined ActivePure Technology as Chief Medical and Science Advisor.
Kelly Brogan is an American author of books on alternative medicine who has promoted conspiracy theories and misinformation about discredited medical hypotheses.
Gita Ramjee was a Ugandan-South African scientist and researcher in HIV prevention. In 2018,she was awarded the ‘Outstanding Female Scientist’award from the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership. She died in Umhlanga,Durban,South Africa,from COVID-19 related complications.
Oni Blackstock is a primary care and HIV physician,researcher,and founder of Health Justice,a racial and health equity consulting practice. She previously served as assistant commissioner for the Bureau of HIV for the New York City Department of Health,where she led the city's response to the HIV epidemic. Her research considers the experiences of women and people of color in healthcare. During the COVID-19 pandemic Blackstock shared advice on how people in New York City could maintain sexual health and slow the spread of COVID-19 as well as guidance for people with HIV and HIV care providers about the intersection of HIV and COVID-19.
Yvonne "Bonnie" Maldonado is an American physician,pediatrician,and Professor of Pediatrics and of Health Research and Policy at Stanford University,with a focus on Infectious Diseases. She founded Stanford's pediatric HIV Clinic and now serves as Stanford University School of Medicine's Senior Associate Dean of Faculty Development and Diversity.
Deborah M. Money is a Canadian obstetric and gynaecological infectious disease specialist. As a professor at the University of British Columbia,she was the first non-US President of the Infectious Diseases Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology from 2010 until 2012.
Susan Swindells is an American AIDS researcher.
Demetre C. Daskalakis is an American physician and gay health activist serving as director of the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention in the National Center for HIV/AIDS,Viral Hepatitis,STD,and TB Prevention since 2020. In 2022,the administration of Joe Biden appointed him the White House National Monkeypox Response Deputy Coordinator.
References
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- ↑ "Distinguished Grad: Dr. Catherine Hankins". Calgary Herald. October 6, 1993. Retrieved December 28, 2020– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Catherine Hankins". aighd.org. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ↑ Truckey, Don (October 8, 1983). "Medical officer treats whole city". Calgary Herald. Retrieved December 28, 2020– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ Geddes, Ashely (November 3, 1983). "E. coli found in meat". Calgary Herald. Retrieved December 28, 2020– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ Bueckert, Dennis (May 23, 1997). "Legalize drugs, AIDS study says". Calgary Herald. Retrieved December 28, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Keating, Jack (October 28, 1997). "HIV-disaster warning". The Province. Retrieved December 28, 2020– via newspapers.com.
- 1 2 3 Mignacca, Franca G. (May 11, 2020). "A pioneer in the fight against HIV/AIDS, star Quebec researcher turns to quest for COVID-19 immunity". cbc.ca. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ↑ "History Through Our Eyes: Aug. 19, 1987, the fight against HIV/AIDS". Montreal Gazette. August 19, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ↑ "Catherine (Cate) Hankins". mcgill.ca. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ↑ "Appointment of Dr Catherine Hankins, Deputy Director, Science at the Amsterdam". pharmaccess.org. April 18, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ↑ "Dr. Catherine Anita Hankins". gg.ca. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ↑ "Prime Minister announces new support for COVID-19 medical research and vaccine development". pm.gc.ca. April 23, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ↑ Feith, Jesse (November 9, 2020). "Statistics Canada launching Canada-wide COVID-19 study". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved December 28, 2020.