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Being exposed to traumatic events such as war, violence, disasters, loss, injury or illness can cause trauma. Additionally, the most common diagnostic instruments such as the ICD-11 and the DSM-5 expand on this definition of trauma to include perceived threat to death, injury, or sexual violence to self or a loved one. Even after the situation has passed, the experience can bring up a sense of vulnerability, hopelessness, anger and fear.
References
- ↑ Adler, A.B., Bliese, P.D., Castro C.A. (2011) Deployment Psychology: Evidence-Based Strategies to Promote Mental Health in the Military
- ↑ Fantone, D. M. (2011) Defense Centers of Excellence: Limited Budget and Performance Information on the Center for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury, p. 22
- ↑ "Department of Defense : Center for Deployment Psychology" (PDF). Apa.org. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
- ↑ Department of Defense Appropriations for 2008: Hearings Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, p. 369
- ↑ Moore, B.A., Penk W.E. (2011) Treating PTSD in Military Personnel: A Clinical Handbook p. 345
- ↑ "The Center for Deployment Psychology". TexVet. 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
- ↑ Simon R.I., Hales, R.E., (2012) The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Suicide Assessment and Management, 2nd ed.
- ↑ Domenici P., Best S., Armstrong K.,(2013) Courage After Fire for Parents of Service Members: Strategies for Coping When Your Son or Daughter Returns from Deployment
- ↑ "The Center for Deployment Psychology: Military Culture" . Retrieved 2013-10-17.
- ↑ Roberts, C.A. (2011) Coping with posttraumatic stress disorder: A Guide for Families p.55
- ↑ Sharon Morgillo Freeman, PhD, MSN(Editor), Bret A Moore, Psy.D. (Editor), Arthur Freeman, Ed.D, ABPP (Editor) (2009) Living and Surviving in Harm's Way: A Psychological Treatment Handbook for Pre- and Post-Deployment of Military Personnel, p. xxvii and p. 429