Clavaria

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Clavaria
Clavaria fragilis 45549.jpg
Clavaria fragilis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Clavariaceae
Genus: Clavaria
Vaill. ex L. (1753)
Type species
Clavaria fragilis
Holmsk. (1790)
Species

see text

Synonyms [1]

Clavaria is a genus of fungi in the family Clavariaceae. Species of Clavaria produce basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are either cylindrical to club-shaped or branched and coral-like. They are often grouped with similar-looking species from other genera, when they are collectively known as the clavarioid fungi. All Clavaria species are terrestrial and most (if not all) are believed to be saprotrophic (decomposing dead plant material). In Europe, they are typical of old, mossy, unimproved grassland. In North America and elsewhere, they are more commonly found in woodlands.

Contents

History

Clavaria (the name is derived from the Latin "clava", a club) was first introduced as a genus name by Vaillant (1727), later accepted by Micheli (1729), [2] and was one of the original genera used by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum of 1753. [3] It contained all species of fungi with erect, club-shaped or branched (coral-like) fruit bodies, including many that are now referred to the Ascomycota. Subsequent authors described over 1200 species in the genus. [4] The name Clavaria was also used for a group of red algae in the Gelidiaceae family of the Rhodophyta by Stackhouse in 1816. [5] Because Clavaria Stackh. was also validly published, Donk in 1949 proposed that Clavaria Stackh. be rejected as a homonym of Clavaria Fries and that the latter name be retained as a nomen conservandum (conserved name). [6] This proposal was moved by Doty (1948), [7] recommended for adoption by Rogers (1949), [8] and approved by the Special Committee for Fungi. [9]

With increasing use of the microscope in the late nineteenth century, most of the ascomycetous members of the genus were recognized as distinct and moved to other genera. Clavaria was, however, still widely used for the majority of the basidiomycetous species until Corner published his world monograph of the clavarioid fungi in 1950, introducing the modern concept of the genus. [10] Corner restricted Clavaria to those species with fruit bodies having inflated, unclamped, context hyphae (a character that makes Clavaria fruit bodies distinctly brittle). Species with clamped hyphae were placed in the segregate genera Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis . This concept was modified in 1978 by Petersen, who considered Clavulinopsis an artificial genus, moving the majority of species to Ramariopsis but a minority back into Clavaria. [11]

Phylogeny

Clavaria argillacea

Clavaria fumosa

Clavaria redoleo-alli

Clavaria vermicularis

Clavulinopsis laeticolor

Clavaria zollingeri

Phylogeny of "clavaria" clade based on ribosomal DNA sequences. [12]

Recent phylogenetic research based on DNA sequencing suggests that all three genera are closely related, but does not unambiguously support either Corner's or Petersen's precise characterization of Clavaria. Too few species have yet been sequenced, however, for Clavaria to be redefined. [12]

Description

Fruit bodies are simple (cylindrical to club-shaped) or more rarely branched, sometimes with a distinct stipe (stem). Several of the species with simple fruit bodies form them in dense clusters. The fruit bodies themselves are smooth to grooved and typically brittle. Depending on species, they vary in colour from white or cream to yellow, pink, violet, brown, or black.

The hyphal system of Clavaria species is always monomitic. The context hyphae are inflated, thin-walled, and lack clamp connections (though Petersen's amended concept of the genus includes some species with clamps). The basidia are two- to four-spored, in some species with an open, loop-like clamp connection at the base. Spores are smooth or spiny. Spore prints are white. [10]

Habitat and distribution

Clavaria rosea 2011-06-25 Clavaria rosea 2 70183.jpg
Clavaria rosea

Most Clavaria species are thought to be saprotrophic, decomposing leaf litter and other organic materials on the woodland floor. In Europe, species are more frequently found in old, unimproved grasslands (i.e., not used agriculturally) where they are presumed to be decomposers of dead grass and moss. At least one species ( Clavaria argillacea ) is, however, typical of heathland and is a possible mycorrhizal associate of heather. [13]

Species of Clavaria occur in suitable habitats throughout the temperate regions and the tropics. [10] Some 15 species are known from Europe; according to one 2008 estimate, 28 species are recognized worldwide. [14] Petersen described 18 new species from New Zealand in a 1988 monograph. [15] As of August 2015, Index Fungorum lists 175 valid species in Clavaria. [16]

Species

ImageScientific nameType locality
Clavaria afrolutea Cameroon [17]
Clavaria alboglobospora R.H. Petersen 14482.jpg Clavaria alboglobospora New Zealand [15]
Clavaria amoenoides India
Clavaria ardosiaca New Zealand
Clavaria argillacea 108798786.jpg Clavaria argillacea Europe
Clavaria asperulispora USA
Clavaria atroumbrina USA
Clavaria cupreicolor New Zealand [15]
Clavaria echinobrevispora New Zealand [15]
Clavaria echinonivosa New Zealand [15]
Clavaria echino-olivacea New Zealand [15]
20191025 GT Pointed Club Clavaria Acuta.jpg Clavaria falcata Europe
Clavaria flavopurpurea New Zealand [15]
Clavaria flavipes Europe
Clavaria fragilis 45549.jpg Clavaria fragilis Denmark
Clavaria flavostellifera Spain [18]
Clavaria fumosa 77364 cropped.jpg Clavaria fumosa Europe
Clavaria globospora USA
Clavaria greletii France [19]
Clavaria incarnata 241028549.jpg Clavaria incarnata Russia
Clavaria megaspinosa New Zealand [15]
Clavaria mima New Zealand [15]
Clavaria musculospinosa New Zealand [15]
Clavaria novozealandica New Zealand [15]
Clavaria phoenicea Indonesia
Clavaria plumbeoargillacea New Zealand [15]
Clavaria pullei Netherlands
Clavaria redoleoalii New Zealand [15]
2011-06-25 Clavaria rosea 1 70183.jpg Clavaria rosea Europe
Clavaria roseoviolacea New Zealand [15]
Clavaria rubicundula USA
Clavaria salentina Italy [20]
Clavaria sphagnicola France
Clavaria stellifera Netherlands [21]
Clavaria subsordida New Zealand [15]
Clavaria tenuipes England
Clavaria tuberculospora New Zealand [15]
Clavaria ypsilonidia New Zealand [15]
Clavaria zollingeri 90973.jpg Clavaria zollingeri Indonesia
Clavaria lametina

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantharellales</span> Order of fungi

The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi, and corticioid fungi (Botryobasidiaceae). Species within the order are variously ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, associated with orchids, or facultative plant pathogens. Those of economic importance include edible and commercially collected Cantharellus, Craterellus, and Hydnum species as well as crop pathogens in the genera Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus/Rhizoctonia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clavariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Clavariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally the family contained most of the clavarioid fungi, but in its current sense is more restricted, albeit with a greater diversity of basidiocarp forms. Basidiocarps are variously clavarioid or agaricoid (mushroom-shaped), less commonly corticioid or hydnoid.

<i>Ramariopsis</i> Genus of fungi

Ramariopsis is a genus of coral fungi in the family Clavariaceae. The genus has a collectively widespread distribution and contains about 40 species. The name means 'having the appearance of Ramaria'.

<i>Ramariopsis kunzei</i> Species of fungus

Ramariopsis kunzei is an edible species of coral fungi in the family Clavariaceae, and the type species of the genus Ramariopsis. It is commonly known as white coral because of the branched structure of the fruit bodies that resemble marine coral. The fruit bodies are up to 5 cm (2.0 in) tall by 4 cm (1.6 in) wide, with numerous branches originating from a short rudimentary stem. The branches are one to two millimeters thick, smooth, and white, sometimes with yellowish tips in age. Ramariopsis kunzei has a widespread distribution, and is found in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

<i>Mucronella</i> Genus of fungi

Mucronella is a genus of fungi in the family Clavariaceae. Species in the genus resemble awl-shaped teeth that grow in groups without a common subiculum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clavarioid fungi</span> Group of fungi

The clavarioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having erect, simple or branched basidiocarps that are formed on the ground, on decaying vegetation, or on dead wood. They are colloquially called club fungi and coral fungi.

<i>Typhula</i> Genus of fungi

Typhula is a genus of clavarioid fungi in the order Agaricales. Species of Typhula are saprotrophic, mostly decomposing leaves, twigs, and herbaceous material. Basidiocarps are club-shaped or narrowly cylindrical and are simple, often arising from sclerotia. A few species are facultative plant pathogens, causing a number of commercially important crop and turfgrass diseases.

<i>Clavaria fragilis</i> Species of fungus

Clavaria fragilis, commonly known as fairy fingers, white worm coral, or white spindles, is a species of fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It is synonymous with Clavaria vermicularis. The fungus is the type species of the genus Clavaria and is a typical member of the clavarioid or club fungi. It produces tubular, unbranched, white basidiocarps that typically grow in clusters. The fruit bodies can reach dimensions of 15 cm (5.9 in) tall by 0.5 cm (0.2 in) thick. Clavaria fragilis is a saprobic species, growing in woodland litter or in old, unimproved grassland. It is widespread throughout temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, but has also been reported from Australia and South Africa. The fungus is edible, but insubstantial and flavorless. There are several other small white coral-like fungi with which C. fragilis may be confused.

<i>Clavaria zollingeri</i> Species of fungus

Clavaria zollingeri, commonly known as the violet coral or the magenta coral, is a widely distributed species of fungus. It produces striking tubular, purple to pinkish-violet fruit bodies that grow up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall and 7 cm (2.8 in) wide. The extreme tips of the fragile, slender branches are usually rounded and brownish. A typical member of the clavarioid or club fungi, Clavaria zollingeri is saprobic, and so derives nutrients by breaking down organic matter. The fruit bodies are typically found growing on the ground in woodland litter, or in grasslands. Variations in branching and color can often be used to distinguish C. zollingeri from similarly colored coral fungi such as Alloclavaria purpurea and Clavulina amethystina, although microscopy is required to reliably identify the latter species.

<i>Clavariadelphus ligula</i> Species of fungus

Clavariadelphus ligula, commonly known as the strap coral, is a species of fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It produces club-shaped fruit bodies with spongy flesh that grow in groups on the forest floor. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

<i>Caripia</i> Genus of fungi

Caripia is a fungal genus in the family Marasmiaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Caripia montagnei, commonly known as the pod parachute. It is found in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Formerly classified in the Stereales, molecular analysis published in 2002 demonstrated that the fungus is a reduced form of the closely related Gymnopus.

<i>Clavulinopsis amoena</i> Species of fungus

Clavulinopsis amoena is a clavarioid fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It forms slender, cylindrical, golden-yellow fruiting bodies that grow on the ground among plant litter. It was originally described from Indonesia and appears to be distributed in temperate areas of the southern hemisphere.

<i>Clavulinopsis umbrinella</i> Species of fungus

Clavulinopsis umbrinella, commonly known as the beige coral, is a coral mushroom in the family Clavariaceae. Fruit bodies are initially white before turning pale brown with darker brown tips. Originally described in 1860, it is known to occur in Europe and North America where it grows in grass. It is not a common species.

<i>Clavulinopsis helvola</i> Species of fungus

Clavulinopsis helvola is a clavarioid fungus in the family Clavariaceae. In the UK, it has the recommended English name of yellow club. It forms slender, cylindrical, yellow fruiting bodies that grow on the ground in agriculturally unimproved grassland or in woodland litter. It was originally described from Europe.

<i>Clavulinopsis fusiformis</i> Species of fungus

Clavulinopsis fusiformis is a clavarioid fungus in the family Clavariaceae. In the UK, it has been given the recommended English name of golden spindles. In North America it has also been called spindle-shaped yellow coral or golden fairy spindle. Clavulinopsis fusiformis forms cylindrical, bright yellow fruit bodies that grow in dense clusters on the ground in agriculturally unimproved grassland or in woodland litter. It was originally described from England and is part of a species complex as yet unresolved.

<i>Clavulinopsis laeticolor</i> Species of fungus

Clavulinopsis laeticolor, commonly known as the golden fairy club or handsome club, is a clavarioid fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It forms slender, cylindrical, yellow fruit bodies that grow on the ground in woodland litter or in agriculturally unimproved grassland. It was originally described from Cuba and is part of a species complex as yet unresolved.

<i>Hirticlavula</i> Genus of fungi

Hirticlavula is a fungal genus in the family Clavariaceae. It contains a single described species, Hirticlavula elegans. Formally described in 2014, the fungus has been collected from Norway and Denmark. H. elegans produces white fruit bodies up to 1.1 millimetres (0.043 in) in height. Each fruit body contains a fertile head atop a hairy stem. The fruit bodies grow directly from dead bark or wood, where they feed as saprotrophs. Both morphological and ecological details are distinctive when compared to other clavarioid fungi.

<i>Clavulinopsis sulcata</i> Species of fungus

Clavulinopsis sulcata is a clavarioid fungus in the family Clavariaceae and is the type species of the genus Clavulinopsis. It forms very long, slender, cylindrical pinkish or orange fruiting bodies that grow on the ground among plant litter.

<i>Clavulinopsis corniculata</i> Species of fungus

Clavulinopsis corniculata is a clavarioid fungus in the family Clavariaceae. In the UK, it has the recommended English name of meadow coral. It forms branched, cylindrical, ochre fruit bodies that grow on the ground in agriculturally unimproved grassland or in woodland litter. It was originally described from Germany and is part of a species complex as yet unresolved.

<i>Clavulinopsis aurantiocinnabarina</i> Species of fungus

Clavulinopsis aurantiocinnabarina is a clavarioid fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It has been given the English names of orange spindle coral or orange worm coral. It forms cylindrical, orange fruit bodies that grow on the ground in woodland litter. It was originally described from the United States and is part of a species complex as yet unresolved.

References

  1. ↑ "Clavaria L." MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  2. ↑ Micheli PA. (1729). Nova plantarum genera Florentiae (in Latin). Florence: typis B. Paperinii.
  3. ↑ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1182.
  4. ↑ "Search Page: Clavaria". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
  5. ↑ Stackhouse J. (1816). Nereis Britannicus (2nd ed.). Oxonii.
  6. ↑ Donk MA. (1949). "New and revised nomica generica conservanda proposed for Basidiomycetes (Fungi)". Bulletin de l'Institut botanique de Buitenzorg, III. 18: 83–168.
  7. ↑ Doty MS. (1948). "Proposals and notes on some genera of clavarioid fungi and their types". Lloydia. 11: 123–28.
  8. ↑ Rogers DP. (1949). "Nomina conservanda proposita and nomina confusa – Fungi". Farlowia. 3: 425–93.
  9. ↑ Rogers DP. (1953). "Disposition of nomina generica conservanda proposita for Fungi". Mycologia. 45 (2): 312–22. JSTOR   4547700.
  10. 1 2 3 Corner EJH. (1950). A Monograph of Clavaria and Allied Genera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  11. ↑ Petersen RH. (1978). "Notes on clavarioid fungi. XV. Reorganization of Clavaria, Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis". Mycologia. 70 (3): 660–71. doi:10.2307/3759402. JSTOR   3759402.
  12. 1 2 Dentinger BTM, McLaughlin DJ (2006). "Reconstructing the Clavariaceae using nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences and a new genus segregated from Clavaria". Mycologia. 98 (5): 746–62. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.5.746. PMID   17256578.
  13. ↑ Englander L, Hull RJ (1980). "Reciprocal transfer of nutrients between ericaceous plants and a Clavaria sp". New Phytologist. 84 (4): 661–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04779.x . JSTOR   2431919.
  14. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 149. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Petersen RH. (1988). "The clavarioid fungi of New Zealand". Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Industrial Research. 236: 1–170.
  16. ↑ Kirk PM. "Species Fungorum (version 30th July 2015). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life". Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  17. ↑ Roberts R. (1999). "Clavarioid fungi from Korup National Park, Cameroon". Kew Bulletin. 54 (3): 517–39. Bibcode:1999KewBu..54..517R. doi:10.2307/4110853. JSTOR   4110853.
  18. ↑ Olariaga I, Salcedo I, Daniëls PP, Spooner B, Kautmanová I (2015). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of yellow Clavaria species with clamped basidia-Clavaria flavostellifera sp. nov. and the typification of C. argillacea, C. flavipes and C. sphagnicola". Mycologia. 107 (1): 104–22. doi:10.3852/13-315. hdl: 10261/164062 . PMID   25376798. S2CID   40463057.
  19. ↑ Roberts P. (2007). "Black & brown Clavaria species: in the British Isles". Field Mycology. 8 (2): 59–62. doi: 10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60454-9 .
  20. ↑ Agnello C, Baglivo A. "Una nuova specie scoperta in Italia meridionale: Clavaria salentina". 2011 (in Italian). 53: 331–40.
  21. ↑ Geesink J, Bas C (1992). "Clavaria stellifera, spec. nov". Persoonia. 14 (4): 671–3.
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