Cordia dichotoma

Last updated

Cordia dichotoma
Cordia dichotoma (Lasora) in Hyderabad W IMG 7089.jpg
Leaves in Hyderabad, India
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Boraginales
Family: Boraginaceae
Genus: Cordia
Species:
C. dichotoma
Binomial name
Cordia dichotoma
Synonyms [3]
List
    • Cordia blancoiS.Vidal in Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip.: 192 (1886)
    • Cordia blancoi var. mollisMerr. in Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35: 61-62 (1905)
    • Cordia browniiA.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 499 (1845)
    • Cordia dichotoma var. brunneaKurz in Forest Fl. Burma 2@ 208 (1877)
    • Cordia griffithiiC.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 139 (1883)
    • Cordia indicaLam. in Encycl. 7: 49 (1806)
    • Cordia ixiocarpaF.Muell. in Fragm. 1: 59 (1858)
    • Cordia latifoliaRoxb. in Fl. Ind. 2: 330 (1824)
    • Cordia loureiroiRoem. & Schult. in Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 4: 465 (1819)
    • Cordia myxa var. ixiocarpa(F.Muell.) Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 543 (1928)
    • Cordia obliquaWilld. in Phytographia 1: 4 (1794)
    • Cordia obliqua var. tomentosaKazmi in J. Arnold Arbor. 51(2): 143 (1970), nom. superfl.
    • Cordia obliqua var. wallichii(G.Don) C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 137 (1883)
    • Cordia premnifoliaRidl. in J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 68: 12 (1915)
    • Cordia suaveolensBlume in Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 843 (1826)
    • Cordia subdentataMiq. in Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 571 (1861)
    • Cordia tomentosaWall. in W.Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 339 (1824)
    • Cordia tremulaGriseb. in Fl. Brit. W. I.: 479 (1862)
    • Cordia wallichiiG.Don in Gen. Hist. 4: 379 (1837)
    • Gerascanthus dichotomus(G.Forst.) Borhidi in Acta Bot. Hung. 34: 404 (1988)
    • Gerascanthus griffithii(C.B.Clarke) Borhidi in Acta Bot. Hung. 34: 405 (1988)
    • Gerascanthus suaveolens(Blume) Borhidi in Acta Bot. Hung. 34: 407 (1988)
    • Lithocardium griffithii(C.B.Clarke) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891)
    • Lithocardium platyphyllumKuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891)
    • Lithocardium suaveolens(Blume) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891)
    • Lithocardium subdentatumKuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891)
    • Lithocardium tremulum(Griseb.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891)
    • Sebestena indica(Lam.) Raf. in Sylva Tellur.: 38 (1838)
    • Varronia integerrimaStokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 424 (1812)
    • Varronia sinensisLour. in Fl. Cochinch.: 138 (1790)

Cordia dichotoma is a species of flowering tree in the borage family, Boraginaceae, that is native to the Indomalayan realm, northern Australia, and western Melanesia. [2]

Contents

Common names in English include fragrant manjack, [4] clammy cherry, glue berry tree and Indian cherry. [2]

Description

Cordia dichotoma is a small to moderate-sized deciduous tree with a short bole and spreading crown. The stem bark is greyish brown, smooth or longitudinally wrinkled. Flowers are short-stalked, bisexual, white in colour which open only at night. The fruit is a yellow or pinkish-yellow shining globose which turns black on ripening and the pulp gets viscid.

Habitat and range

Cordia dichotoma is native to China (Fujian, Guangdong Guangxi, Guizhou, southeast Tibet, and Yunnan) the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, Taiwan, India (including East and West Himalayas, [3] ), Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Australia (Northern Territory and Queensland), [2] New Caledonia and Vanuatu. [1] It is a tree of tropical and subtropical regions. It is found in a variety of forests ranging from the dry deciduous forests of Rajasthan to the moist deciduous forests of Western Ghats and tidal forests in Myanmar.

It has been introduced into; Cuba, Florida, Guatemala, Leeward Islands, Marianas, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Tobago, Trinidad and the Windward Islands. [3]

Ecology

The larvae of the butterfly Arhopala micale feed on leaves of C. dichotoma.

Uses

A jar of Taiwanese Cordia dichotoma fruits with ginger Fragrantmanjackjar.jpg
A jar of Taiwanese Cordia dichotoma fruits with ginger

The immature fruits are pickled (see South Asian pickles) and are also used as a vegetable fodder. The leaves also yield good fodder. The fruits of C. dichotoma are edible. [5]

'Joshanda' is a Unani herbal medicine, known for its ability to manage colds, coughs, sore throats, nasal congestion, respiratory problems, and fevers. [6] It consists of seeds of 'Khatmi' ( Althaea officinalis ), fruits of 'Sapistan' (Cordia dichotoma), dried rhizomes of 'mulethi '( Glycyrrhiza glabra ), seeds of 'Khubbazi' ( Malva rotundifolia ), leaves of 'Gaozaban' ( Onosma bracteatum ), flowers of Banafsha ( Viola odorata ) and the dried fruits of 'Unnab' ( Ziziphus jujuba ). [7] Its fruits of C. dichotoma are a rich source of polysaccharides and are potential sources of phytochemicals with antibacterial and antioxidant activities. [6]

It is often cultivated for its fruits throughout the range of its natural distribution.

Symbolism

It is the symbol of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province in Thailand.

Related Research Articles

<i>Cordia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the borage family

Cordia is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It contains about 300 species of shrubs and trees, that are found worldwide, mostly in warmer regions. Many of the species are commonly called manjack, while bocote may refer to several Central American species in Spanish.

<i>Prunus padus</i> Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae

Prunus padus, known as bird cherry, hackberry, hagberry, or Mayday tree, is a flowering plant in the rose family. It is a species of cherry, a deciduous small tree or large shrub up to 16 metres (52 ft) tall. It is the type species of the subgenus Padus, which have flowers in racemes. It is native to northern Europe and northern and northeast Asia, and is grown as an ornamental in North America.

<i>Pterocarpus indicus</i> Species of legume

Pterocarpus indicus is a species of Pterocarpus native to southeastern Asia, northern Australasia, and the western Pacific Ocean islands, in Cambodia, southernmost China, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands, the Solomon Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.

<i>Annona squamosa</i> Species of tree

Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree or shrub from the family Annonaceae that bears edible fruits called sugar apples or sweetsops. It tolerates a tropical lowland climate better than its relatives Annona reticulata and Annona cherimola helping make it the most widely cultivated of these species. Annona squamosa is a small, semi-(or late) deciduous, much-branched shrub or small tree 3 to 8 metres tall similar to soursop. It is a native of tropical climate in the Americas and West Indies, and Spanish traders aboard the Manila galleons docking in the Philippines brought it to Asia.

<i>Syzygium cumini</i> Species of tree

Syzygium cumini, commonly known as Malabar plum, Java plum, black plum, jamun, jaman, jambul, or jambolan, is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae, and favored for its fruit, timber, and ornamental value. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, including Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and the Andaman Islands. It can reach heights of up to 30 metres (98 ft) and can live more than 100 years. A rapidly growing plant, it is considered an invasive species in many world regions.

<i>Spondias mombin</i> Species of tree

Spondias mombin, also known as yellow mombin, hog plum, amra or cajazeira, is a species of tree and flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to the tropical Americas, including the West Indies. The tree was introduced by the Portuguese in South Asia in the beginning of the 17th century. It has been naturalized in parts of Africa, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, The Bahamas, Indonesia, and other Caribbean islands. It is rarely cultivated except in parts of the Brazilian Northeast.

<i>Bombax ceiba</i> Species of tree

Bombax ceiba, like other trees of the genus Bombax, is commonly known as cotton tree. More specifically, it is sometimes known as Malabar silk-cotton tree; red silk-cotton; red cotton tree; or ambiguously as silk-cotton or kapok, both of which may also refer to Ceiba pentandra.

<i>Erythrina variegata</i> Species of legume

Erythrina variegata, commonly known as tiger's claw or Indian coral tree, is a species of Erythrina native to the tropical and subtropical regions of eastern Africa, the Indian subcontinent, northern Australia, and the islands of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean east to Fiji.

<i>Prunus cerasoides</i> Species of tree

Prunus cerasoides, commonly known as the wild Himalayan cherry,sour cherry or pahhiya is a species of deciduous cherry tree in the family Rosaceae.

<i>Terminalia chebula</i> Species of flowering plant

Terminalia chebula, commonly known as black- or chebulic myrobalan, is a species of Terminalia, native to South Asia from Pakistan, India and Nepal east to southwest China (Yunnan), and south to Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Vietnam.

<i>Pterocarpus macrocarpus</i> Species of legume

Pterocarpus macrocarpus, or Burma padauk, is a tree native to the seasonal tropical forests of southeastern Asia: in Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. It has been naturalized in India and the Caribbean.

<i>Tecoma stans</i> Species of tree

Tecoma stans is a species of flowering perennial shrub in the trumpet vine family, Bignoniaceae, that is native to the Americas. Common names include yellow trumpetbush, yellow bells, yellow elder, ginger Thomas. Tecoma stans is the official flower of the United States Virgin Islands and the floral emblem of The Bahamas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire-capped tit</span> Species of bird

The fire-capped tit is a small, 10 cm (3.9 in) long, weighing about 7 g (0.25 oz) bird species assigned to the family Paridae, that breeds in the temperate forest bordering the Himalayas to the south, in the Hengduan Shan and Nujiang Shan on the Myanmar-China border, the Micah Shan and Daba Shan on the Northern Sichuan border. It winters down hill and further south. Further to the east, birds tend to be smaller and the plumage becomes gradually darker.

<i>Mimusops elengi</i> Species of tree

Mimusops elengi is a medium-sized evergreen tree found in tropical forests in South Asia, Southeast Asia and northern Australia. English common names include Spanish cherry, medlar, and bullet wood. Its timber is valuable, the fruit is edible, and it is used in traditional medicine. As the trees give thick shade and flowers emit fragrance, it is a prized collection of gardens.

<i>Guazuma ulmifolia</i> Species of tree

Guazuma ulmifolia, commonly known as West Indian elm or bay cedar, is a medium-sized tree normally found in pastures and disturbed forests. This flowering plant from the family Malvaceae grows up to 30m in height and 30–40 cm in diameter. It is widely found in areas such as the Caribbean, South America, Central America and Mexico serving several uses that vary from its value in carpentry to its utility in medicine.

<i>Cassia javanica</i> Species of legume

Cassia javanica, also known as Java cassia, pink shower, apple blossom tree and rainbow shower tree, is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae. Its origin is in Southeast Asia, but it has been extensively grown in tropical areas worldwide as a garden tree owing to its beautiful crimson and pink flower bunches.

<i>Schleichera</i> Genus of trees

Schleichera is a monotypic genus of plants in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. There is only one species, Schleichera oleosa, a tree that occurs in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

<i>Maesopsis</i> Genus of trees

Maesopsis eminii, the umbrella tree, is a species of tree in the family Rhamnaceae found in India and Africa. It is the only species in the genus Maesopsis. It is often grown as a plantation tree, and as a shade tree in coffee plantations and other crops. Birds and monkeys may disperse the seeds. Since this tree grows fast it is often used for regeneration of destroyed forest lands. Its timber is used for construction and firewood and its leaves for animal fodder.

<i>Aporosa octandra</i> Tree species

Aporosa octandra is a species of plant in the family Phyllanthaceae found from Queensland and New Guinea to Indonesia, Zhōngguó/China and India. It is a highly variable plant with 4 named varieties. Its wood is used in construction and to make implements, its fruit is edible. The Karbi people of Assam use the plant for dyeing, textile colours have quite some significance in their culture.

<i>Pometia</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Pometia is a genus of 2 species of rainforest trees, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2021). "Cordia dichotoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T61986401A207735485. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Cordia dichotoma". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  3. 1 2 3 "Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  4. "Cordia dichotoma". Encyclopedia of Life . National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  5. Bachheti, Archana; Deepti; Bachheti, Rakesh Kumar; Singh, Anjita; Zebeaman, Meseret; Hunde, Yilma; Husen, Azamal (2023). "Bioactive constituents and health promoting compounds of underutilized fruits of the northern Himalayas of India: a review". Food Production, Processing and Nutrition. 5 (24). doi: 10.1186/s43014-023-00140-5 .
  6. 1 2 Rahayu, E.S.; Martin, P.; Dewi, N.K.; Kurniawan, F.H. (2017). "Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.: Bioecology and population density". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 824 (1): 012059. Bibcode:2017JPhCS.824a2059R. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/824/1/012059 . 012059.
  7. "Top 10 Best Health Benefits and Uses of Joshanda". Gyanunlimited. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2023.