Dacrydium cupressinum

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Rimu
Dacrydium cupressinum (45986054132) (cropped).jpg
A mature rimu
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Araucariales
Family: Podocarpaceae
Genus: Dacrydium
Species:
D. cupressinum
Binomial name
Dacrydium cupressinum
Sol. ex Lamb.
Rimu-natural-range.png
Natural range of D. cupressinum
Synonyms [2]

Thalamia cupressina Spreng

Dacrydium cupressinum, commonly known as rimu, is a large evergreen coniferous tree endemic to the forests of New Zealand. It is a member of the southern conifer group, the podocarps.

Contents

The Māori name rimu comes from the Polynesian term limu which the tree's foliage were reminded of, [3] ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *limut meaning "moss". [4] The former name "red pine" has fallen out of common use.

Description

Rimu is a coniferous tree with dark red wood that reaches a height of 35–60 m (115–197 ft), with a trunk 1.5–2 m (4.9–6.6 ft) in diameter. The bark is flaky and dark-brown in colour. In its juvenile stages the branches are thin and numerous, but as the tree grows older around three quarters of the tree becomes branchless. [5] It has a lifespan of 600–800 years, but may reach beyond 1000 in rare cases. [6]

The yellowish-green foliage varies in size and shape between the juvenile, sub-adult, and adult life stages. The leaves begin 0.4–10 mm long and 0.5–0.1 mm wide with sharp points. They are divided along an axis and roughly shaped like a sickle. In sub-adults the leaves shorten to 4–6 mm long, curve upward, and become diamond shaped. In adults the leaves become smaller, just 2–3 mm long, and press against one-another tightly. [5]

Male and female cones, or strobili, appear first in sub-adults but on different male and female trees. Male cones are 5–10 mm long, rectangular shaped, and covered in a yellow pollen. Ovules appear on their own on upturning branchlets. The fruit consists of a 1–2 mm long fleshy orange receptacle and a 3–4 mm long dark brown rectangular-shaped seed. Rimu is distinctive enough that it is unlikely to be misidentified except as a seedling with Manoao colensoi, which have glossier, less fine leaves. It has a diploid chromosome count of 20. [5]

Distribution

Rimu grows throughout New Zealand, in the North Island, South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura. [2] This species is common in lowland and montane forest. [2] Although the largest concentration of trees is now found on the West Coast of the South Island, the biggest trees tend to be in mixed podocarp forest near Taupō (e.g., Pureora, Waihaha, and Whirinaki Forests). A typical North Island habitat is in the Hamilton Ecological District, where Fuscospora truncata and rimu form the overstory. Associate ferns on the forest floor are Blechnum discolor , Blechnum filiforme , Asplenium flaccidum and Hymenophyllum demissum . [7] An 800-year-old rimu tree can be seen at the Otari-Wilton's Bush in Wellington. [8]

Uses

Māori originally used the resinous heartwood of rimu (called māpara or kāpara) for wooden items such as heru (combs) and fernroot beaters. [9] [10] Historically, rimu and other native trees such as kauri, mataī and tōtara were the main sources of wood for New Zealand, including furniture and house construction. However, many of New Zealand's original stands of rimu have been destroyed, and recent government policies forbid the felling of rimu in public forests, though allowing limited logging on private land. Pinus radiata has now replaced rimu in most industries, although rimu remains popular for the production of high quality wooden furniture. There is also limited recovery of stump and root wood, from trees felled many years before, for use in making bowls and other wood turned objects.[ citation needed ]

The inner bark can also be used to treat burns and cuts. [11]

In cultivation

Although slow to establish, with a long juvenile period and fairly high moisture requirements, rimu is widely grown as an ornamental tree in New Zealand. It is attractive at all growth stages, usually quite narrow when young, then developing into a broader tree with weeping branches before finally progressing to its more upright adult form. While rimu does exhibit some variation in the wild, garden cultivars are largely unknown, except for one recent introduction, 'Charisma', which is a compact, golden-foliaged form.[ citation needed ]

Pests and diseases

This species plays host to the New Zealand endemic beetle Agapanthida pulchella . [12]

Related Research Articles

<i>Podocarpus totara</i> Species of conifer

Podocarpus totara (; the tōtara is a species of podocarp tree endemic to New Zealand. It grows throughout the North Island, South Island and rarely on Stewart Island/Rakiura in lowland, montane and lower subalpine forest at elevations of up to 600 m.

<i>Beilschmiedia tawa</i> Species of tree

Beilschmiedia tawa, the tawa, is a New Zealand broadleaf tree common in the central parts of the country. Tawa is often the dominant canopy tree species in lowland forests in the North Island and the north east of the South Island, but will also often form the subcanopy in primary forests throughout the country in these areas, beneath podocarps such as kahikatea, matai, miro and rimu. Individual specimens may grow up to 30 metres or more in height with trunks up to 1.2 metres in diameter, and they have smooth dark bark. The Māori word "tawa" is the name for the tree.

<i>Prumnopitys ferruginea</i> Species of conifer

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<i>Dacrycarpus dacrydioides</i> Coniferous tree endemic to New Zealand

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, commonly known as kahikatea and white pine, is a coniferous tree endemic to New Zealand. A podocarp, it is New Zealand's tallest tree, gaining heights of 60 m over a life span of 600 years. It was first described botanically by the French botanist Achille Richard in 1832 as Podocarpusdacrydioides, and was given its current binomial name Dacrycarpus dacrydioides in 1969 by the American botanist David de Laubenfels. Analysis of DNA has confirmed its evolutionary relationship with other species in the genera Dacrycarpus and Dacrydium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Matheson</span> Lake in New Zealand

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<i>Halocarpus bidwillii</i> Species of conifer

Halocarpus bidwillii, commonly known as the mountain pine or bog pine, is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is endemic to New Zealand.

<i>Halocarpus kirkii</i> Species of conifer

Halocarpus kirkii, or monoao, is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is native and endemic to New Zealand. It was formerly known as Dacrydium kirkii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Otari-Wilton's Bush</span> Botanic garden in Wellington, New Zealand

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<i>Metrosideros robusta</i> Species of epiphyte

Metrosideros robusta, the northern rātā, is a forest tree endemic to New Zealand. It grows up to 25 metres (82 ft) or taller, and usually begins its life as a hemiepiphyte high in the branches of a mature forest tree; over centuries the young tree sends descending and girdling roots down and around the trunk of its host, eventually forming a massive, frequently hollow pseudotrunk composed of fused roots. In disturbed ground, or where there are gaps in the forest cover, northern rātā will grow on the ground with a normal but short trunk.

<i>Lepidothamnus laxifolius</i> Species of conifer

Lepidothamnus laxifolius, commonly known as the pygmy pine or mountain rimu, is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is found in the North Island, the South Island and on Stewart Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Limu (algae)</span> Polynesian edible underwater plants

Limu, otherwise known as rimu, remu or ʻimu is a general Polynesian term for edible plants living underwater, such as seaweed, or plants living near water, like algae. In Hawaii, there are approximately one hundred names for kinds of limu, sixty of which can be matched with scientific names. Hundreds of species of marine algae were once found in Hawaii. Many limu are edible, and used in the cuisine throughout most of Polynesia.

<i>Tmesipteris tannensis</i> Species of fern

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<i>Alseuosmia</i> Genus of Alseuosmiaceae plants

Alseuosmia is a genus of five species of flowering plants in the family Alseuosmiaceae, growing in New Zealand's North Island. Species members are characteristically small evergreen shrubs. An example occurrence of species representative Alseuosmia macrophylla is in the habitat of the Hamilton Ecological District, where Blechnum discolor and B. filiforme are understory elements with a Nothofagus truncata and Dacrydium cupressinum overstory.

<i>Elaeocarpus dentatus</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpus dentatus, commonly known as hinau, is a native lowland forest tree of New Zealand. Other names in Māori for the tree are hangehange, pōkākā, and whīnau.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Island temperate forests</span>

The North Island temperate forests, also known as the Northland temperate forests, is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion on New Zealand’s North Island.

<i>Isonomeutis amauropa</i> Species of moth, endemic to New Zealand

Isonomeutis amauropa is a species of moth in the Copromorphidae family. It is endemic to New Zealand where it can be found on both the North and South Islands. I. amauropa inhabits native forest particularly forest dominated by Rimu and native beech trees. The larvae of this species consumes margarodid scale insects that live under the bark of these trees. When mature the larvae pupate in a cocoon made of silk and covered in twigs and frass. This cocoon is normally placed under the bark of the same tree the larvae inhabited. Adults of I. amauropa are on the wing from September to February.

<i>Pyrgotis plinthoglypta</i> Species of moth endemic to New Zealand

Pyrgotis plinthoglypta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found throughout the whole country. The preferred habitat of this species is native forest. The larvae of this species feeds on rimu leaves from under a silken web. It pupates in loose cocoons amongst rimu foliage. Adults are on the wing from October to May and are night flying. They are attracted to light and can be collected by beating their host tree. The adult insect resembles a small dried fragment of rimu foliage when at rest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southland temperate forests</span> Terrestrial ecoregion in New Zealand

The Southland temperate forests is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion on New Zealand's South Island. The natural vegetation was mostly forest, but over the centuries human activities, including grazing and fires, replaced much of the original forest with grassland and agriculture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pakihi</span>

Pakihi or pākihi is a vegetation association unique to the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand, characterised by flat boggy land with infertile, waterlogged soil on which only rushes, ferns, moss, and mānuka grow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Big Rimu Walk</span> Walking track in New Zealand

The Big Rimu Walk is a nature trail near Karamea, located in Kahurangi National Park on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. A short walk of 1.1 kilometres (0.68 mi) through regenerating bush leads to a large rimu tree that is 36 metres (118 ft) tall with a trunk over two metres in diameter and estimated to be over 1,000 years old. Other smaller rimu in the area were logged during the 1940s but this large tree was left.

References

  1. ↑ Thomas, P. (2013). "Dacrydium cupressinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2013: e.T42448A2981038. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42448A2981038.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Eagle, Audrey (2008). Eagle's complete trees and shrubs of New Zealand volume one. Wellington: Te Papa Press. p. 22. ISBN   9780909010089.
  3. ↑ "Limu: mosses, seaweed and lichens". Te Māra Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. 2022.
  4. ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*limut: moss, algae". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 de Lange, P. J. (2006). "Dacrydium cupressinum". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network . Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  6. ↑ Norton, D. A.; Herbert, J. W.; Beveridge, A. E. (1 January 1988). "The ecology of Dacrydium cupressinum: A review". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 26 (1): 42. Bibcode:1988NZJB...26...37N. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1988.10410098. ISSN   0028-825X.
  7. ↑ C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived February 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Wellington City Council. "Otari-Wilton's Bush brochure" (PDF). Wellington City Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2014.
  9. ↑ Lawrence, Joan (1990). "Combs from Rock Shelters in the Waitakere Ranges, West Auckland". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum . 27: 61–71. ISSN   0067-0464. JSTOR   42906402. Wikidata   Q58677387.
  10. ↑ Wallace, R., & Sutton, D. G. (1989). A preliminary study of wood types used in pre-European Maori wooden artefacts. Saying So Doesn’t Make It So: Papers in Honour of B. Foss Leach. Dunedin: New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph, 17, 222-232.
  11. ↑ "Maori uses: Medicinal plants, Conifers". University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  12. ↑ Stephanie L. Sopow; John Bain (14 September 2017). "A checklist of New Zealand Cerambycidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), excluding Lamiinae" (PDF). New Zealand Entomologist. 40 (2): 55–71. doi:10.1080/00779962.2017.1357423. ISSN   0077-9962. Wikidata   Q56166058.
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