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Sex-selective abortion is the practice of terminating a pregnancy based upon the predicted sex of the infant. The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common where male children are valued over female children, especially in parts of East Asia and South Asia, as well as in the Caucasus, Western Balkans, and to a lesser extent North America. Based on the third National Family and Health Survey, results showed that if both partners, mother and father, or just the father, preferred male children, sex-selective abortion was more common. In cases where only the mother prefers sons, this is likely to result in sex-selective neglect in which the child is not likely to survive past infancy.
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Sex selection is the attempt to control the sex of the offspring to achieve a desired sex. It can be accomplished in several ways, both pre- and post-implantation of an embryo, as well as at childbirth. It has been marketed under the title family balancing.
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Son preference is the ancient and cross-cultural human preference for male offspring. Son preference has been demonstrated across all social classes, from "succession laws in royal families to land inheritance in peasant families." Sons are considered both a status symbol and a genetic and economic competitive advantage.
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Women's health in India can be examined in terms of multiple indicators, which vary by geography, socioeconomic standing and culture. To adequately improve the health of women in India multiple dimensions of wellbeing must be analysed in relation to global health averages and also in comparison to men in India. Health is an important factor that contributes to human wellbeing and economic growth.
In South Korea, gender inequality is derived from deeply rooted patriarchal ideologies with specifically defined gender-roles. While it remains especially prevalent in South Korea's economy and politics, gender inequality has decreased in healthcare and education.
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Gender roles are culturally influenced stereotypes which create expectations for appropriate behavior for males and females. An understanding of these roles is evident in children as young as age four. Children between 3 and 6 months can form distinctions between male and female faces. By ten months, infants can associate certain objects with females and males, like a hammer with males or scarf with females. Gender roles are influenced by the media, family, environment, and society. In addition to biological maturation, children develop within a set of gender-specific social and behavioral norms embedded in family structure, natural play patterns, close friendships, and the teeming social jungle of school life. The gender roles encountered in childhood play a large part in shaping an individual's self-concept and influence the way an individual forms relationships later on in life.
For years, the census data in China has recorded a significant imbalance sex ratio toward the male population, meaning there are fewer women than men. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as the missing women or missing girls of China. In 2021, the male-to-female ratio of China is recorded at 104.61 to 100.
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Lisa Cameron is an Australian economist currently working as a Professional Research Fellow at the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research at the University of Melbourne.
Gender disappointment is the feeling of sadness parents experience when the desire for a child of a preferred sex is not met. It can create feelings of shame which cannot always be expressed openly. It is often noticed in cultures where women are viewed as of a lower status and the preferred choice is for a male infant, i.e. son preference. It may result in sex-selective killing, or the neglection of female children.
References
- ↑ Fuse, Kana (2013-05-17). "Daughter preference in Japan: A reflection on gender role attitudes?". Demographic Research. 28: 1021–1052. doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2013.28.36 . ISSN 1435-9871.
- ↑ Duan, Huiqiong; Hicks, Daniel L. (2020-08-17). "New evidence on son preference among immigrant households in the United States". IZA Journal of Development and Migration. 11 (1): 20200014. doi: 10.2478/izajodm-2020-0014 . ISSN 2520-1786. S2CID 221257460.
- ↑ Chun, Heeran; Das Gupta, Monica (2022-05-04). "'Not a bowl of rice, but tender loving care': from aborting girls to preferring daughters in South Korea". Asian Population Studies. 18 (2): 169–189. doi: 10.1080/17441730.2021.1944408 . ISSN 1744-1730. S2CID 240698960.
- ↑ Abramishvili, Zurab; Appleman, William; Maksymovych, Sergii (2019-09-05). "Parental Gender Preference in the Balkans and Scandinavia: Gender Bias or Differential Costs?". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3448492. S2CID 203078609. SSRN 3448492.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Krishnan, Vijaya (July 1987). "Preferences for sex of children: a multivariate analysis". Journal of Biosocial Science. 19 (3): 367–376. doi:10.1017/S0021932000017004. ISSN 0021-9320. PMID 3624297. S2CID 7285614.
- ↑ Smith-Greenway, Emily; Weitzman, Abigail. "Investigating Daughter Preference in a Matrilineal Context" (PDF).
- ↑ Le, Kien; Nguyen, My (2022-03-01). "Son preference and health disparities in developing countries". SSM - Population Health. 17: 101036. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101036. ISSN 2352-8273. PMC 8804262 . PMID 35128024.