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The demoscene is an international computer art subculture focused on producing demos: self-contained, sometimes extremely small, computer programs that produce audiovisual presentations. The purpose of a demo is to show off programming, visual art, and musical skills. Demos and other demoscene productions (graphics, music, videos, games) are shared at festivals known as demoparties, voted on by those who attend and released online.
The scene started with the home computer revolution of the early 1980s, and the subsequent advent of software cracking. [1] Crackers altered the code of computer games to remove copy protection, claiming credit by adding introduction screens of their own ("cracktros"). They soon started competing for the best visual presentation of these additions. [2] Through the making of intros and stand-alone demos, a new community eventually evolved, independent of the gaming [3] : 29–30 and software sharing scenes.
Demos are informally classified into several categories, mainly of size-restricted intros. The most typical competition categories for intros are the 64k intro and the 4K intro, where the size of the executable file is restricted to 65536 and 4096 bytes, respectively. In other competitions the choice of platform is restricted; only 8-bit computers like the Atari 800 or Commodore 64, or the 16-bit Amiga or Atari ST. Such restrictions provide a challenge for coders, musicians, and graphics artists, to make a device do more than was intended in its original design.
The earliest computer programs that have some resemblance to demos and demo effects can be found among the so-called display hacks. Display hacks predate the demoscene by several decades, with the earliest examples dating back to the early 1950s. [5]
Demos in the demoscene sense began as software crackers' "signatures", that is, crack screens and crack intros attached to software whose copy protection was removed. The first crack screens appeared on the Apple II in the early 1980s, and they were often nothing but plain text screens crediting the cracker or their group. Gradually, these static screens evolved into increasingly impressive-looking introductions containing animated effects and music. Eventually, many cracker groups started to release intro-like programs separately, without being attached to unlicensed software. [6] These programs were initially known by various names, such as letters or messages, but they later came to be known as demos.[ citation needed ]
In 1980, Atari, Inc. began using a looping demo with visual effects and music to show the features of the Atari 400/800 computers in stores. [7] At the 1985 Consumer Electronics Show, Atari showed a demoscene-style demo for its latest 8-bit computers that alternated between a 3D walking robot and a flying spaceship, each with its own music, and animating larger objects than typically seen on those systems; the two sections were separated by the Atari logo. [8] The program was released to the public. Also in 1985, a large, spinning, checkered ball—casting a translucent shadow—was the signature demo of what the hardware was capable of when Commodore's Amiga was announced.
Simple demo-like music collections were put together on the C64 in 1985 by Charles Deenen, inspired by crack intros, using music taken from games and adding some homemade color graphics.[ citation needed ] In the following year the movement now known as the demoscene was born. The Dutch groups 1001 Crew and The Judges, both Commodore 64-based, are often mentioned[ by whom? ] among the earliest demo groups. While competing with each other in 1986, they both produced pure demos with original graphics and music involving more than just casual work, and used extensive hardware trickery. At the same time demos from others, such as Antony Crowther, had started circulating on Compunet in the United Kingdom.
The demoscene is mainly a European phenomenon. [9] It is a competition-oriented subculture, with groups and individual artists competing against each other in technical and artistic excellence. Those who achieve excellence are dubbed "elite", while those who do not follow the demoscene's implicit rules are called "lamers"; such rules emphasize creativity over "ripping" (or else using with permission) the works of others, having good contacts within the scene, and showing effort rather than asking for help. [9] Both this competitiveness and the sense of cooperation among demosceners have led to comparisons with the earlier hacker culture in academic computing. [9] [10] : 159 The demoscene is a closed subculture, which seeks and receives little mainstream public interest. [3] : 4 As of 2010 [update] , the size of the scene was estimated at some 10,000. [11]
In the early days, competition came in the form of setting records, like the number of "bobs" (blitter objects) on the screen per frame, or the number of DYCP (Different Y Character Position) scrollers on a C64.[ citation needed ] These days, there are organized competitions, or compos, held at demoparties, although there have been some online competitions. It has also been common for diskmags to have voting-based charts which provide ranking lists for the best coders, graphicians, musicians, demos and other things.
In 2020, Finland added its demoscene to its national UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage. [12] It is the first digital subculture to be put on an intangible cultural heritage list. In 2021, Germany and Poland also added its demoscene to its national UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage, [13] [14] followed by Netherlands in 2023. [15]
Demosceners typically organize in small groups, centered around a coder (programmer), a musician, a graphician (graphics designer) and a swapper (who spreads their own and others' creations by mail).
Groups always have names, and similarly the individual members pick a handle by which they will be addressed in the large community. While the practice of using handles rather than real names is a borrowing from the cracker/warez culture, where it serves to hide the identity of the cracker from law enforcement, in the demoscene (oriented toward legal activities) it mostly serves as a manner of self-expression. Group members tend to self-identify with the group, often extending their handle with their group's name, following the patterns "Handle of Group" or "Handle/Group". [3] : 31–32
A demoparty is an event where demosceners [16] and other computer enthusiasts gather to take part in competitions, nicknamed compos, [17] where they present demos (short audio-visual presentations of computer art) and other works such as digital art and music. A typical demoparty is a non-stop event spanning a weekend, providing the visitors a lot of time to socialize. The competing works, at least those in the most important competitions, are usually shown at night, using a video projector and loudspeakers. [18] The most important competition is usually the demo compo. [19]
The visitors of a demoparty often bring their own computers to compete and show their works. To this end, most parties provide a large hall with tables, electricity and usually a local area network connected to the Internet. In this respect, many demoparties resemble LAN parties, and many of the largest events also gather gamers and other computer enthusiasts in addition to demosceners. A major difference between a real demoparty and a LAN party is that demosceners typically spend more time socializing (often outside the actual party hall) than in front of their computers. [20]
Party name | Location | Years | Description |
---|---|---|---|
7DX Party | Istanbul, Turkey | 2002–2015 | 7DX was an annual demoparty that has been held since 2002 in Turkey. It is Turkey's first demo party that consists of demo-oriented competitions. |
Abstract | Gliwice, Poland | 2001–2005 | A demo party organized annually with lots of demos, intros, chiptune music. |
Alternative Party | Helsinki, Finland | 1998–2013 | An alternative party visited mostly by demo scene veterans. |
Arok Party | Ajka, Hungary | 1999– | 8-bit party, held each summer. |
Art Engine | São Paulo, Brazil | 2012 | The second Brazilian demoparty ever organized. |
Assembly | Helsinki, Finland | 1992– | One of the longest-running demo parties in the world. Associated with Boozembly. |
@party (Atparty) | Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA | 2010– | Annual demo party in Massachusetts. |
BIRDIE | Uppsala, Sweden | 1993– | Oldest LAN Party of Sweden with a Demoscene |
Bizarre | Etten-Leur, Netherlands | 1994–2000 | First PC demo party in The Netherlands. The first edition was held in Nijmegen, all others in Etten-Leur. |
Blockparty / PixelJam | Cleveland, Ohio, USA | 2007–2010, 2011–2012 | Both parties held in conjunction with Notacon. |
BCN Party | Barcelona | 2000–2007 | The only demoscene party in Barcelona. |
Breakpoint | Bingen, Germany | 2003–2010 | Formerly the world's largest "scene-only" demoparty, successor of the Mekka & Symposium party series. Followed by Revision. |
CAFePARTY | Kazan, Russia | 1999– | Main oldschool party in Russia. |
Chaos Constructions | Saint Petersburg, Russia | 1999– | The largest demoparty in ex-Soviet countries, successor of the Enlight parties. |
Cookie | Paris, France | 2016– | The demoparty in Paris succeeding to DemoJS, but leaving out the focus on web technologies. |
Coven | Adelaide, Australia | 1995–2001 | Started at Adelaide Uni then later changed venues to Ngapartji Multimedia Centre. Organised by local groups POP and FTS. |
Datastorm | Gothenburg, Sweden | 2010–2019 | Amiga/C64 copy party. |
Deadline | Berlin, Germany | 2014– | Annual demoparty/computer arts festival in Berlin, organized by Computerkunst e.V. |
Demobit | Bratislava, Slovakia | 1995– | The biggest multiplatform party in Slovakia. Resurrected after 20 years in 2017. |
DemoJS | Paris, France | 2011–2014 | The only demoparty strictly focused on open web technologies. Followed by Cookie. |
Demosplash | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA | 2011– | Hosted by the Carnegie Mellon University Computer Club. |
DiHalt [ ru ] | Nizhny Novgorod, Russia | 1999– | Second largest demoparty in Russia (after Chaos Constructions). |
DreamHack | Jönköping, Sweden | 1994– | World's largest LAN-party, which later became more of Gaming party / E-Sports event. |
Equinox [21] | France | 1988–2007 | Atari ST and PC |
Euskal Encounter | Basque Country, Spain | 1994– | Originated as a pure Amiga Demo Party, now is a Lan and Demo Party |
Evoke | Köln, Germany | 1997– | Demoparty organized by Digitale Kultur |
Flashback | Sydney, Australia | 2011–2015, 2019– | |
Flashparty | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 1998–2001, 2003–2005, 2007, 2018– | First Demoparty in Latin America |
Forever | Horná Súča, Slovakia | 2000– | 8-bit party, C64, Spectrum and Atari |
Function | Budapest, Hungary | 2003– | |
Gardening | Patras, Greece | 1995–1997 | First demoparty in Greece. |
The Gathering | Hamar, Norway | 1992– | Norway's largest demoparty, which later became more of a LAN/game-party. |
Gubbdata | Lund, Sweden | 2012–2022 | Amiga/C64 demo party. Organized by Genesis Project. |
Hackerence | Härnösand, Sweden | 1989–2000 | Organized by the youth club ComUn (Computer Union). |
Horde | Udine, Italy | 2007 | A result of a split from the computer event Codex Alpe Adria to focus on demo scene only. |
Icons Artparty | Helsinki, Finland | 2007, 2008, 2012– | Demoparty and a festival of electronic art. |
Inércia Demoparty | Portugal | 2001–2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2018–2022 | Oldest running Portuguese demoparty. |
Kindergarden | Haga, Norway | 1994–2014 | Used to be the oldest pure demoparty in the world, hasn't been held since 2014. |
Last Party | Opalenica, Poland | 1997–2003, 2017 | Winter Atari copy party. |
Lato Ludzików | Opalenica, Poland | 1999–2002 | Summer Atari copy party. |
LayerOne Demoparty | Pasadena, California | 2014– | Newish demoparty held every year at the LayerOne Security Conference |
Lost Party | Licheń Stary, Poland | 2019– | Summer 8-bit demo party. |
Lovebyte | Netherlands | 2021– | Demoparty dedicated to sizecoding |
Mekka & Symposium | Fallingbostel, Germany | 1996–2002 | One of the most respected demoparties. Part of the organizing staff went on to create Breakpoint. |
Movement | Ashkelon, Israel | 1995–1998 | The yearly demo party of the demoscene in Israel. |
NAID | Longueuil, Quebec, Canada | 1995–1996 | The first, and to date, largest demoparty in North America. |
Nordlicht | Bremen, Germany | 2012– | First pure demoscene party in Bremen since the Siliconvention in 1997. |
NOVA | Exeter, UK | 2017– | |
Nullarbor | Perth, Australia | 2006–2008 | |
NVScene | San Jose, California, USA | 2008, 2014, 2015 | Held in conjunction with Nvision (an nVidia conference) in 2008. |
Optimise | Johannesburg, South Africa | 2000– | The primary SA demo party. |
Pilgrimage | Salt Lake City, Utah, USA | 2003–2005 | |
QBParty | Sülysáp, Hungary | 2015– | On the first weekend after 10 May in each year. |
Revision | Saarbrücken, Germany | 2011– | The world's largest "scene-only" demoparty, successor of the Breakpoint party series. |
Rewired | Hasselt, Belgium | 2008–2014 | The only annual demoparty in Belgium. |
Riverwash | Katowice, Poland | 2007–2018 | |
Saturne Party | Paris, France | 1993–1997 | |
Silly Venture | Gdańsk, Poland | 2000, 2010–2014, 2016–2019, 2021 | Originally exclusively for the Atari scene, since the 2020+1 Summer it has become multiplatform |
Solskogen | Flateby, Norway | 2002– | Started in Ås, Norway, but moved to Flateby in 2013. Close to 200 participants. |
Somewhere in Holland | Nijmegen, Netherlands | 1993, 1995 | Demoparty in The Netherlands. |
Sundown | Exeter, UK | 2005–2016 | The first UK-based party since 1999. |
Syntax Party | Melbourne, Australia | 2007– | Melbourne's biggest and (currently) only demoparty. |
Takeover | Eindhoven, The Netherlands | 1997–2001 | The first instalment was named X'97 Takeover, as it was held together with the X party. |
The Party | Aars, Denmark | 1991–2002 | One of the oldest and largest parties; abandoned by the demoscene in its final years due to lack of support. |
The Ultimate Meeting | Griesheim, Germany | 1999– | One of the biggest German demoparties, initially thought as a warm-up meeting for The Party. It finally moved to the same date as The Party when it was clear that The Party became obsolete. |
VIP | Lyon, France | 1999– | Organized by PoPsY TeAm, this is the oldest pure demoscene party still ongoing in France. |
Wired | Mons, Belgium | 1994–1998 | |
X | Someren, Netherlands | 1995– | Commodore 64 party, currently held about every second year. Last one was on June 2–4, 2023. In 1995 and 1996 also a PC demo party, in 1997 combined with Takeover. |
Xenium | Katowice, Poland | 2019– | Successor of Riverwash event. |
A 64K intro is a demo with an executable file size limit of 64 kibibytes, or 65,536 bytes. This is a traditional limit inherited from the maximum size of a COM file. Demos traditionally were limited by RAM size, or later by storage size. By the early 1990s, demo sizes grew, so categories were created for limited sizes that forced developers to not simply stream data from storage.
To reduce the file size, 64K intros often use executable compression and procedural generation, such as sound synthesis, mesh generation, procedural textures, and procedural animation. [22] [23]
fr-08, a 64k PC demo by Farbrausch released at The Party 2000 in Aars has since been claimed [24] to mark a watershed moment in the popularity of the category. Others include Chaos Theory by Conspiracy (2006), Gaia Machina by Approximate (2012), [25] F — Felix's Workshop by Ctrl-Alt-Test (2012) [26] Fermi paradox by Mercury (2016), [27] [28] and Darkness Lay Your Eyes Upon Me by Conspiracy (2016). [28]
Every year, awards in the demoscene celebrate the creativity, technical prowess, and artistic vision of demoscene groups and individuals:
Although demos are a rather obscure form of art, even in traditionally active demoscene countries, the scene has influenced areas such as computer games industry and new media art. [29] [30] [31]
Many European game programmers, artists, and musicians have come from the demoscene, often cultivating the learned techniques, practices and philosophies in their work. For example, the Finnish company Remedy Entertainment, known for the Max Payne series of games, was founded by the PC group Future Crew, and most of its employees are former or active Finnish demosceners. [32] [33] Sometimes demos even provide direct influence even to game developers that have no demoscene affiliation: for instance, Will Wright names demoscene as a major influence on the Maxis game Spore, which is largely based on procedural content generation. [34] Similarly, at QuakeCon in 2011, John Carmack noted that he "thinks highly" of people who do 64k intros, as an example of artificial limitations encouraging creative programming. [35] Jerry Holkins from Penny Arcade claimed to have an "abiding love" for the demoscene, and noted that it is "stuff worth knowing". [36]
Certain forms of computer art have a strong affiliation with the demoscene. Tracker music, for example, originated in the Amiga game industry but was soon heavily dominated by demoscene musicians; producer Adam Fielding [37] claims to have tracker/demoscene roots. Currently, there is a major tracking scene separate from the actual demoscene. A form of static computer graphics where demosceners have traditionally excelled is pixel art; see artscene for more information on the related subculture.[ citation needed ] Origins of creative coding tools like Shadertoy and Three.js can be directly traced back to the scene. [38]
Over the years, desktop computer hardware capabilities have improved by orders of magnitude, and so for most programmers, tight hardware restrictions are no longer a common issue. Nevertheless, demosceners continue to study and experiment with creating impressive effects on limited hardware. Since handheld consoles and cellular phones have comparable processing power or capabilities to the desktop platforms of old (such as low resolution screens which require pixel art, or very limited storage and memory for music replay), many demosceners have been able to apply their niche skills to develop games for these platforms, and earn a living doing so.[ citation needed ] One particular example is Angry Birds , whose lead designer Jaakko Iisalo was an active and well-known demoscener in the 1990s. [39] Unity Technologies is another notable example; its technical leads on iPhone, Android and Nintendo Switch platforms Renaldas Zioma and Erik Hemming [40] [41] are authors of Suicide Barbie [42] demo for the Playstation Portable console, which was released in 2007.
Some attempts have been made to increase the familiarity of demos as an art form. For example, there have been demo shows, demo galleries and demoscene-related books, sometimes even TV programs introducing the subculture and its works. [43] [ original research? ]
The museum IT-ceum in Linköping, Sweden, has an exhibition about the demoscene. [44]
4players.de reported that "numerous" demo and intro programmers, artists, and musicians were employed in the games industry by 2007. Video game companies with demoscene members on staff included Digital Illusions, Starbreeze, Ascaron, [45] 49Games, Remedy, Techland, Lionhead Studios, [46] Bugbear, Digital Reality, Guerrilla Games, and Akella. [47]
The Tracker music which is part of Demoscene culture could be found in many video games of the late 1990s and early 2000s, such as the Unreal, Unreal Tournament , Deus Ex , Crusader: No Remorse , One Must Fall: 2097 , Jazz Jackrabbit and Uplink . [48]
Amiga demos are demos created for the Amiga home computer.
A crack intro, also known as a cracktro, loader, or just intro, is a small introduction sequence added to cracked software. It aims to inform the user which "cracking crew" or individual cracker removed the software's copy protection and distributed the crack.
Demogroups are teams of demosceners, who make computer based audio-visual works of art known as demos. Demogroups form a subculture collectively known as the demoscene.
Future Crew was a Finnish demogroup that created PC demos and software, active mostly between 1987 and 1994.
The Assembly demoparty is a demoscene and gaming event in Finland. It is the biggest demoscene party. The main organizers of the event are Pekka Aakko and Jussi Laakkonen. The Summer event takes place every year between late July and early August, and lasts three to four days, and the Winter event is held in January or February. Edition 2020 was online. The most recent Assembly was held from 3 to 6 of August 2023 at Messukeskus in Helsinki.
The Commodore 64 (C64) demos are demonstrations of what can be done to push the limits of the Commodore 64 computer, made by programmers, musicians and artists.
Pixel art is a form of digital art drawn with graphical software where images are built using pixels as the only building block. It is widely associated with the low-resolution graphics from 8-bit and 16-bit era computers, arcade machines and video game consoles, in addition to other limited systems such as LED displays and graphing calculators, which have a limited number of pixels and colors available. The art form is still employed to this day by pixel artists and game studios, even though the technological limitations have since been surpassed.
Melon Dezign was an Amiga demoscene group founded in Denmark on October 21, 1991, by Seen and Paleface. Originally, they were a subgroup of Crystal, where they at first created intros for cracked games exclusively. Shortly after the formation, they were joined by Bannasoft. After helping organise The Party, a demo event with more than 1200 attendees, several other members joined, including Walt, Mack, Performer, Audiomonster in France, Mikael and Benjamin in Norway, and Mark Knight, otherwise known as TDK in the UK.
Breakpoint was an annual demoscene party held in Bingen, Germany during Easter from 2003 to 2010. The successor to Mekka & Symposium, an annual German demoscene party that had ended in 2002, Breakpoint grew to become the largest annual event focused solely on the demoscene. It attained over 1000 visitors at its height, attracting demosceners from Germany, Sweden, Finland, Poland, Spain, Australia, and Canada, among others. It was also the host of the Scene.org Awards ceremony from 2003 to 2010.
Module file is a family of music file formats originating from the MOD file format on Amiga systems used in the late 1980s. Those who produce these files and listen to them form the worldwide MOD scene, a part of the demoscene subculture.
Pilgrimage was a demoparty which took place annually in Salt Lake City, Utah each summer between 2003 and 2006. The event was founded by Rich "Legalize" Thompson of the demoscene group Polygony. Pilgrimage was, at the time, the only active demoscene event of its kind in all of North America, while many demoparties take place annually throughout Europe.
keWlers is a Finnish demogroup, formed in the early 1990s, originally called Mewlers. After smaller releases such as Tripfish 2 or Another High-Caliber Mechanical Complication, their breakthrough came in 2002 when they released their critically acclaimed demo Variform at Assembly 2002. Despite only achieving third place, the demo became one of the most widely known and top rated demos ever released, winning three Scene.org awards. Further major demos to be released later included Protozoa and A Significant Deformation Near The Cranium, released at Assembly 2003. Kewlers have been nominated for at least one Scene.org Award every year, except for 2004. The group disbanded for a while in 2006 directly after the release of their final demo, 1995. But since 2010 Kewlers have returned from their hiatus, with possibly Variform 2, released at Revision 2012, as their most influential demo since their comeback.
Hugi is one of the longest lasting, frequently released demoscene and underground disk magazines (diskmag) for IBM-PC.
Triton (TRN) was a demogroup active in the PC demoscene from 1992 to about 1996.
The demo effect is a name for computer-based real-time visual effects found in demos created by the demoscene.
Very Important Party (VIP) is an annual demo party held from 1999 to 2002 in Saint-Priest, near Lyon (France) and from 2008 in Thoissey. It is organized by PoPsY TeAm, a French demogroup from Lyon area.
The Nullarbor demo party is a combined game development and demoscene event in Australia. The event takes place at the beginning of every year in Perth, Western Australia. It was named Nullarbor in reference to Perth's physical isolation from the rest of Australia. Like other similar demo parties worldwide, it provides a platform for game developers and graphic artists to showcase their skills.
Wired was a Belgian annual demoparty which ran from 1994 to 1998. Typical competitions included PC and Amiga demos and intros, handmade and ray traced graphics, music and surprise competitions.
Phenomena (PHA) was a Swedish Demogroup making Amiga demos that was productive during the formative years of the Amiga Demoscene founded in 1987.
Chaos Constructions is the oldest demoparty in Russia, previously known as ENLiGHT. Nowadays, it is considered to be annual computer art festival and IT conference.
Second Reality by Future Crew – Awesome, Mindblowing, Unbelievable, Impossible. Some of the words used to describe what this piece of code from demoscene gods Future Crew did on 1993-era PC hardware. Even by today's standards, what this program can do without relying on any kind of 3D graphics acceleration is impressive. As if the graphics weren't impressive enough, it can even playback in Dolby Surround Sound.
The so-called demoscene has laid a foundation for the active and internationally astonishingly successful Finnish games industry.
and visitors can also learn more about today's demo scene