Ease of doing business index

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The ease of doing business index was an index created jointly by Simeon Djankov, Michael Klein, and Caralee McLiesh, three leading economists at the World Bank Group, following the release of World Development Report 2002. [1] [2] [3] The academic research for the report was done jointly with professors Edward Glaeser, Oliver Hart, and Andrei Shleifer. Though the first report was authored by Djankov, Klein, and McLiesh, and they continue to be listed as "founders" of the report, some sources attribute the genesis of the idea to Djankov and Gerhard Pohl. [4] [5] Higher rankings (a low numerical value) indicated better, usually simpler, regulations for businesses and stronger protections of property rights. Empirical research funded by the World Bank to justify their work show that the economic growth effect of improving these regulations is strong. [6] Other researchers find that the distance-to-frontier measure introduced in 2016 after a decision of the World Bank board is not correlated with subsequent economic growth or investment. [7]

Contents

"World Development Report 2002", the basis of the research behind Doing Business, analyzes how to build effective institutions. [8] In understanding what drives institutional change, the report emphasizes the importance of history, highlighting the need to ensure effective institutions through a design that complements existing institutions, human capabilities, and available technologies. The study was guided by Joseph Stiglitz and Roumeen Islam with principal authors Simeon Dyankov and Aart Kraay. Several background papers, including by Nobel Prize winners Robert Shiller, Amartya Sen and Gabriel García Márquez, were published in academic journals or books. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

The report was discontinued by the World Bank on September 14, 2021 following an audit documenting how bank leadership pressured experts to manipulate the results of the 2018 and 2020 reports. [14] [15] [16] Several organizations have proposed replacements, including the Antigua Forum, the World Bank, and the Fraser Institute. [17] [18] [19] [20] In 2023 the Templeton Foundation extended a grant to Professor Robert Lawson at Southern Methodist University to propose a methodology for restarting the project in academia. [21]

The World Bank released the methodology for the replacement of the index in May 2023. For each of the twelve topic areas, the document provides the motivation, selected indicators, detailed questionnaires, benchmarking parameters, detailed scoring rules, and data collection sources. The World Bank conducted a series of methodology workshops worldwide. Their main purpose was to provide a detailed presentation on the project’s methodology, including overall scope and topic-specific information. The workshops also served to raise awareness about this new benchmarking initiative and disseminate its potential for reform advocacy, policy advice, and development research. The relaunch is scheduled for October 2024, after two delays. [22]

World Bank's Ease of Doing Business index map for 2020 .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} >= 85.0 80.0-84.9 75.0-79.9 70.0-74.9 65.0-69.9 60.0-64.9 55.0-59.9 50.0-54.9 45.0-49.9 40.0-44.9 35.0-39.9 30.0-34.9 <= 25.0 Data unavailable Ease of Doing Business 2020.png
World Bank's Ease of Doing Business index map for 2020
  ≥ 85.0
  80.0–84.9
  75.0–79.9
  70.0–74.9
  65.0–69.9
  60.0–64.9
  55.0–59.9
  50.0–54.9
  45.0–49.9
  40.0–44.9
  35.0–39.9
  30.0–34.9
  ≤ 25.0
  Data unavailable

Methodology

The report was a benchmark study of regulation. [8] The survey consisted of a questionnaire designed by the Doing Business team with the assistance of academic advisers. The questionnaire centered on a simple business case that ensures comparability across economies and over time. The survey also based assumptions on the legal form of the business, size, location, and nature of its operations. [23] The ease of doing business index was meant to measure regulations directly affecting businesses and did not directly measure more general conditions such as a nation's proximity to large markets, quality of infrastructure, inflation, or crime.

The next step was gathering data surveys of over 12,500 expert contributors (lawyers, accountants, etc.) in 190 countries who deal with business regulations in their day-to-day work. These individuals interacted with the Doing Business team in conference calls, written correspondence, and visits by the global team. For the 2017 report, team members visited 34 economies to verify data and to recruit respondents. Data from the survey was subjected to several rounds of verification. The surveys were not a statistical sample, and the results were interpreted and cross-checked for consistency before being included in the report. Results were also validated with the relevant government before publication. Respondents filled out written surveys and provided references to the relevant laws, regulations, and fees based on standardized case scenarios with specific assumptions, such as the business being located in the largest business city of the economy. [23]

A nation's ranking on the index was based on an average of 10 subindices:

The Doing Business project also offers information on the following datasets:

For example, according to the Doing Business (DB) 2013 report, Canada ranked third on the first subindex "Starting a business" behind only New Zealand and Australia. In Canada, there is 1 procedure required to start a business which takes on average 5 days to complete. The official cost is 0.4% of the gross national income per capita. There was no minimum capital requirement. By contrast, in Chad which ranked among the worst (181st out of 185) on this same subindex, there were 9 procedures required to start a business taking 62 days to complete. The official cost was 202% of the gross national income per capita. A minimum capital investment of 289.4% of the gross national income per capita is required.

While fewer and simpler regulations often imply higher rankings, this was not always the case. Protecting the rights of creditors and investors, as well as establishing or upgrading property and credit registries, may mean that more regulation is needed.

In most indicators, the case study referred to a small domestically owned manufacturing company—hence the direct relevance of the indicators to foreign investors and large companies is limited. DB uses a simple averaging approach for weighting sub-indicators and calculating rankings. [8] A detailed explanation of every indicator can be found through the DB website and a .xls archive that simulates reforms.

Some caveats regarding the rankings and main information presented have to be considered by every user of the report. Mainly:

The Doing Business report was not intended as a complete assessment of competitiveness or the business environment of a country and should rather be considered as a proxy of the regulatory framework faced by the private sector in a country.

History

The Doing Business report has its origins in a 2002 paper published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics by Simeon Djankov, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer under the title "The Regulation of Entry". The study presents data on the regulation of entry of start-up firms in 85 countries covering the number of procedures, official time and official cost that a start-up must bear before it can operate legally. The main findings of the paper are that: "Countries with heavier regulation of entry have higher corruption and larger unofficial economies, but no better quality of public or private goods. Countries with more democratic and limited governments have lighter regulation of entry." The paper became widely known, with over five thousand academic references, because it provides quantitative evidence that entry regulation benefits politicians and bureaucrats without adding value to the private sector or granting any additional protection. [24] [25]

Several countries have launched reforms to improve their rankings. [26] [27] These efforts are motivated to a great scope by the fact that the World Bank Group publishes the data, and hence coverage by the media and the private sector every year. Also, Doing Business highlights every year the successful reforms carried out by each country. The Regulation of Entry was published, Simeon Djankov and Andrei Shleifer have published nine other academic studies, one for each set of indicators covered by the report. [9] [10] [11] [28] [29] [30] [31]

Over 18 years, 2003 to 2020, the reports recorded nearly 5,000 regulatory reforms implemented by 190 economies.

In 2014 Doing Business covered regulations measured from June 2012 through May 2013 in 189 economies. Singapore was the first economy of the global ranking followed by Hong Kong SAR, New Zealand, the United States, Denmark, Malaysia, South Korea, Georgia, Norway, and the United Kingdom. The UK's Confederation of British Industry (CBI) published a recommendation aiming to move the UK from tenth position to fifth by 2020. [32] For the first time data about Libya, Myanmar, San Marino, and South Sudan were collected for this report. 114 economies adopted 238 regulatory reforms during 2012/13: the reforms increased by 18% compared to the previous year.

In 2015, Doing Business covered regulations measured from June 2013 through June 2014 in 189 economies, including territories like Hong Kong. [33] For the first time this year, Doing Business collected data for 2 cities in 11 economies with more than 100 million inhabitants. These economies include Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, and the United States. The added city enables a sub-national comparison and benchmarking against other large cities.[ citation needed ]

In 2021, the World Bank discontinued Doing Business, following allegations of data manipulation, undue influence, and unethical behavior by several staff including Djankov, former World Bank vice-president Farid Belhaj, former World Bank research director Shanta Devarajan, former World Bank president Jim Yong Kim, and IMF managing director Kristalina Georgieva. [16] [34] [35] [36]

In October 2023, The Economist summarized the impact of the project, tracing its origins back to Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek. This Nobel-prize-winning economist and philosopher published the first volume of his magnum opus, “Law, Legislation and Liberty” in 1973, where he argued that the common-law approach is more amenable to freedom than its civil-law counterpart. Both Hayek and the Doing Business authors over-promised on the effects of regulatory reform. [37] A 2024 paper by scholars at the University of Torino however finds significant positive effects on economic growth from reforms associated with Doing Business. [38]

Research and influence

As stated in the report, "Empirical research is needed to establish the optimal level of business regulation—for example, what the duration of court procedures should be and what the optimal degree of social protection is. The indicators compiled in the Doing Business project allow such research to take place. Since the start of the project in November 2001, more than 3,000 academic papers have used one or more indicators constructed in Doing Business and the related background papers by its authors." [39] An example of such empirical research is a paper on business regulation and poverty, published in Economics Letters .

More than 3,000 academic papers used data from the index. [40] The effect of improving regulations on economic growth is claimed to be very strong. Moving from the worst one-fourth of nations to the best one-fourth implies a 2.3 percentage point increase in annual growth. Another 7,000 working papers in economics and social science departments use the data from the Doing Business report. The 2016 Nobel Prize Winner in Economics Oliver Hart is among the authors of such papers.

The various sub-components of the index in themselves provided concrete suggestions for improvement. Many of them may have been relatively easy to implement and uncontroversial (except perhaps among corrupt officials who may gain from onerous regulations requiring bribes to bypass). As such, the index has influenced many nations to improve their regulations. Several have explicitly targeted to reach a minimum position on the index, for example, the top 25 list. To consider the element of corruption and transparency in the economy, the index has also been combined with the Corruption Perceptions Index in the annual Best European Countries for Business publication. [41]

Somewhat similar annual reports are the Indices of Economic Freedom and the Global Competitiveness Report. They, especially the latter, look at many more factors that affect economic growth, like inflation and infrastructure. These factors may however be more subjective and diffuse, since many are measured using surveys and they may be more difficult to change quickly compared to regulations.

A November 2017 EconTalk podcast explains the lasting influence in academia and policy circles of the Doing Business report. Financial crises cyclically peak interest in research on insolvency, using the Doing Business data. [42]

Doing Business Report

The Doing Business Report (DB) was an annually published report which was developed by a team led by Djankov in 2003. It was published by the World Bank Group every year from 2003 to 2019 and aimed to measure the costs to firms of business regulations in 190 countries. The study was one of the flagship knowledge products of the World Bank Group in the field of private sector development and is claimed to have motivated the design of several regulatory reforms in developing countries. The study presented every year a detailed analysis of costs, requirements, and procedures a specific type of private firm is subject in all countries, and then, creates rankings for every country. The study is also backed up by broad communication efforts, and by creating rankings, the study spotlights countries and leaders that are promoting reforms. [43]

The DB was widely known and used by academics, policy-makers, politicians, development experts, journalists, and the business community to highlight red tape and promote reforms. As stated by the IEG study from the World Bank:

"For country authorities, it sheds a bright, sometimes unflattering, light on regulatory aspects of their business climate. For business interests, it has helped to catalyze debates and dialogue about reform. For the World Bank Group, it demonstrates an ability to provide global knowledge, independent of resource transfer and conditionality. The annual exercise generates information that is relevant and useful".

According to the DB, the regulation does matter for the development of the private sectors, and several reforms are suggested across the report to promote the development of the private sector and enable the business environment. Some highlighted findings of the DB are:

Contents

In 2017, the study contains quantitative measures of regulations for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, employing workers, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, getting an electricity connection, and closing a business. As stated in the introduction of the study, "A fundamental premise of DB is that economic activity requires good rules. These include rules that establish and clarify property rights and reduce the costs of resolving disputes, rules that increase the predictability of economic interactions, and rules that provide contractual partners with core protections against abuse."

Evaluation

Doing Business was a controversial study, with passionate critics and devoted fans. As recognized by the Independent Evaluation Group of the World Bank, some have questioned the reliability and objectivity of its measurements while others doubt the relevance of the issues it addresses or fears it may unduly dominate countries reform agendas at the expense of more crucial development objectives. Attention given to the indicators may inadvertently signal that the World Bank Group values less burdensome business regulations more highly than its other strategies for poverty reduction and sustainable development.

Several limitations were present in the DB studies and have to be kept in mind when using the study:

Published for seventeen years, the DB has originated a growing body of research on how performance on DB indicators, and reforms generated by the reports, related to specific development desirable outcomes. As stated by the DB 2010, about "405 articles have been published in peer-reviewed academic journals, and about 1143 working papers are available through Google Scholar".

DB was widely used as a study to measure competitiveness. However, regulation rather than competitiveness is the main objective in the DB. Other studies that are also used to measure competitiveness and recognized as business enabling environment ranking systems are the Global Competitiveness Index, the Index of Economic Freedom, and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, among others. [44]

Controversies

2018 manipulation scandal

On 12 January 2018, Paul Romer, the World Bank's chief economist, announced that past releases of the index would be corrected and recalculated going back at least four years. Romer apologized to Chile, saying that the former director of the group responsible for the index had repeatedly manipulated its methodology, unfairly penalizing the country's rankings during the administration of left-wing President Michelle Bachelet. In response, Bachelet announced that Chile would formally request a complete investigation by the World Bank. [45] [46] The WilmerHale report revealed that there were more extensive data irregularities, specifically in China's data. [47] [48] The Economist claimed that the project's director Augusto Lopez Claros had pressed staff to not show improvements in the indicators during Michelle Bachelet's term in office. [49]

2020 data irregularities controversy

Several major newspapers – including the Financial Times, The Economist, and The Wall Street Journal – report that the data of China, Azerbaijan, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia among others were suspected to be "inappropriately altered" in the 2020 Doing Business publication. [50] [51] [52] In light of the data irregularities found in both the 2018 and 2020 reports, the World Bank announced on 27 August 2020 that it would pause the Doing Business publication while it conducts a review of data changes for the last five reports and an internal audit of data integrity. [53]

Following these revelations, some organizations paused the use of Doing Business data, and supplemented these reports with data from alternative indicators measuring the same concepts. [54] On 16 December 2020, the World Bank released 3 reports about the conclusions of the reviews examining the data irregularities: [55]

These reviews found that, while the specific issues uncovered in this breach had been addressed, a culture where management pressured experts to manipulate data persisted: "The DB team members reported undue pressure, both directly and indirectly by Bank management to manipulate data in 2017 during the 2018 report production process and in 2019 during the 2020 report production process. The lack of a safe speak-up environment within the DB team led to a fear of retaliation for those who would escalate and report pressures to manipulate data. This contributed to the compromise of data integrity in the DB report." [56] These reports found that over half of Doing Business staff interviewed admitted to manipulating data. [57]

Other analytical projects at the World Bank, the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, were also revealed to be "vulnerable to the ordering of questions." [58]

"Our results indicate that of the 15 business environment obstacle ratings, only 4 show a statistically significant difference – political instability, corruption, electricity, and business licensing and permits. After using a regression analysis framework to account for several factors, only two business environment elements have a statistically significant difference across the two groups – business licensing and permits, and corruption."

[59]

Cancellation and Response

In September 2021, the World Bank discontinued the Doing Business report following the release of an independent report detailing the specifics of the 2020 and 2018 irregularities, including detailed explanations of how senior leaders at the bank manipulated data and pressured experts to change rankings and methodology to improve scores for certain countries. [60] [16]

The report from WilmerHale provided details on the 2018 and 2020 manipulation scandals, implicating the then-president of the Bank Jim Yong Kim, the then-CEO of the Bank Kristalina Georgieva, and one of the founders of the report Simeon Djankov, in data manipulation for the purposes of raising the scores of some countries (China and Saudi Arabia) and reducing the scores of others (Azerbaijan). [34] [15] [47] In 2018 in an effort to secure funding from China, Kim, Georgieva, and Djankov repeatedly pressured the team that creates the data to pursue multiple avenues to improve China's score, eventually resorting to having members of the team unlock the report and change three of China's data points after the scores had been finalized. [61] [47] Georgieva issued a statement disagreeing with the characterization of her actions in the report. [62]

According to the report, in 2020 Djankov pressured the Doing Business team to change Saudi Arabia's score in an effort to rank better than Jordan due to extensive Reimbursable Advisory Services contracts between the Bank and Saudi Arabia. The change in methodology also lead to the UAE improving in score but not overall ranking. Also in 2020, Djankov ordered a review of three of Azerbaijan's data points, citing harassment of lawyers as the reason. [63] The team reviewed these data points and concluded that they were accurate. Djankov ignored these recommendations and changed Azerbaijan's score, also altering the overall methodology of the report to ensure that Azerbaijan scored lower, arguing that the government counterparts had pressured respondents. [64] [65]

Beyond these allegations, the report documents a culture of pressure from the highest levels of World Bank management, particularly under the leadership of Djankov. [47] [66] According to the report

"nearly every Doing Business employee with whom we spoke described the environment on the Doing Business team under the management of Mr. Djankov to be, at best, deeply problematic, and, at worse, emotionally harrowing. Employees said that Mr. Djankov was a "bully" who instilled fear on the team; that he managed “by terror and intimidation”; that his management style constituted “psychological terrorism” that created a “toxic environment”; that he was a “larger than life fear factor” for everyone on the team; and that his management style was pompous and undiplomatic." [47]

The report also documents the culture of fear that prevented employees from reporting these irregularities, with Djankov threatening retaliation against anyone that threatened his authority, and "dangled promotions in front of Doing Business leadership to incentivize compliance with his personal objectives." [47]

Response to the WilmerHale Report

Following these reports, various agencies expressed concern about the allegations and their effect on the world's faith in data produced by the World Bank. [67] [68] US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen called for strong action to prevent misconduct and strengthen data integrity. [69] Other US agencies called the report "serious and troubling" and replaced data from the Doing Business report with other sources. [68] [70] [71]

When these allegations came to light, Georgieva was serving as the managing director of the International Monetary Fund. [72] The IMF's board reviewed the allegations, but found that the report "did not conclusively demonstrate" that she engaged in data manipulation. [73] The US government refused to publicly support Georgieva, but did not call for her removal. [73]

Response to Report Cancellation

The cancellation of the report led to a range of responses from academics and think tanks, with some claiming that its cancellation was overdue, and others arguing it was an overreaction. According to Frédéric Mousseau, the policy director for the progressive Oakland Institute "Even before the extent of the data manipulation came to light and destroyed any credibility of the DBR, the rankings had been built on a flawed premise that rewards countries for reducing their labor standards, destroying the environment, and providing easy access for corporate pillaging and land grabs." [74] The director of policy and research for the Cicero Institute, noted that institutions like the World Bank are especially prone to corruption like this:

"Multilateral institutions like the World Bank are particularly susceptible to such forces. Their structures ensure that each government gets a say, while no one government is held accountable. When Georgieva thanked a data manipulator for doing his “bit for multilateralism,” she was more right than she knew. Like many supposedly not-for-profit international organizations, the World Bank also found ways to peddle its influence. It began selling “Reimbursable Advisory Services” to countries that wanted to improve their ranking on the index." [75]

Others criticized the cancellation of the report. Professor Robert Lawson, Fullinwider Chair in Economic Freedom at Southern Methodist University described this decision as "throwing the baby out with the bathwater." [76] According to Ian Vasquez, director for policy at the Cato Institute, a US-based libertarian think tank:

"It was a serious mistake for the World Bank to discontinue the Doing Business report. It did so out of concerns about data irregularities for two years affecting four countries. Instead of instituting sensible, new measures on process and methodology as recommended by the firm that conducted an independent review for the World Bank, the bank chose to scrap the Doing Business report altogether. From the outside, it very much looks like the decade‐​long campaign by critics of market‐​oriented policies finally triumphed." [77]

Reception

The Doing Business methodology regarding labor regulations was criticized by the International Trade Union Confederation because it favored flexible employment regulations. [78] In early reports, the easier it was to dismiss a worker for economic reasons in a country, the more its rankings improved. The Employing Workers index was revised in Doing Business 2008 to be in full compliance with the 188 International Labour Organization conventions. It has subsequently been removed from the rankings. The ITUC debuted the Global Rights Index in 2014 as a response to the Doing Business report. [79]

In 2008 the World Bank Group's Independent Evaluation Group, a semi-independent watchdog within the World Bank Group, published an evaluation of the Doing Business index. [80] The report, Doing Business: An Independent Evaluation, contained both praise and criticism of Doing Business. The report recommended that the index be clearer about what is and is not measured, disclose changes to published data, recruit more informants, and simplify the Paying Taxes indicator.

In April 2009 the World Bank issued a note with revisions to the Employing Workers index. [81] The note explained that scoring for the "Employing Workers" indicator would be updated in Doing Business 2010 to give favorable scores for complying with relevant ILO conventions. The Employing Workers indicator was also removed as a guidepost for Country Policy and Institutional Assessments, which help determine resources provided to IDA countries.

A study commissioned by the Norwegian government alleges methodological weaknesses, an uncertainty in the ability of the indicators to capture the underlying business climate and a concern that countries may find it easier to change their ranking in Doing Business than to change the underlying business environment. [82]

In 2013, an independent panel appointed by the President of the World Bank and headed by Trevor Manuel of South Africa issued a review expressing concern about the potential for the report and index to be misinterpreted, and the narrowness of the indicators and information base. It recommended that the report be retained, but that the aggregate rankings be removed and that a peer-review process is implemented (among other things). Regarding the topics of Paying Taxes and Employing Workers, it noted that "The latter has already been excluded from the report's rankings. While there is a persuasive case for paying attention to these aspects of doing business, the Bank will need to carefully consider the correct way to assess the regulation and legal environment of these areas if these indicators are to be retained." [83]

In 2018, another independent evaluation, [84] was commissioned by the World Bank Group. The evaluation praised the Doing Business report for its objectivity and focus on regulatory reform. It suggested adding peer-reviewed research papers behind every set of indicators. Subsequently, the World Bank has added one such research article, underlying the indicator on property registration. [85]

Ranking

The last published rankings came from the "Doing Business 2020" report. Ranking of economies was introduced in the "Doing Business 2006" report. [86]

New Zealand topped the Ease of Doing Business rankings in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020. Singapore topped the Ease of Doing Business rankings in 2007–2016. [87]

One interesting fact is that although richer countries on average are ranked higher than poor countries, there are some remarkable exceptions, particularly oil-rich countries. For example, Kuwait (ranked 83), Qatar (ranked 77), Oman (ranked 68) Saudi Arabia (ranked 62). Compare to lower-income countries: India (ranked 63), Kenya (ranked 56), Colombia (ranked 67), Uzbekistan (ranked 69). Notable exceptions are Norway (ranked 9) and the United Arab Emirates (ranked 16). [88]

China's 2018 ranking, and 2020 rankings of the UAE and Saudi Arabia are alleged to have been artificially strengthened by an internal audit of the rankings. [47] In contrast, Azerbaijan's 2019 ranking is alleged to have been artificially lowered. [47]

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Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam Easy7069688290789999987893929110499
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica Easy717570676458949088817563635043
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Easy72666359615960565045645042——
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia Easy73737291109114120128129121122129123135115
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica Easy74676162588310211012112512111711510589
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan Easy7510410311811311711910696111100101807874
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru Easy766858545035424341365662586571
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar Easy778383836850484036503937———
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia Easy788088777460515046556973888058
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece Easy79726761606172781001091099610010980
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan Easy8070777567102687070444168949084
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia Easy817462645672767686736058524561
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania Easy8263655897*68908582828286136120117
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait Easy839796102101*861048267746152404647
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Easy848282747343413935343432352928
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia Easy8587859897*111839484769010011610267
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama Easy867979706952556161727781658157
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana Easy878681717274565954524538514840
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta Easy888484768094103102———————
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan Easy8981757371125141148142142126124119138104
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina Easy90898681791071311261251101161191059587
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador Easy9185739586109118113112868472697176
Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino Easy92889379769381————————
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia Easy93939186771006453525336343427—
Flag of Nepal.svg  Nepal Easy941101051079910810510810711612312111110055
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines Easy951241139910395108138136148144140133126113
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala Easy969897888173799397101110112114118109
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo Easy97137156154150149157156162160165163156151149
Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa Medium989087899667615760615764614139
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka Medium99100111110107998581891021051021018975
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles Medium10096959395858074103951111049084—
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay Medium1019594909282888990124114109986485
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji Medium1021011019788*81626077625439363134
Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga Medium1039189857869576258715243475136
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia Medium104107106109101*88988778696651434233
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago Medium1051051029688*796669689781806759—
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan Medium106126123128132166143141147139152159153133—
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu Medium1079490849476748076605960625849
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan Medium108136147144138128*110107105838577767460
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi Medium10911111013314116417115714513313213412711096
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Côte d'Ivoire Medium110122139142142147167177167169168161155141145
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica Medium111103981019197*7768658883747772—
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti Medium11299154171171155160171170158163153146161—
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda Medium113112107113104897163576450424133—
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt Medium11412012812213111212810911094106114126165141
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic Medium11510299103938411711610891869799117103
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda Medium11612712211512215013212012312211211111810772
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine Medium117116114140129143138135131135139131117127125
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana Medium118114120108114*70676463679287879482
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas Medium11911811912110697*847785776855———
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea Medium12010810911914513311310410110310295845764
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini Medium1211171121111051101231231241181151089576—
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho Medium122106104100114*128*13613614313813012312411497
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal Medium123141140147153161178166154152157149162146132
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil Medium124109125123116120116130126127129125122121119
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay Medium1251131081061009210910310210612411510311288
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina Medium12611911711612112412612411311511811310910177
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran Medium127128124120118130152145144129137142135119108
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados Medium1281291321171191069188———————
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador Medium129123118114117115135139130130138136128123107
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Medium1301301291251111038275757570665485—
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria Medium13114614516916917014713113313712511810810894
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger Medium132143144150160168176176173173174172169160150
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras Medium133121115105110104*127125128131141133121111112
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana Medium134134126124137123115114114100101105104136105
Flag of Belize.svg  Belize Medium135125121112120118106105939980785956—
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands Medium136115116104112879792749610489796953
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde Medium137131127129126122121122119132146143132125—
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique Medium138135138137133127139146139126135141134140110
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis Medium13914013413412412110196958776676444—
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe Medium140155159161155171170173171157159158152153126
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania Medium141144137132139131145134127128131127130142140
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua Medium142132131127125119124119118117117107936759
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon Medium143142133126123104*11111510411310899858695
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia Medium144138135131127135137133138147145135145143133
Flag of Palau.svg  Palau Medium14613313013613611310011111612097918262—
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada Medium147147142138135126107100739291847073—
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives Medium148139136135128116959579858769605331
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali Below Average149145143141143*146155151146153156166158155146
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin Below Average150153151155158151174175175170172169151137129
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia Below Average151156152149157157162155153149161150140131111
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso Below Average152151148146143*167154153150151147148161163154
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania Below Average153148150160168176173167159165166160157148127
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands Below Average1541501491431401391141011061089893898748
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos Below Average155154141139134148159163165171167165164159147
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia Below Average156149146145151138150147149146140130131113—
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea Below Average157152153163165169175178179179173171166157144
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria Below Average158157166156163154153152148136136132125116128
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Micronesia Below Average15916015515114814515615014014112712611210656
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia Below Average16015916115914613212512711110410711610297101
Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros Below Average160164158153154159158158157159162155146144—
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar Below Average161161162167164163148142137140134144149149131
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname Below Average162165165158156162161164158161155146142122—
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone Below Average163163160148147140142140141143148156160168136
Flag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati Below Average164158157152149134122117115937979736045
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar Below Average165172171170167177182————————
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi Below Average166168164157152152140159169181176177174166143
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon Below Average167166163166172158168161161168171164154152130
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh Below Average1681761771761741731301291221071191101078865
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon Below Average169169167164162144163170156156158151144132—
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe Below Average170170169162166153169160163178180176163169123
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan Below Average171162170168159160149143135154154147143154151
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq Below Average172171168165161156151165164166153152141145114
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan Below Average173167183183177183164168160167160162159162122
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau Below Average174175176172178179180179176176181179176173—
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Below Average175174172174179174144149151155149157170——
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria Below Average176179174173175175165144134144143137137130121
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola Below Average177173175182181181179172172163169168167156135
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea Below Average178177173178180165166162155164170165165150—
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti Below Average179182181181182180177174174162151154148139134
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Congo Below Average180180179177176178185183181177179178175171148
Flag of East Timor.svg  Timor Leste Below Average181178178175173172172169168174164170168174142
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad Below Average182181180180183185189184183183178175173172152
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of Congo Below Average183184182184184184183181178175182181178175155
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic Below Average184183184185185187188185182182183180177167153
Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan Below Average185185187186187186186————————
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya Below Average186186185188188188187————————
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen Below Average1871871861791701371331189910599981139890
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela Below Average188188188187186182181180177172177174172164120
Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea Below Average189189189189189189184182180180175173171170137
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia Below Average190190190190———————————

* – same rank is for multiple jurisdictions
** – the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro

Note: Rankings at the time of annual report publication. Rankings are subject to revision.

See also

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References

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  2. ↑ "Founders". World Bank. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  3. ↑ Djankov, Simeon (February 2016). "The Doing Business Project: How It Started" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 30 (1): 247–248. doi: 10.1257/jep.30.1.247 . ISSN   0895-3309.
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  5. ↑ Okwudili Iweama, Vincent; Chukwuemeka Idoko, Edwin; Musa Muhammad, Yusuf (2021). "Effect of ease of doing business dimensions on foreign direct investment in Nigeria". SCIREA Journal of Management. 5 (2): 34–52. doi: 10.54647/management63054 .
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  7. ↑ Adhikari, Tamanna; Whelan, Karl (2023). "Did raising doing business scores boost GDP?". Journal of Comparative Economics. forthcoming.
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  11. 1 2 Djankov, Simeon, et al., "Debt Enforcement Around the World", Journal of Political Economy, 2008, 116 (6): 1105-1150.
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  44. ↑ Snodgrass, Donald, "Alternative Business Enabling Environment Rankings. A Review", USAID / Business Growth Initiative, USAID
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  75. ↑ Glock, Judge (5 November 2021). "Corruption at the World Bank's Economic Opportunity Index". City Journal. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
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