Ectromelia virus

Last updated
Ectromelia virus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Varidnaviria
Kingdom: Bamfordvirae
Phylum: Nucleocytoviricota
Class: Pokkesviricetes
Order: Chitovirales
Family: Poxviridae
Genus: Orthopoxvirus
Species:
Ectromelia virus
Structure of SECRET protein from Ectromelia virus. The SECRET protein (left) and the SECRET protein bound to CX3CL1 (Right). The chemokine is shown in magenta. Pdb 3on9 and 3ona.png
Structure of SECRET protein from Ectromelia virus. The SECRET protein (left) and the SECRET protein bound to CX3CL1 (Right). The chemokine is shown in magenta.

Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is a virus of the family Poxviridae and the genus Orthopoxvirus that causes mousepox, a disease of mice. It has only been seen in mouse colonies kept for research purposes but believed that wild populations of mice and other rodents in Europe are naturally infected with ECTV. [1] [2] Mousepox causes skin lesions, a purulent rash on the body of mice, and generalized disease, which can be fatal. It is the only poxvirus to cause disease naturally in mice.

Contents

History

Ectromelia was first discovered in 1930 when scientists started to use mice as a model for examinations and experiments, and was first observed in a colony of laboratory mice in England. [2]

The original Hampstead strain of ECTV was discovered in 1930 in a laboratory-mouse colony. Since then, other ECTV strains and outbreaks have been seen in Europe and the USA with differences in the severity of the disease. [3]

Properties

Ectromelia virus belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. It is a large virus with a complex structure. It has block shape, size 250-300 150-200 nm. The virus is covered by an outer shell with the villi. Virion contains a two-chain DNA and protein checks. The virus is resistant to ether and phenol, long preserved in glycerin. But even a relatively low temperature (55 °C) kills it during 30 min. [4]

Value in virology

The study of poxviruses is of great interest due to the proteins that they encode to formulate the response of the host, this makes it possible to more deeply study the relationship of the virus-host. The genomic sequence of ECTV in mice allows us to understand the mechanisms of the disease and the interaction of cells and mediators that represent host protection. The similarity of the ECTV genome with the genome of other pox viruses, of which there are 40 genomes of various genera, species and strains of poxviruses, was determined by determining their amino acid or nucleotide sequence. A study of the influence of poxviruses on human and animal health underlines the value of the ECTV mouse model. [2]

Strain

There are several different types of viruses, such as NIH-79, Wash-U, Moscow, Hampstead, St. Louis-69, Beijing-70, and Ishibashi I-III. [5]

ECTV strain Moscow (Mos) - the most virulent, it was isolated by V. Sololiev and first described by Andrewes & Elford. [2]

ECTV strain Naval (Nav) - isolated from an outbreak in a US naval research facility, which manifested as a lethal disease in BALB/c mice and a mild disease with low morbidity and mortality in CD-1 mice. [2]

Signs and symptoms

The severity of the disease and the outcome are determined by factors such as the strain of the virus, the genotype, as well as the dose and route of infection of the virus. Animals of all ages are sensitive to the disease, however, all sensitivities of different mouse lines are different. [6] [2] [4]

Existing resistant strains of mice, such as C57BL / 6, C57BL / 10 and AKR, may not have clinical signs that viruses can cause for other animals. [7]

It is important to note that the genetic background of the mouse can affect the infection, which means that host factors are involved in the regulation of susceptibility and resistance to the virus. For example, wild mice exhibit variable susceptibility, while laboratory strains were useful for determining host resistance factors.[ citation needed ]

It is believed that the natural route of infection occurs through abrasions on the skin, which means that the transmission of the virus occurs from animal to animal or through fomites, such as infected bedding in the place for keeping mice. [2]

Infection transmitted alimentary, aerogenic, contact ways. [2]

The disease can occur latent, acute and subacute. Animals with a latent form of the virus do not show any signs of disease. In this case, infection can be activated by various factors, for example, during irradiation, transportation, infection with other pathogens, and experimental load.[ citation needed ]

With a fulminant form, clinical symptoms do not have time to manifest, and the death of mice occurs unexpectedly and fast. The subacute form represents the classical form of ectromelia  : in such cases in animals, mainly on the head, tail and legs develop skin lesions. The skin is edematous, hyperemic, with small focal hemorrhages, which are covered with dry crusts. Subsequently, on the fingers, ears and tail, foci of necrosis are formed, covered with dark brown crusts, which then disappear. Sometimes amputation of limbs or phalanges of the fingers and tail occurs, thus the name ectromelia given to this virus. [4]

Prevention and treatment

To avoid infection of the colony with the ectromelia virus, it is necessary to regularly test the colony and monitor the health of mice. To eradicate the virus in the colony, quarantine must be established and reproduction stopped. Vaccination also helps eliminate the problem of virus infection.[ citation needed ]

The animal house must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected, preferably with gaseous formalin or vaporized hydrogen peroxide. Ectromelia virus can survive for 11 days at room temperature in blood. All other animal house materials should be discarded as hazardous waste (incinerated) or autoclaved. Autoclaving, formalin treatment, and common disinfectants will inactivate the ectromelia virus, as will desiccation or detergents. [7]

Epidemiology

The disease has spread throughout the world, but its occurrence is sporadic and rare. [8]

There are several named strains of ectromelia virus that vary in virulence, including NIH-79, Wash-U, Moscow, Hampstead, St. Louis-69, Beijing-70, and Ishibashi I–III. [8]

The mousepox model presents an opportunity to study the components of the immune system that are required for an efficient immunological response to a natural poxvirus infection in a well-understood animal model that can be further manipulated by targeted inactivation or expression of genes. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myxomatosis</span> Rabbit disease caused by Myxoma virus

Myxomatosis is a disease caused by Myxoma virus, a poxvirus in the genus Leporipoxvirus. The natural hosts are tapeti in South and Central America, and brush rabbits in North America. The myxoma virus causes only a mild disease in these species, but causes a severe and usually fatal disease in European rabbits. Myxomatosis is an excellent example of what occurs when a virus jumps from a species adapted to the virus to a native host, and has been extensively studied for this reason.. The virus was intentionally introduced in Australia, France, and Chile in the 1950s to control wild European rabbit populations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orf (disease)</span> Human disease

Orf is a farmyard pox, a type of zoonosis. It causes small pustules in the skin of primarily sheep and goats, but can also occur on the hands of humans. A pale halo forms around a red centre. It may persist for several weeks before crusting and then either resolves or leaves a hard lump. There is usually only one lesion, but there may be many, and they are not painful. Sometimes there are swollen lymph glands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccinia</span> Strain of poxvirus

Vaccinia virus is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. It has a linear, double-stranded DNA genome approximately 190 kbp in length, which encodes approximately 250 genes. The dimensions of the virion are roughly 360 × 270 × 250 nm, with a mass of approximately 5–10 fg. The vaccinia virus is the source of the modern smallpox vaccine, which the World Health Organization (WHO) used to eradicate smallpox in a global vaccination campaign in 1958–1977. Although smallpox no longer exists in the wild, vaccinia virus is still studied widely by scientists as a tool for gene therapy and genetic engineering.

<i>Poxviridae</i> Family of viruses

Poxviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses. Vertebrates and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 83 species in this family, divided among 22 genera, which are divided into two subfamilies. Diseases associated with this family include smallpox.

Orthopoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Poxviridae and subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Vertebrates, including mammals and humans, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are 12 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include smallpox, cowpox, horsepox, camelpox, and mpox. The most widely known member of the genus is Variola virus, which causes smallpox. It was eradicated globally by 1977, through the use of Vaccinia virus as a vaccine. The most recently described species is the Alaskapox virus, first isolated in 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camelpox</span> Disease of camels caused by the Camelpox virus

Camelpox is a disease of camels caused by the camelpox virus (CMPV) of the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and the genus Orthopoxvirus. It causes skin lesions and a generalized infection. Approximately 25% of young camels that become infected will die from the disease, while infection in older camels is generally more mild. Although rare, the infection may spread to the hands of those that work closely with camels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bovine papular stomatitis</span> Species of virus

Bovine papular stomatitis is a farmyard pox caused by Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), which can spread from infected cattle to cause disease in milkers, farmers and veterinarians. Generally there is usually one or a few skin lesions typically on the hands or forearm. The disease is generally mild.

<i>Murine coronavirus</i> Species of virus

Murine coronavirus (M-CoV) is a virus in the genus Betacoronavirus that infects mice. Belonging to the subgenus Embecovirus, murine coronavirus strains are enterotropic or polytropic. Enterotropic strains include mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains D, Y, RI, and DVIM, whereas polytropic strains, such as JHM and A59, primarily cause hepatitis, enteritis, and encephalitis. Murine coronavirus is an important pathogen in the laboratory mouse and the laboratory rat. It is the most studied coronavirus in animals other than humans, and has been used as an animal disease model for many virological and clinical studies.

<i>Molluscum contagiosum virus</i> Species of virus

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a species of DNA poxvirus that causes the human skin infection molluscum contagiosum. Molluscum contagiosum affects about 200,000 people a year, about 1% of all diagnosed skin diseases. Diagnosis is based on the size and shape of the skin lesions and can be confirmed with a biopsy, as the virus cannot be routinely cultured. Molluscum contagiosum virus is the only species in the genus Molluscipoxvirus. MCV is a member of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae of family Poxviridae. Other commonly known viruses that reside in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae are variola virus and monkeypox virus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lumpy skin disease</span> African virus disease of cows, worldwide

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease in cattle caused by a virus of the family Poxviridae, also known as Neethling virus. The disease is characterized by large fever, enlarged superficial lymph nodes and multiple nodules on the skin and mucous membranes. Infected cattle also may develop edematous swelling in their limbs and exhibit lameness. The virus has important economic implications since affected animals tend to have permanent damage to their skin, lowering the commercial value of their hide. Additionally, the disease often results in chronic debility, reduced milk production, poor growth, infertility, abortion, and sometimes death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fowlpox</span> Viral disease of poultry

Fowlpox is the worldwide disease of poultry caused by viruses of the family Poxviridae and the genus Avipoxvirus. The viruses causing fowlpox are distinct from one another but antigenically similar, possible hosts including chickens, turkeys, quail, canaries, pigeons, and many other species of birds. There are two forms of the disease. The first is spread by biting insects and wound contamination, and causes lesions on the comb, wattles, and beak. Birds affected by this form usually recover within a few weeks. The second is contracted by inhalation or ingestion of the virus via dust or aerosols, leading to the 'diphtheritic form' of the disease, in which diphtheritic membranes form in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and sometimes the trachea. The prognosis for this form is poor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canarypox</span> Viral disease of birds

Canarypox virus (CNPV) is an Avipoxvirus and etiologic agent of canarypox, a disease of wild and captive birds that can cause significant losses. Canarypox can enter human cells, but it cannot survive and multiply in human cells. There is a live viral vaccine available which may have beneficial properties against human cancer when used as a mammalian expression vector.. Furthermore, the POXIMUNE® C vaccine does offer direct protection against CNPV in susceptible birds.

Avipoxvirus is a genus of viruses within the family Poxviridae. Poxviridae is the family of viruses which cause the afflicted organism to have poxes as a symptom. Poxviruses have generally large genomes, and other such examples include smallpox and monkeypox. Members of the genus Avipoxvirus infect specifically birds. Avipoxviruses are unable to complete their replication cycle in non-avian species. Although it is comparably slow-spreading, Avipoxvirus is known to cause symptoms like pustules full of pus lining the skin and diphtheria-like symptoms. These diphtheria-like symptoms might include diphtheric necrotic membranes lining the mouth and the upper respiratory tract. Like other avian viruses, it can be transmitted through vectors mechanically such as through mosquitoes. There is no evidence that this virus can infect humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veterinary virology</span> Study of viruses affecting animals

Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals. It is an important branch of veterinary medicine.

Turkeypox virus is a virus of the family Poxviridae and the genus Avipoxvirus that causes turkeypox. It is one of the most common diseases in the wild turkey population. Turkeypox, like all avipoxviruses, is transmitted either through skin contact or by arthropods acting as mechanical vectors.

<i>Monkeypox virus</i> Species of double-stranded DNA virus

The monkeypox virus, is a species of double-stranded DNA virus that causes mpox disease in humans and other mammals. The monkeypox virus is a zoonotic virus belonging to the orthopoxvirus genus, making it closely related to the variola (VARV), cowpox (CPX), and vaccinia (VACV) viruses. MPV is oval-shaped with a lipoprotein outer membrane. The genome is approximately 190 kb.

Suipoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Poxviridae and subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Swine serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Swinepox virus. Diseases associated with this genus include asymptomatic skin disease.

Pseudocowpox is a disease caused by the Paravaccinia virus or Pseudocowpox virus, a virus of the family Poxviridae and the genus Parapoxvirus. Humans can contract the virus from contact with livestock infected with Bovine papular stomatitis and the disease is common among ranchers, milkers, and veterinarians. Infection in humans will present with fever, fatigue, and lesion on the skin.

Raccoonpox virus (RCN) is a double-stranded DNA virus and a member of the orthopoxviruses in the family Poxviridae and subfamily Chordopoxvirinae which consists of eight genera: Avipoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, Leporipoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Suipoxvirus and Yatapoxvirus Vertebrates are the natural host of Chordopoxvirinae subfamily viruses. More specifically, raccoons are the natural hosts of RCN. RCN was isolated in 1961 from the upper respiratory tissues of 2 raccoons in a group of 92 observably healthy raccoons trapped close to Aberdeen, Maryland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outbreak of monkeypox at Rotterdam Zoo</span>

In 1964 there was an outbreak of monkeypox at Rotterdam Zoo, where two Central/South American giant anteaters were first identified with the disease. Until then, monkeypox was thought to occur only in primates. Housed in one large enclosure, the monkeypox virus subsequently spread to several orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, guenons, squirrel monkeys, macaques, marmosets and gibbons.

References

  1. ↑ Fenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E. Paul J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O. (1993). Veterinary Virology (2nd ed.). Academic Press, Inc. ISBN   978-0-12-253056-2.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Esteban, David J.; Buller, R. Mark L. (2005). "Ectromelia virus: the causative agent of mousepox". Journal of General Virology. 86 (10): 2645–2659. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.81090-0 . ISSN   0022-1317. PMID   16186218.
  3. ↑ Marchal, J. (1930). "Infectious ectromelia. A hitherto undescribed virus disease of mice". The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. 33 (3): 713–728. doi:10.1002/path.1700330317. ISSN   1555-2039.
  4. 1 2 3 E.Kh. Abdrashitova. L. A. Konoplenko. "ECTROMELIA VIMS OF LABORATORY MICE AND METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS". cyberleninka.ru. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  5. ↑ "Fenner's Veterinary Virology - 5th Edition". www.elsevier.com. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  6. ↑ Clark, David P.; Pazdernik, Nanette J. (2016-01-01), Clark, David P.; Pazdernik, Nanette J. (eds.), "Chapter 22 - Biological Warfare: Infectious Disease and Bioterrorism", Biotechnology (Second Edition), Academic Cell, pp. 687–719, ISBN   978-0-12-385015-7 , retrieved 2020-01-07
  7. 1 2 River, Charles (2009). "Ectromelia Virus (Mousepox)" (PDF). Charles River– via Charles River Laboratories International.
  8. 1 2 MacLachlan, N. James; Dubovi, Edward J., eds. (2017-01-01), "Chapter 7 - Poxviridae", Fenner's Veterinary Virology (Fifth Edition), Academic Press, pp. 157–174, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800946-8.00007-6, ISBN   978-0-12-800946-8 , retrieved 2020-01-07
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.