Edward Reed Fields | |
|---|---|
 | |
| National Director of the National States' Rights Party | |
| In office 1958–1983 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Expelled |
| Personal details | |
| Born | September 30,1932 Chicago,Illinois |
| Political party | National States' Rights (1958–1983) |
| Residence | Marietta,Georgia |
| Education | Palmer College of Chiropractic |
Edward Reed Fields (born September 30,1932) is an American white supremacist and anti-Semitic political activist.
Fields was born in 1932 in Chicago,Illinois,and moved at an early age to Atlanta,Georgia,where he graduated from Catholic school. It was during this time he became active in far-right politics,and associated himself with the Black Front,a local Nazi organization,serving as a recruiter. [1] Fields attended law school in Atlanta,but dropped out in 1953. Later,he attended the Palmer College of Chiropractic and graduated in 1957. Fields began practice as a chiropractor,although this occupation was soon overshadowed by his political activity. [2]
Fields was active in several white supremacist political organizations,joining the Columbians,an anti-black and anti-Semitic group,in high school,and joining J. B. Stoner's Christian Anti-Jewish Party in 1952;he later served as its Executive Director. He was also a member of the American Anti-Communist Society in 1950 and 1951. [1] [2]
In 1958,Fields founded the National States' Rights Party,which advocated racial segregation and white supremacy;he served as its National Director while Stoner served as its National Chairman. Fields edited the party's newspaper,The Thunderbolt. During this time period,he frequently wrote to print publications detailing his beliefs,for instance in 1969 a letter by Fields was published in Playboy ,alleging,"we will never have law and order in America until all Negroes are deported back to Africa and completely removed from this nation that was founded and built by the great white race." [1]
Fields and the National States' Rights Party in 1963 were enlisted by Alabama Gov. George Wallace and state public safety chief Albert Lingo to create pretexts that Wallace used to order closed public schools that were slated for integration and to deploy state troopers—over the objections of local authorities—in communities otherwise determined to comply with federal court orders to desegregate. [3]
On December 27,1963 Fields was brought to the United States Secret Service's attention as a possible threat against protected individuals. This was divulged as part of the John Fitzgerald Kennedy's assassination file release by the National Archives and Records Administration in 2017. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) considered that Fields was "one step removed from being insane." [4]
In 1976,following Alabama Attorney General Bill Baxley's opening of prosecution against the bombers of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham,Fields wrote a letter to Baxley,referring to him as an "honorary nigger" and threatening to assassinate him. Baxley responded with his own letter the following day,telling Fields,"My response to your letter of February 19,1976,is - kiss my ass." [5]
Following J. B. Stoner's imprisonment for his involvement in the 1958 Bethel Baptist Church bombing,Fields lost the trust of many party members,largely due to his increasing activity with the Ku Klux Klan and decreasing involvement with the party,and was expelled from the party in August 1983. He continued publishing The Thunderbolt,but changed the newspaper's name to The Truth At Last. Fields founded the white supremacist America First Party in 1993,and spoke at the Populist Party's 1994 convention. [2]
Fields attended the 2001 funeral of Klansman Byron De La Beckwith,who murdered civil rights activist Medgar Evers. [6]
COINTELPRO was a series of covert and illegal projects conducted between 1956 and 1971 by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) aimed at surveilling,infiltrating,discrediting,and disrupting American political organizations that the FBI perceived as subversive. Groups and individuals targeted by the FBI included feminist organizations,the Communist Party USA,anti–Vietnam War organizers,activists in the civil rights and Black power movements,environmentalist and animal rights organizations,the American Indian Movement (AIM),Chicano and Mexican-American groups like the Brown Berets and the United Farm Workers,independence movements,a variety of organizations that were part of the broader New Left,and white supremacist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party.
The Ku Klux Klan,commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan,is the name of several historical and current American white supremacist,far-right terrorist organizations and hate groups. According to historian Fergus Bordewich,the Klan was "the first organized terror movement in American history." Their primary targets at various times have been African Americans,as well as Jews and Catholics.
William Luther Pierce III was an American neo-Nazi,white supremacist,and far-right political activist. For more than 30 years,he was one of the highest-profile individuals of the white nationalist movement. A physicist by profession,he was author of the novels The Turner Diaries and Hunter under the pen name Andrew Macdonald. The former has inspired multiple hate crimes including the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Pierce founded the white nationalist National Alliance,an organization which he led for almost 30 years.
George Corley Wallace Jr. was an American politician and judge who served as the 45th governor of Alabama for four terms. He is remembered for his staunch segregationist and populist views. During Wallace's tenure as governor of Alabama,he promoted "industrial development,low taxes,and trade schools." Wallace sought the United States presidency as a Democratic Party candidate three times,and once as an American Independent Party candidate,being unsuccessful each time. Wallace opposed desegregation and supported the policies of "Jim Crow" during the Civil Rights Movement,declaring in his 1963 inaugural address that he stood for "segregation now,segregation tomorrow,segregation forever."
The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was a terrorist bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham,Alabama on September 15,1963. The bombing was committed by a white supremacist terrorist group. Four members of a local Ku Klux Klan (KKK) chapter planted 19 sticks of dynamite attached to a timing device beneath the steps located on the east side of the church.
Jesse Benjamin Stoner Jr. was an American lawyer,white supremacist,neo-Nazi,segregationist politician,and domestic terrorist who perpetrated the 1958 bombing of the Bethel Baptist Church in Birmingham,Alabama,but was not convicted for the bombing of the church until 1980.
Asa Earl Carter was a 1950s segregationist political activist,Ku Klux Klan organizer,and later Western novelist. He co-wrote George Wallace's well-known pro-segregation line of 1963,"Segregation now,segregation tomorrow,segregation forever",and ran in the Democratic primary for governor of Alabama on a white supremacist ticket. Years later,under the pseudonym of supposedly Cherokee writer Forrest Carter,he wrote The Rebel Outlaw:Josey Wales (1972),a Western novel that led to a 1976 film featuring Clint Eastwood that was adopted into the National Film Registry,and The Education of Little Tree (1976),a best-selling,award-winning book which was marketed as a memoir but which turned out to be fiction.
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The National States' Rights Party was a white supremacist political party that briefly played a minor role in the politics of the United States.
Robert Edward Chambliss,also known as Dynamite Bob,was a white supremacist terrorist convicted in 1977 of murder for his role as conspirator in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in 1963. A member of the United Klans of America,Chambliss also firebombed the houses of several African American families in Alabama.
In the United States,domestic terrorism is defined as terrorist acts that were carried out within the United States by U.S. citizens and/or U.S. permanent residents. As of 2021,the United States government considers white supremacists to be the top domestic terrorism threat.
The Alabama Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the state of Alabama. It is chaired by Randy Kelley.
The United Klans of America Inc. (UKA),based in Alabama,is a Ku Klux Klan organization active in the United States. Led by Robert Shelton,the UKA peaked in membership in the late 1960s and 1970s,and it was the most violent Klan organization of its time. Its headquarters was the Anglo-Saxon Club outside Tuscaloosa,Alabama.
The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door took place at Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama on June 11,1963. George Wallace,the Governor of Alabama,in a symbolic attempt to keep his inaugural promise of "segregation now,segregation tomorrow,segregation forever" and stop the desegregation of schools,stood at the door of the auditorium as if to block the entry of two African American students:Vivian Malone and James Hood.
Dewey H. "Buddy" Tucker is an American minister from Dandridge,Tennessee,and former pastor of the "Temple Memorial Baptist Church" in Knoxville,Tennessee. He is a white nationalist,anti-Semitic,former Baptist and founder of the now defunct group "National Emancipation of our White Seed".
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Donald S. Strong (1912–1995) was an American political scientist. He was Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama from 1946 to 1979. He published research about antisemitism in the 1930s in the United States,African-American voter suppression,and the rise of the Republican Party in the Southern United States.
The Rise Above Movement (RAM) is a militant alt-right Southern California-based street fighting group which has variously been described as "a loose collective of violent neo-Nazis and fascists",white nationalists,white supremacists,and far-right persons. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC),it "is inspired by identitarian movements in Europe and it is trying to bring their philosophies and violent tactics to the United States." Its members are primarily located in the areas of Orange County and San Diego,and as of 2018,have been variously numbered at 20 to 50. Individual RAM members are also members of other organizations,such as the self-described Identitarian Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement,the "Western chauvinist" Proud Boys,and the neo-Nazi skinhead Hammerskin Nation,according to Northern California Anti-Racist Action (NoCARA).
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