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Electric rickshaws (also known as electric tuk-tuks, [1] e-rickshaws, [2] Totos [3] and e-tricycles [4] ) are small 3-wheeled vehicles powered by an electric battery and motor. These small electric vehicles do not require petroleum fuel like auto rickshaws, but still maintain greater mobility than traditional pulled rickshaws. This has led to their popularity and use expanding in some cities since 2008.[ citation needed ] Electric rickshaws are mostly manufactured in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and China. [5] [6]
Electric rickshaws gained popularity in India between 2015 and 2018. Although a host of unorganized producers dominate this segment, established manufacturers have also identified their growth opportunities and are expected to foray into the segment. [7]
In the early 2010s, E-Rickshaws were introduced to several Indian and Chinese cities, however, they sold poorly at first and were initially uncommon. Driven by a push for more environmentally-friendly methods of transportation, the electric rickshaw has surged in popularity, and takes up an increasingly larger share of urban transport in these areas, especially as already established companies introduce their own rickshaw products to the market. [7] [8]
Electric rickshaws usually have a mild steel tubular chassis, consisting of three wheels with a Differential mechanism sending power to the rear wheels. The motor is a brushless DC motor, with power outputs generally ranging from 650 to 1,400 watts (0.87 to 1.88 hp ). The electrical system used in Indian versions is 48V and in Bangladesh is 60V. In China, the most popular body design is made of very thin iron or aluminum sheets. Bodies made of fiberglass are also popular for their strength and durability, and resulting low maintenance requirements. [9]
The vehicle's batteries are typically lead acid with a lifespan of 6 to 12 months. Deep cycle batteries designed for electric vehicles are rarely used. [10]
The load-carrying versions of these rickshaws differ in their upper body, load-carrying capacity, motor power, controller, and other structural aspects. At times, the motor power is also increased to carry loads up to 500-1000 kg.[ citation needed ]
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There are two types of solar vehicles:
Electric rickshaws are most popular in Asia, especially in China, India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Low-cost Chinese models were the often first electric rickshaws to become popular in those countries. In addition to this, China, Japan, India, and European countries (Switzerland, France, and Germany) have researched and developed electric tricycles for commercial transport and are attempting to capture the growing market in Asia.
Bangladesh began importing electric rickshaws in 2004 from China. In May 2011, the government banned the import and assembly of the vehicles, and ordered operating vehicles scrapped, because most are recharged through illegal connections. Importers said they would challenge the ban in court. [12] In 2021, the government again announced a ban, citing road safety. [13]
China is the largest manufacturer of electric rickshaws in the world, largely due to low labor costs, high production rates, and government incentives encouraging foreign trade, they import a large number daily. There are hundreds of electric rickshaw manufacturers and thousands of parts producers. Their main market is within small towns or cities with insufficient public transport. [6]
One of the first attempts to design electric rickshaws was by the Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute in the late 1990s. [14] [15]
Today, e-rickshaws play a major role in providing livelihood to people in India, as their low cost and high efficiency make them common on Indian streets. [16] Government policies have threatened the e-rickshaw and banned its use in the capital city Delhi, [16] [17] however these measures did not lead to a national ban, and e-rickshaws were legalized in India in 2015. E-rickshaws are still rising in number and are widely used in Delhi and other parts of India. In Delhi, as per government official figures in April 2012, their number was over 100,000. [6] [18]
Initially, e-rickshaws were unregulated by any central law in India. However, the Delhi High Court banned the running of e-rickshaws in Delhi on 31 July 2014 over safety concerns raised through public interest litigation. [19] In a rally held for the regularization of e-rickshaws in Delhi, transport minister Nitin Gadkari said that "municipal corporations would regularize e-rickshaws by registering them for a fee of just ₹100. After registering the e-rickshaw, corporations will have to issue identity cards to drivers so that they can earn their livelihood easily." [20] Once the policy was in place, the corporation, along with traffic police, would have fixed the amount of the fine to be imposed for violation of the policy. [20] However, the policy was never implemented. Certain states like Tripura had regularized the e-rickshaws through municipal bylaws or state legislation. [19] In March 2015, the Indian Parliament passed an amendment to the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2015 legalizing e-rickshaws. [21] By July 2015, battery rickshaws were available in many cities and were required to comply with Registration No. plate by R.T.O. with insurance.
Transport in India consists of transport by land, water and air. Road transport is the primary mode of transport for most Indian citizens, and India's road transport systems are among the most heavily used in the world.
The cycle rickshaw is a small-scale local means of transport. It is a type of hatchback tricycle designed to carry passengers on a for-hire basis. It is also known by a variety of other names such as bike taxi, velotaxi, pedicab, bikecab, cyclo, beca, becak, trisikad, sikad, tricycle taxi, trishaw, or hatchback bike.
An auto rickshaw is a motorized version of the pulled rickshaw or cycle rickshaw. Most have three wheels and do not tilt. They are known by many terms in various countries including auto, auto rickshaw, baby taxi, mototaxi, pigeon, jonnybee, bajaj, chand gari, lapa, tuk-tuk, tum-tum, Keke-napep, Maruwa, Adaidaita Sahu, 3wheel, pragya, bao-bao, easy bike, and tukxi.
A three-wheeler is a vehicle with three wheels. Some are motorized tricycles, which may be legally classed as motorcycles, while others are tricycles without a motor, some of which are human-powered vehicles and animal-powered vehicles.
A solar vehicle or solar electric vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by direct solar energy. Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the sun's energy directly into electric energy.
An electric bus is a bus that is propelled using electric motors, as opposed to a conventional internal combustion engine. Electric buses can store the needed electrical energy on board, or be fed mains electricity continuously from an external source such as overhead lines. The majority of buses using on-board energy storage are battery electric buses, where the electric motor obtains energy from an onboard battery pack, although examples of other storage modes do exist, such as the gyrobus that uses flywheel energy storage. When electricity is not stored on board, it is supplied by contact with outside power supplies, for example, via a current collector, or with a ground-level power supply, or through inductive charging.
An electric bicycle, e-bike, electrically assisted pedal cycles, or electrically power assisted cycles is a motorized bicycle with an integrated electric motor used to assist propulsion. Many kinds of e-bikes are available worldwide, but they generally fall into two broad categories: bikes that assist the rider's pedal-power and bikes that add a throttle, integrating moped-style functionality. Both retain the ability to be pedaled by the rider and are therefore not electric motorcycles. E-bikes use rechargeable batteries and typically are motor-powered up to 25 to 32 km/h. High-powered varieties can often travel more than 45 km/h (28 mph).
The automotive industry in India is the world's fourth-largest by production and valuation as per 2022 statistics. As of 2023, India is the 3rd largest automobile market in the world in terms of sales.
Ashok Jhunjhunwala is an Indian academic and innovator. He received his B.Tech. from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur and PhD from the University of Maine. He has been a faculty member at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras since 1981. He is the President of IIT Madras Research Park and Chairman of International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad. During his career, he has contributed extensively to technology innovation and adoption in the Indian context.
Jugaaḍ is a non-conventional, frugal innovation, in South Asia. It also includes innovative fixes or a simple workarounds, solutions that bend the rules, or resources that can be used in such a way. It is considered creative to make existing things work and create new things with meager resources.
The energy policy of India is to increase the locally produced energy in India and reduce energy poverty, with more focus on developing alternative sources of energy, particularly nuclear, solar and wind energy. Net energy import dependency was 40.9% in 2021-22.
Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Limited, formerly known as Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited (2016-2023) and Reva Electric Car Company (2010-2016), is an Indian company based in Bangalore that designs and manufactures compact electric vehicles. The company's first vehicle, the REVAi electric car, was available in 26 countries with 4,000 versions sold worldwide by mid-March 2011. Reva was acquired by Indian conglomerate Mahindra & Mahindra in May 2010. After the acquisition, the company launched the electric hatchback e2o in 2013. Today, the company sells electric vehicles in different segments – the electric sedan eVerito, the electric commercial vehicle eSupro, and the Treo range of low maintenance, lithium-ion battery-powered three-wheelers. Recently, Mahindra Electric became the first Indian car manufacturer to cross 170 million kilometres travelled on its fleet.
A battery electric vehicle (BEV), pure electric vehicle, only-electric vehicle, fully electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that exclusively uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs, with no secondary source of propulsion. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include – but are not limited to – motorcycles, bicycles, scooters, skateboards, railcars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks, and cars.
In the Philippines, motorized tricycles, or simply tricycles, refer to a type of motorized vehicle consisting of a motorcycle and a passenger cab attached to it. Along with the jeepney, the Philippine tricycle is one of the most common means of public or private transportation in the country, especially in rural areas. These public utility vehicles either ply a set route or are for-hire, like taxis.
Rickshaw originally denoted a pulled rickshaw, which is a two- or three-wheeled cart generally pulled by one person carrying one passenger. The first known use of the term was in 1879. Over time, cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws, and electric rickshaws were invented, and have replaced the original pulled rickshaws, with a few exceptions for their use in tourism.
A solar bus or solar-charged bus is a bus that is powered exclusively or mainly by solar energy. Solar-powered bus service is referred to as a solar bus service. The use of the term "solar bus" normally implies that solar energy is used not only for powering electric equipment on the bus, but also for the propulsion of the vehicle.
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Pakistan has a significant market for hybrid vehicles such as Honda's Vezel, Toyota's Prius, and Aqua. The Automotive Development Policy (2016–2021) and the launch of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) encourage foreign investments for new automobile brands to enter the Pakistani market, while the leading manufacturers in the automobile industry in Pakistan are interested in introducing electric vehicle (EV) models with a wide range of prices for consumers of diverse income groups. Several members of the international automobile industry including South Korea, China, and Japan also believe that Pakistan has a high potential market for EV technology, leading them to collaborate with local businesses to bring EVs to Pakistan.
The manufacture, sale, and adoption of electric vehicles in Thailand is supported by the Thai government, in order to reduce carbon emissions and air pollution. Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha appointed the National Electric Vehicle Policy Committee in February 2020 to set targets for zero emission vehicle adoption. The government has announced aims for 30% of automobiles produced in 2030 to be electric, and to become a regional hub for electric vehicle manufacturing.
SUN Mobility is an electric vehicle energy services company founded in 2017 that develops, manufactures and operates battery swapping infrastructure for electric two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and larger commercial vehicles. Battery swapping technology helps accelerate the faster adoption of electric vehicles due to the lower upfront purchase price of electric vehicles, and the lower running costs - particularly in the case of commercial applications.
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