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Emotions are mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes,variously associated with thoughts,feelings,behavioral responses,and a degree of pleasure or displeasure. There is no scientific consensus on a definition. Emotions are often intertwined with mood,temperament,personality,disposition,or creativity.
Fear is an intensely unpleasant emotion in response to perceiving or recognizing a danger or threat. Fear causes physiological changes that may produce behavioral reactions such as mounting an aggressive response or fleeing the threat. Fear in human beings may occur in response to a certain stimulus occurring in the present,or in anticipation or expectation of a future threat perceived as a risk to oneself. The fear response arises from the perception of danger leading to confrontation with or escape from/avoiding the threat,which in extreme cases of fear can be a freeze response.
The amygdala is one of two almond-shaped clusters of nuclei located deep and medially within the temporal lobes of the brain's cerebrum in complex vertebrates,including humans. Shown to perform a primary role in the processing of memory,decision making,and emotional responses,the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system. The term "amygdala" was first introduced by Karl Friedrich Burdach in 1822.
Martha Julia Farah is a cognitive neuroscience researcher at the University of Pennsylvania. She has worked on an unusually wide range of topics;the citation for her lifetime achievement award from the Association for Psychological Science states that “Her studies on the topics of mental imagery,face recognition,semantic memory,reading,attention,and executive functioning have become classics in the field.”
Affective neuroscience is the study of how the brain processes emotions. This field combines neuroscience with the psychological study of personality,emotion,and mood. The basis of emotions and what emotions are remains an issue of debate within the field of affective neuroscience.
James L. McGaugh is an American neurobiologist and author working in the field of learning and memory. He is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior at the University of California,Irvine and a fellow and founding director of the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.
Joseph E. LeDoux is an American neuroscientist whose research is primarily focused on survival circuits,including their impacts on emotions such as fear and anxiety. LeDoux is the Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Science at New York University,and director of the Emotional Brain Institute,a collaboration between NYU and New York State with research sites at NYU and the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research in Orangeburg,New York. He is also the lead singer and songwriter in the band The Amygdaloids.
Lisa Feldman Barrett is a University Distinguished Professor of psychology at Northeastern University,where she focuses on affective science. She is a director of the Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory. Along with James Russell,she is the founding editor-in-chief of the journal Emotion Review. Along with James Gross,she founded the Society for Affective Science.
Nora S. Newcombe is the Laura H. Carnell Professor of Psychology and the James H. Glackin Distinguished Faculty Fellow at Temple University. She is a Canadian-American researcher in cognitive development,cognitive psychology and cognitive science,and expert on the development of spatial thinking and reasoning and episodic memory. She was the principal investigator of the Spatial Intelligence and Learning Center (2006-2018),one of six Science of Learning Centers funded by the National Science Foundation.
Emotion can have a powerful effect on humans and animals. Numerous studies have shown that the most vivid autobiographical memories tend to be of emotional events,which are likely to be recalled more often and with more clarity and detail than neutral events.
Consumer neuroscience is the combination of consumer research with modern neuroscience. The goal of the field is to find neural explanations for consumer behaviors in individuals both with or without disease.
Memory supports and enables social interactions in a variety of ways. In order to engage in successful social interaction,people must be able to remember how they should interact with one another,whom they have interacted with previously,and what occurred during those interactions. There are a lot of brain processes and functions that go into the application and use of memory in social interactions,as well as psychological reasoning for its importance.
Tania Singer is a German psychologist and social neuroscientist and the scientific director of the Max Planck Society's Social Neuroscience Lab in Berlin,Germany. Between 2007 and 2010,she became the inaugural chair of social neuroscience and neuroeconomics at the University of Zurich and was the co-director of the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research in Zurich. Her research focuses on the developmental,neuronal,and hormonal mechanisms underlying human social behavior and social emotions such as compassion and empathy. She is founder and principal investigator of the ReSource project,one of the largest longitudinal studies on the effects of mental training on brain plasticity as well as mental and physical health,co-funded by the European Research Council. She also collaborates with the macro-economist Dennis Snower on research on caring economics. Singer's Caring Economics:Conversations on Altruism and Compassion,Between Scientists,Economists,and the Dalai Lama was published in 2015. She is the daughter of the neuroscientist Wolf Singer.
Daniela Schiller is a neuroscientist who leads the Affective Neuroscience Lab at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. She is best known for her work on memory reconsolidation,and on modification of emotional learning and memory.
Jee Hyun Kim is an Australian behavioral neuroscientist whose work focuses on emotional learning and memory during childhood and adolescence. She is an associate professor,principal research fellow,and head of the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory at the Deakin University School of Medicine,Australia
Stephen Andrew Maren is an American behavioral neuroscientist investigating the brain mechanisms of emotional memory,particularly the role context plays in the behavioral expression of fear. He has discovered brain circuits regulating context-dependent memory,including mapping functional connections between the hippocampus,prefrontal cortex,and amygdala that are involved in the expression and extinction of learned fear responses.
Elizabeth Kensinger is Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Boston College. She is known for her research on emotion and memory over the human lifespan. She is co-author of the book Why We Forget and How To Remember Better:The Science Behind Memory,published in 2023 by Oxford University Press,which provides an overview of the psychology and neuroscience of memory. She also is the author of the book Emotional Memory Across the Adult Lifespan, which describes the selectivity of memory,i.e.,how events infused with personal significance and emotion are much more memorable than nonemotional events. This book provides an overview of research on the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying the formation and retrieval of emotional memories. Kensinger is co-author of a third book How Does Emotion Affect Attention and Memory? Attentional Capture,Tunnel Memory,and the Implications for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Katherine Mickley Steinmetz,which highlights the roles of emotion in determining what people pay attention to and later remember.
Valerie F. Reyna is an American psychologist and Professor of Human Development at Cornell University and an expert on false memory and risky decision making.
Catherine Hartley is an American psychologist and an Associate Professor of Psychology within the Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science at New York University in New York City. Hartley's research explores how brain development impacts the evaluation of negative experiences,decision-making,and motivated behavior. Her work has helped to elucidate how uncontrollable aversive events affect fear learning and how learning to control aversive stimuli can improve emotional resilience.
Nim Tottenham is a professor of psychology at Columbia University,where she leads the Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory. Her research highlighted fundamental changes in amygdala-prefrontal cortex circuitry across childhood and adolescence and the influential role of early experiences on the developmental trajectories of these circuits.
References
- 1 2 "Elizabeth Phelps: Brains on Trial". Brains on Trial with Alan Alda. Chedd-Angier Production Company.
- ↑ "Events | New York Academy of Medicine". nyam.org. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
- ↑ "2019 William James Fellow Award Goes to Phelps, Gilbert, Nadel, Werke r". Observer. 31 (9): 11. 2018-10-31.
- ↑ "2019 William James Fellow". Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
- ↑ "APS Welcomes President Phelps, President-Elect Eisenberg". APS Observer. 26 (7). 2013-08-30.
- ↑ "SNE Leadership | Society For Neuroeconomics". neuroeconomics.org. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
- ↑ "Neuroethics Society Launched". www.dana.org. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
- ↑ "Elizabeth Phelps | Ohio Wesleyan University | Pride of the Bishops". Ohio Wesleyan University. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
- 1 2 "Liz Phelps". Phelps Lab of New York University.
- ↑ "Erasing Fears By Thinking About Them". NPR.
- ↑ Law, Bridget M. "Seared in our memories". American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association.
