Error (linguistics)

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In applied linguistics, an error is an unintended deviation from the immanent rules of a language variety made by a second language learner. Such errors result from the learner's lack of knowledge of the correct rules of the target language variety. [1] A significant distinction is generally made[ by whom? ] between errors (systematic deviations) and mistakes (speech performance errors) which are not treated the same from a linguistic viewpoint. The study of learners' errors has been the main area of investigation by linguists in the history of second-language acquisition research. [2]

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In prescriptivist contexts, the terms "error" and "mistake" are also used to describe usages that are considered non-standard or otherwise discouraged normatively. [3] Such usages, however, would not be considered true errors by the majority of linguistic scholars. [4] [5] Modern linguistics generally does not make such judgments about regularly occurring native speech, rejecting the idea of linguistic correctness as scientifically untenable, [6] or at least approaching the concept of correct usage in relative terms. [7] Social perceptions and value claims about different speech varieties, although common socially, are not normally supported by linguistics. [8]

Definition

H. Douglas Brown defines linguistic errors as "a noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker, reflecting the interlanguage competence of the learner." He cites an example Does John can sing? where a preceding do auxiliary verb has been used as an error. [9]

Difference between error and mistake

In linguistics, it is considered important to distinguish errors from mistakes. A distinction is always made between errors and mistakes where the former is defined as resulting from a learner's lack of proper grammatical knowledge, whilst the latter as a failure to use a known system correctly. [9] Brown terms these mistakes as performance errors. Mistakes of this kind are frequently made by both native speakers and second language learners. However, native speakers are generally able to correct themselves quickly. Such mistakes include slips of the tongue and random ungrammatical formations. On the other hand, errors are systematic in that they occur repeatedly and are not recognizable by the learner. They are a part of the learner's interlanguage, and the learner does not generally consider them as errors. They are errors only from the perspective of teachers and others who are aware that the learner has deviated from a grammatical norm. [10] That is, mistakes (performance errors) can be self-corrected with or without being pointed out to the speaker but systematic errors cannot be self-corrected. [11]

Importance of error

S. Pit Corder was probably the first to point out and discuss the importance of errors learners make in course of their learning a second language. Soon after, the study and analysis of learners’ errors took a prominent place in applied linguistics. Brown suggests that the process of second language learning is not very different from learning a first language, and the feedback an L2 learner gets upon making errors benefits them in developing the L2 knowledge. [9]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Michael Sharwood Smith, Emeritus Professor of Languages at Heriot-Watt University & Honorary Professorial Fellow at the University of Edinburgh, is a researcher into multilingualism and the acquisition of non-native languages, a branch of developmental linguistics and cognitive science. He is a founding editor of Second Language Research, successor to the Interlanguage Studies Bulletin.

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In linguistics, according to J. Richard et al., (2002), an error is the use of a word, speech act or grammatical items in such a way that it seems imperfect and significant of an incomplete learning (184). It is considered by Norrish as a systematic deviation which happens when a learner has not learnt something, and consistently gets it wrong. However, the attempts made to put the error into context have always gone hand in hand with either [language learning and second-language acquisition] processe, Hendrickson (1987:357) mentioned that errors are ‘signals’ that indicate an actual learning process taking place and that the learner has not yet mastered or shown a well-structured [linguistic competence|competence] in the target language.

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References

  1. Ellis, Rod (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 700. ISBN   0-19-437189-1.
  2. Ellis, p.43
  3. Nordquist, Richard (2018-12-27). "Grammatical Error Definition and Examples". Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. ThoughtCo.com. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  4. Kapović, Mate; Starčević, Anđel; Sarić, Daliborka (2016). "O preskripciji i preskriptivizmu u Hrvatskoj". In Kryżan-Stanojević, Barbara (ed.). Jezična politika: između norme i jezičnog liberalizma (in Croatian). Zagreb: Srednja Europa. p. 51. ISBN   9789537963477.
  5. Kapović, Mate (2011). "Language, Ideology and Politics in Croatia" (PDF). Slavia Centralis. IV/2: 46–48.
  6. Trudgill, Peter (1976). Sociolinguistics and Linguistic Value Judgements: Correctness, Adequacy and Aesthetics. Universität Duisburg-Essen. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
  7. Lyons, John (1981). Language and Linguistics . Cambridge University Press. p.  52–54. ISBN   9780521297752.
  8. Delaney O'Grady, William; Dobrovolsky, Michael; Katamba, Francis (1996). Contemporary linguistics: an introduction. Longman. p. 6. ISBN   9780582246911.
  9. 1 2 3 Brown, H. Douglas (1994). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching . New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents. p.  205. ISBN   0-13-191966-0.
  10. Gass, Susan M.; Selinker, Larry (2008-01-28). Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course . Routledge. pp.  102–3. ISBN   978-0203932841.
  11. Nika Purwati; et al. Research in English and Applied Linguistics (REAL) Vol 2. Routledge. p. 307. ISBN   6029126237.