External relations of Jersey

Last updated

The External relations of the Bailiwick of Jersey are conducted by the External Relations department of the Government of Jersey. Jersey is not an independent state; it is a British Crown dependency, so internationally the United Kingdom is responsible for protecting the island and for consulting Jersey on international trade agreements but it is not a British territory.

Contents

Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems, [1] and the power of self-determination, [2] which has relations with other countries, territories and international organisations.

Diplomatic representation is officially reserved to the Crown and relations are conducted by Her Majesty's Government on behalf of the island (however only with its prior consultation). Jersey, with exceptions, cannot sign up to international agreements under its own authority. [3] Despite this, Jersey has its distinct international identity and its interests may differ from those of the UK. [4]

Jersey informally negotiates directly with foreign governments on various matters. Jersey maintains the Bureau de Jersey in Caen, France, a permanent non-diplomatic representation, with a branch office in Rennes. A similar office, the Maison de la Normandie in St. Helier, represents the Conseil général of Manche and the Regional Council of Normandy. [5] It also houses the Consulate of France. In July 2009, a Channel Islands Tunnel was proposed to connect Jersey with Lower Normandy. [6]

Jersey is a member of the British-Irish Council, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie. Jersey wants to become a full member of the Commonwealth in its own right. [7]

Constitutional situation

In 2007, the Chief Minister and the UK Lord Chancellor signed an agreement [4] that established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey. The agreement stated that:

The preamble to the States of Jersey Law 2005 declares that 'it is recognized that Jersey has autonomous capacity in domestic affairs' and 'it is further recognized that there is an increasing need for Jersey to participate in matters of international affairs'.

In January 2011, the Chief Minister designated one of his assistant ministers as having responsibility for external relations; he is now often described as the island's 'foreign minister'. [8] [9] There has since been officially established a Minister for External Relations, a post held by Senator Ian Gorst.

Relations with the United Kingdom

The relationship between the Crown dependencies and the UK is "one of mutual respect and support, ie, a partnership". [10]

Until 2001, responsibility for the UK government's relationships with the Crown dependencies rested with the Home Office, but it was then transferred first to the Lord Chancellor's Department, then to the Department for Constitutional Affairs, and finally to the Ministry of Justice. In 2010 the Ministry of Justice stated that relationships with the Crown dependencies are the responsibility of the United Kingdom Government as a whole, with the Ministry of Justice holding responsibility for the constitutional relationship and other ministries engaging with their opposite numbers in the Crown dependencies according to their respective policy areas. [11]

Since 2011 the government of Jersey has sent representatives to the main party conferences of the United Kingdom, its "most significant economic partner", as part of a commitment to enhancing political engagement with the UK. In 2012 the Assistant Chief Minister attended the conference of the UK Liberal Democrats, the Chief Minister attended the UK Labour Party conference, and the Deputy Chief Minister and Treasury and Resources Minister were announced to attend the UK Conservative Party conference. [12] Guernsey's Deputy Chief Minister and Jersey's Assistant Chief Minister travelled to Dublin in September 2012 as a first step in a more coordinated approach to international relations. The purpose of the visit was to meet Ireland's Minister for European Affairs for mutual discussions ahead of Ireland's assumption of the European Union presidency in 2013. [13]

Jersey's economic relationship with the UK is part of the framework of the United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union, of which Jersey is a part. There is a common external tariff, and the UK negotiates free trade agreements for Jersey on behalf of its government.

Separation debate

The question of an independent Jersey has been discussed from time to time in the Assembly of the States of Jersey. In 2005–2008, a working group of the States of Jersey examined the options for independence, concluding that Jersey "is equipped to face the challenges of independence" but making no recommendations. [14] Proposals for Jersey independence have been discussed outside the States. [15] [16]

In July 2005, the Policy and Resources Committee of the States of Jersey established the Constitutional Review Group, chaired by Sir Philip Bailhache, with terms of reference "to conduct a review and evaluation of the potential advantages and disadvantages for Jersey in seeking independence from the United Kingdom or other incremental change in the constitutional relationship, while retaining the Queen as Head of State". The Group's Second Interim Report was presented to the States by the Council of Ministers in June 2008. [17]

In June 2012, Sir Philip Bailhache said the island should be ready to become independent after a number of regulatory clampdowns and political attacks on the Channel Islands' "controversial" financial industry. He called the island's relationship with the UK "a raw deal" and "not fair" and that is "very plain" that Jersey's interests were not always aligned with the UK's. Lord McNally, the Minister responsible for the Channel Islands at the time said it would be "ill-advised" of the islands to seek independence. [18] A Guardian editorial [19] at the time stated the islands would be unable to successfully achieve independence and maintain their finance industry, citing the fact that when the Bahamas declared independence from the UK in 1973, its finance industry largely moved to the Cayman Islands. Jersey's economy is highly reliant on Finance: in June 2020, it was reported that there were 13,450 jobs within this sector. [20]

In October 2012, the Council of Ministers issued a "Common Policy for External Relations" that noted "that it is not Government policy to seek independence from the United Kingdom, but rather to ensure that Jersey is prepared if it were in the best interests of Islanders to do so". On the basis of the established principles the Council of Ministers decided to "ensure that Jersey is prepared for external change that may affect the Island's formal relationship with the United Kingdom and/or European Union". [2]

In June 2018, during the UK's Brexit negotiations, former External Relations Minister Sir Philip Bailhache said Jersey was not faced by the decision of independence right now and "We are a long way from that at the present time", but that depending on the outcome of Brexit for Jersey, Independence from the UK 'may be the only option' left to the island. He states the "Island should be prepared to go it alone and to become an independent state." [21]

In March 2019, In June 2019, the Government stated that although it had contingency plans in the event of separation, "it is not Government policy to seek independence from the United Kingdom". [22]

Relations with other British Isles

Jersey has a very close relationship with the other Channel Islands, with several shared institutions, as well as a common geography, heritage, culture and constitutional relationship. There have often been calls for a confederation of the Channel Islands, including a conference in 2012 on the matter. [23] Senator Gorst, the External Relations minister said in 2019, ‘A confederation would make the islands stronger when working together on issues that affect us all ... This would be a combined Channel Island committee with elected members from each parliament, and those parliaments would decide which issues to send up to that committee.' [24]

In 1998 Guernsey and Jersey electricity companies formed the Channel Islands Electricity Grid to operate and manage the submarine cables between Europe and the Channel Islands. A fishing dispute relating to fishing within the Guernsey 12 mile limit surfaced again in 2015. [25]

During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic, over differences in the way the islands responded to the pandemic, Guernsey Deputy Peter Ferbrache called Jersey's government 'a bunch of bumbling idiots' and said that his island was a 'much, much, much better run bailiwick' and Jersey businesses might regret setting up the island. [26] He was later that year elected as Guernsey's Chief Minister. [27]

In September 2010 a Channel Islands Brussels Office was set up jointly by both Jersey and Guernsey to develop the Channel Islands' influence with the EU, to advise the Channel Islands' governments on European matters, and to promote economic links with the EU. [28]

A Guernsey-Jersey double taxation agreement was first signed in 1956. On 24 January 2013 Jersey signed double taxation agreements with Guernsey and with the Isle of Man. [29] This was the first time all three Crown dependencies had established such mutual agreements which also included provision for exchange of tax information equivalent to TIEAs. [30]

Trilateral Crown dependency

The three crown dependencies, while independent, share a relatively similar position with respect to the United Kingdom and with international bodies such as the EU or the OECD. As a result, the crown dependencies work together on areas of mutual interest. For example, in 2000, the three states cooperated on development of common policies for offshore banking. [31] In 2003, they developed a joint approach to certain EU activities around tax information. [32] [33] The heads of government of the crown dependencies, including Isle of Man, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Jersey, meet at an annual inter-island summit, to discuss matters of common concern, such as financial regulation and relations with the UK. [34] [35] [36] [37]

British–Irish Council

Jersey has formed part of the British–Irish Council since it was formed in 1999, as does the Isle of Man. Meetings take place twice a year, in 2002, 2009 and 2013 [38] the meetings have taken place in Jersey. Its stated aim is to "promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands".

Jersey is leading the Creative Industries discussions. [39]

International relations

Tax

Tax information exchange agreements (TIEAs) have been signed directly by the island with several countries, including: the United States of America (2002); the Netherlands (2007); Denmark, the Faroes, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Sweden and Norway (2008); the United Kingdom, France, Australia and New Zealand (2009); Portugal (2010); People's Republic of China, Turkey, Mexico, Canada, Indonesia, Czech Republic, South Africa, Argentina, and India (2011); [40] Brazil and Latvia (2013). [41]

Jersey has come under scrutiny for being a 'tax haven'. In 2019, it was placed on a 21-country 'tax haven blacklist' by the Netherlands. [42] However the island has not been blacklisted by the EU on its list of non-cooperative tax jurisdictions. [43]

Human rights treaties

Jersey does not suffer any of the major human rights crisis that have occurred globally. Jersey cannot sign international treaties in its own right. It instead must have the UK's ratification of treaties extended to it. Regarding human rights treaties, Jersey is party to several core UN treaties: [3]

It notably does not have the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) extended to it. [3]

Commonwealth

Jersey is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right, but through its association with the United Kingdom. It participates in various Commonwealth institutions in its own right: for example, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Commonwealth Games.

Jersey regards the existing situation as unsatisfactory and has lobbied for change. The States of Jersey have called on the UK Foreign Secretary to request that the Commonwealth Heads of Government "consider granting associate membership to Jersey and the other Crown Dependencies as well as any other territories at a similarly advanced stage of autonomy". Jersey has proposed that it be accorded "self-representation in all Commonwealth meetings; full participation in debates and procedures, with a right to speak where relevant and the opportunity to enter into discussions with those who are full members; and no right to vote in the Ministerial or Heads of Government meetings, which is reserved for full members". [44]

European Union

Jersey is a third-party European country to the EU. Its relationship with the EU operates under the free-trade agreement negotiated by the UK. On 27 December 2020, Jersey agreed to be part of the UK-EU Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement from 1 January 2021. Goods exported from the island into Europe are not subject to tariffs and Jersey is solely responsible for management of its territorial waters. Although there is no provision for services, the External Relations Minister Ian Gorst is confident it is compatible with pre-existing relationship. The deal was unanimously approved by the States Assembly. [45] [46]

Jersey and Guernsey jointly opened an office in Brussels in 2010 to promote their common interests with European Union institutions. [47] Jersey is particularly concerned about European Union legislation and reforms that may affect its trading partners in international financial centres round the world. [46]

Jersey maintains the Bureau des Iles Anglo-Normandes in Caen, France, a permanent non-diplomatic representation. A similar office, the Maison de Normandie in St. Helier, represented the Conseil général of Manche and the Regional Council of Normandy. It was set up in 1995, but withdrawn in 2021 over a fishing dispute. [48] It also houses the Consulate of France. In July 2009, a Channel Islands Tunnel was proposed to connect Jersey with Lower Normandy. [49]

Under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, regarding fishing, Jersey takes control of all fishing boats in its waters through a licensing process, however EU boats with a history of fishing in Jersey waters will be granted a permit. Similarly, Jersey boats that have traditionally fished in French waters will be given a permit to continue by the French authorities. [50] The implementation of this new deal has led to a dispute between the French and British governments. [46]

Historical relationship

Jersey and the other Channel Islands, have never been part of the EU, nor associate members. When the UK acceded to the EU in 1973, Jersey became a Community Territory (and later a member state territory). Jersey was part of the EU customs union and had free movement of goods and trade between the island and the EU. Jersey did not appear on the list of European States and Territories outside the Union and the Communities prepared by the European Council and the Commission.[ citation needed ]

However, that is not to say that it was outside the European Communities or the European Union in the sense that it is excluded. The relationship between Jersey and the European Communities was negotiated as a modified extension of the existing relationship with the United Kingdom by Sir Geoffrey Rippon, as he was then. The only European Territories under United Kingdom responsibility which were excluded were the Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus.

Had the Special relationship not been negotiated, then Jersey would have been included within the Communities in the same way as Gibraltar. The Island's relationship with the EC and the EU was governed by article 26(3) of the Act of Accession, amending article 227 of the then EEC Treaty, later Article 355(5)(c) TFEU. [51] That article acted together with Protocol 3 to the UK's Treaty of Accession in 1972 which was incorporated into the Treaties, by article 158 of the Act of Accession. On Cyprus' Accession, the exclusion of the Cyprus Base Territories was reversed, and the resulting article 355(5)(b) no longer contains the term excluded. For Jersey to be outside the EU and the EC, the term excluded would have had to have been employed.

The Treaties therefore applied, but only to the extent necessary to give effect to the arrangements in the Protocol. [51] Protocol 3 and other relevant treaty provisions were made part of Jersey Law by the European Communities (Jersey) Law 1973. [52] Hence the inclusion of provisions of Community law and judgements of the CJEU within the laws of the Island through those provisions, in a similar manner as in the United Kingdom. The relationship between the Channel Islands and the EU was not able to be changed without the unanimous agreement of all Member States and Island authorities. [53]

Under Protocol 3, Jersey was part of the European Union Customs Union of the European Community. The common customs tariff, levies and other agricultural import measures applied to trade between the island and non-Member States. There was free movement of goods and trade between the island and Member States. EU rules on freedom of movement for workers did not apply in Jersey. [54] However, for the time that the UK was an EU member, Jersey is required to apply the same rules to EU nationals as it does to UK nationals, who can move to Jersey by virtue of the Common Travel Area. [55] Nor was Jersey part of the single market in financial services. It was not required to implement EU Directives on such matters as movement of capital, company law or money laundering. Hence the working parallel with the prior constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom. Note however the CJEU in Pereira held that article 4 of the Third Protocol required the Island's authorities to give same treatment to all legal and natural persons of the Communities applied in any area where the Treaties would be applicable in a territory in which they were fully applicable. That implies that the Treaties in those areas are applicable in principle, but through the article 4 threshold.

The Commission's position on the relationship was stated clearly in a reply by Commissioner Prodi in 2003 to a European Parliamentary question.[ citation needed ] He confirmed that Jersey was within the European Union to the extent that the United Kingdom was responsible for its external relationships, and evoked the Treaties and the arrangements within the Protocol. The European Council mandated the Commission in 2013 to initiate negotiations with European States and Territories outside the Communities on their implementation of the amendments to the EC Savings Directive. Jersey was not on that list, as it was not outside the Communities or the Union, but had a special relationship within these.

The island was therefore within the scope of the Treaties to a limited extent, as a European Territory. To infer, as the French Ambassador and finance minister had attempted to argue, namely that the island is outside the European Union and Communities without qualification is therefore simplistic, in law false. The German blacklisting of the island had to be hastily revoked when this was pointed out. As a result, Jersey was not part of the single market in financial services. It was not required to implement EU Directives on such matters as the movement of capital, company law or money laundering. However, the island's close proximity (135 km south) and its close association with the financial sector of the U.K. has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years, with several mainline publications (e.g., The Wall Street Journal ) labelling the island a tax haven. [56]

British citizens who only had a bloodline connection to Jersey, and not with the United Kingdom or another Member state of the European Union, were not considered to be European Union citizens within the sphere of the freedom of movement of persons. [57] They had 'Islander status' and their Jersey-issued British passports were endorsed with the words the holder is not entitled to benefit from EU provisions relating to employment or establishment. [58] This status no longer exists. Jersey residents never had a right to vote in elections for the European Parliament.

However, it was never clear whether the citizenship rights in articles 18 and 21 TFEU are partly available to them as British Citizens, given the limited restriction of their rights under article 2 of the Protocol. That restriction on the exercise of certain freedoms did not apply to all Community or Union rights. The freedom of movement under the prior EC régime is a separate set of rights from the Citizen rights under article 20 and 21 TFEU which include the right to move and reside. Those rights are primary citizenship rights, not a mere freedom. It may not have needed a Treaty change to perfect this, merely a preliminary ruling from the CJEU, and supplementary implementation measures from the council, given the effective right of entrance and residence granted to EU nationals via Article 4 of the Protocol.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Channel Islands</span> Archipelago in the English Channel

The Channel Islands are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They are divided into two Crown Dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm and some smaller islands. Historically, they are the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy. Although they are not part of the United Kingdom, the UK is responsible for the defence and international relations of the islands as it is for the other Crown Dependency, the Isle of Man, and the British Overseas Territories. The Crown Dependencies are neither members of the Commonwealth of Nations, nor part of the European Union. They have a total population of about 171,916, and the bailiwicks' capitals, Saint Helier and Saint Peter Port, have populations of 33,500 and 18,207 respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guernsey</span> Island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy

Guernsey is the second largest island in the Channel Islands, located 27 miles (43 km) west of the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy. It is the largest island in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, which includes five other inhabited islands and many small islets and rocks. The Bailiwick has a population of 63,950, the vast majority of whom live on Guernsey, and the island has a land area of 24 square miles (62 km2).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jersey</span> British Crown Dependency in the English Channel

Jersey, officially known as the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an island country and self-governing British Crown Dependency near the coast of north-west France. It is the largest of the Channel Islands and is 14 miles (23 km) from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy. The Bailiwick consists of the main island of Jersey and some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks including Les Dirouilles, Les Écréhous, Les Minquiers, and Les Pierres de Lecq.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Jersey</span>

The Bailiwick of Jersey is a British Crown dependency, unitary state and parliamentary representative democracy and constitutional monarchy. The head of the civil administration and judiciary is the Bailiff Timothy Le Cocq, while the Chief Minister Kristina Moore is the head of government. The current monarch and head of state is King Charles III.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Law of the United Kingdom</span>

The United Kingdom has three distinctly different legal systems, each of which derives from a particular geographical area for a variety of historical reasons: English law, Scots law, Northern Ireland law, and, since 2007, calls for a fourth type, that of purely Welsh law as a result of Welsh devolution, with further calls for a Welsh justice system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crown Dependencies</span> Self-governing possessions of the British Crown

The Crown Dependencies are three offshore island territories in the British Islands that are self-governing possessions of the British Crown: the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey, both located in the English Channel and together known as the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bailiwick of Guernsey</span> British Crown Dependency consisting of several islands

The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a self-governing British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy, France, comprising several of the Channel Islands. It has a total land area of 78 square kilometres (30 sq mi) and an estimated total population of 67,334.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common Travel Area</span> Open borders area comprising the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands

The Common Travel Area is an open borders area comprising the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The British Overseas Territories are not included. Based on agreements that are not legally binding, the internal borders of the CTA are subject to minimal controls and can normally be traversed by British and Irish citizens with minimal identity documents. The maintenance of the CTA involves co-operation on immigration matters between the British and Irish authorities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</span> Bilateral relations

Since at least 1542, England and later Great Britain and Ireland have been connected politically, reaching a height in 1801 with the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. About five-sixths of the island of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom in 1922 as the Irish Free State. Historically, relations between the two states have been influenced heavily by issues arising from their shared history, the independence of the Irish Free State and the governance of Northern Ireland. These include the partition of Ireland and the terms of Ireland's secession, its constitutional relationship with and obligations to the UK after independence, and the outbreak of political violence in Northern Ireland. Additionally, the high level of trade between the two states, their proximate geographic location, their common status as islands in the European Union until Britain's departure, common language and close cultural and personal links mean political developments in both states often closely follow each other.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)</span> Ministerial department of the UK Government

The Ministry of Justice (MoJ) is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is headed by the Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor. Its stated priorities are to reduce re-offending and protect the public, to provide access to justice, to increase confidence in the justice system, and to uphold people's civil liberties. The Secretary of State is the minister responsible to Parliament for the judiciary, the court system, prisons, and probation in England and Wales, with some additional UK-wide responsibilities, e.g., the UK Supreme Court and judicial appointments by the Crown. The department is also responsible for areas of constitutional policy not transferred in 2010 to the Deputy Prime Minister, human rights law, and information rights law across the UK.

The Isle of Man is not part of the United Kingdom, but to a large extent its relations with other countries are handled by the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jersey-variant British passport</span> Type of passport issued in Jersey

The Jersey-variant British passport is a type of British passport issued in the British Crown dependency of Jersey by the Passport Office in St Helier.

A customs territory is a geographic territory with uniform customs regulations and there are no internal customs or similar taxes within the territory. Customs territories may fall into several types:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Devolution in the United Kingdom</span> Granting governmental powers to parts of the UK

In the United Kingdom, devolution is the Parliament of the United Kingdom's statutory granting of a greater level of self-government to the Scottish Parliament, the Senedd, the Northern Ireland Assembly and the London Assembly and to their associated executive bodies: the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government, the Northern Ireland Executive and in England, the Greater London Authority and combined authorities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">External relations of Guernsey</span>

The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. As a bailiwick, Guernsey embraces not only all ten parishes on the island of Guernsey, but also the islands of Alderney and Sark – each with their own parliament – and the smaller islands of Herm, Jethou and Lihou. Although its defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom, the Bailiwick is not part of the United Kingdom, but, as its description suggests, a possession of the Crown. Consequently, though it lies within the Common Travel Area, it was never part of the European Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Law of Guernsey</span> Corpus of law governing the island of Guernsey

The Law of Guernsey originates in Norman customary law, overlaid with principles taken from English common law and French law, as well as from statute law enacted by the competent legislature(s) – usually, but not always, the States of Guernsey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CANZUK</span> Proposed international alliance

CANZUK is an acronym for a proposed alliance comprising Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom as part of an international organisation or confederation similar in scope to the former European Economic Community. This includes increased trade, foreign policy co-operation, military co-operation and mobility of citizens between the four states, tied together by similar economic systems, social values and political and legal systems, in addition to the majority population of each country speaking English. The idea is lobbied by the advocacy group CANZUK International and supported primarily by conservatives. Other supporters include think tanks such as the Adam Smith Institute, the Henry Jackson Society, Bruges Group and politicians from the four countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Jersey dispute</span> 2021 dispute over Jersey fishing licences

In 2021, a dispute erupted between French fishermen and the Government of Jersey about the licensing of French fishing boats to fish in Jersey's territorial waters. Jersey is a British Crown Dependency, and despite not being part of the United Kingdom, the licensing of European Union fishing boats to fish in Jersey's territorial waters has changed after the UK exit from the EU. On 6 May 2021, French fishermen held a protest in the waters off Jersey's main harbour. The UK is responsible for the defence of the Channel Islands and sent two patrol boats to Jersey in response to the fishermen's threats to blockade it. French politicians suggested that Jersey's electricity supply fed by undersea cables from France could be cut off in retaliation for Jersey placing limitations on the extent to which French boats can fish in the island's waters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union</span> Free trade area

The United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union or customs arrangements with the Crown Dependencies is a customs union that covers the British Islands. It eliminates all tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade between those islands, and creates a common external tariff with other countries.

References

  1. ↑ "Jersey Facts and Figures" . Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  2. 1 2 "COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS" (PDF). States of Jersey. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 "Jersey and the United Nations human rights treaties". www.bedellcristin.com. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  4. 1 2 "Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  5. ↑ "About Us - Maison de la Normandie et de la Manche".
  6. ↑ "Jersey-France tunnel plan talks". BBC News . 14 July 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  7. ↑ Jersey Evening Post, 23 September 2006
  8. ↑ "Meet our new foreign minister » News » This is Jersey". Jersey Evening Post. 14 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
  9. ↑ "A new role of great importance » Comment » This is Jersey". Editorial. Jersey Evening Post. 17 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-01-22. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
  10. ↑ The Committee Office, House of Commons (2010-03-30). "Royal Commission on the Constitution 1969–73; re-affirmed in the Framework for developing the international identity of Guernsey, signed in December 2008". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  11. ↑ "Government Response to the Justice Select Committee's report: Crown Dependencies" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  12. ↑ "Jersey represented at Lib Dems conference". States of Jersey. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  13. ↑ "Channel Island Ministers to meet with Irish Government". States of Guernsey. 4 September 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  14. ↑ "Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group". Statesassembly.gov.je. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  15. ↑ "Legal ideas of political importance » Comment » This is Jersey". Editorial. Jersey Evening Post. 21 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-07-02. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
  16. ↑ Andy Sibcy (17 September 2010). "Sovereignty or dependency on agenda at conference » News » This is Jersey". Jersey Evening Post. Archived from the original on 2011-07-02. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
  17. ↑ Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group (States Greffe, Jersey) http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/display_result.asp?url=\documents\reports\46527-24954-2762008.htm%5B%5D
  18. ↑ "Jersey threatens to break with UK over tax backlash". the Guardian. 2012-06-26. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  19. ↑ "Jersey is bluffing: independence would ruin its tax haven status | Nicholas Shaxson". the Guardian. 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  20. ↑ "Jersey Labour Market Statistics". gov.je. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  21. ↑ Targett, Tania (23 June 2018). "Independence 'may be only option if Brexit deal is bad'". jerseyeveningpost.com. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  22. ↑ "Jersey Independence 'Not Government Policy'". Channel 103. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  23. ↑ "Confederation of the Channel Islands: next steps?". Government of Jersey . Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  24. ↑ Morris, Michael (8 March 2019). "New calls for a Channel Islands' confederation". jerseyeveningpost.com. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  25. ↑ "Jersey fishermen want UK to force Guernsey to negotiate fishing rights". Guernsey press. 11 August 2015.
  26. ↑ Heath, Richard (22 May 2020). "'People say they are a bunch of bumbling idiots compared with us' – Guernsey politician launches scathing attack on Jersey government". jerseyeveningpost.com. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  27. ↑ Heath, Ian. "'Bumbling idiots' politician elected as Guernsey's Chief Minister". jerseyeveningpost.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  28. ↑ "Guernsey and Jersey begin recruiting for senior Brussels positions" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  29. ↑ "Double Tax Agreements with Guernsey and Isle of Man". 24 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  30. ↑ "Guernsey, Jersey and Isle of Man sign taxation agreement". BBC. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  31. ↑ "Crown Dependencies Join Forces On Money Laundering With New "Know Your Customer" Principles". Tax-News.com. 20 December 2000.
  32. ↑ "Channel Isles And IoM Discuss Joint Approach To EU Tax Directive". Tax-News.com. 2 September 2003. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  33. ↑ "JOINT APPROACH NEEDED TO EU". Isle of Man Today. 1 Sep 2003. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  34. ↑ "'Positive' meeting at Inter-Island conference". Isle of Man Newspapers. 7 Sep 2007.
  35. ↑ "Inter-island crown dependencies meeting". IFCFeed.com. 28 September 2009.
  36. ↑ "Crown Dependencies Summit Held". Tax-News.com. 30 May 2012.
  37. ↑ "Crown Dependencies e-Government meeting further strengthens working relationships". gov.im. 30 March 2015.
  38. ↑ "21st BIC Summit". BIC.
  39. ↑ "Creative Industries Ministerial Meeting held in Jersey today". BIC. 30 October 2015.
  40. ↑ "TAX INFORMATION EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS (TIEAs)" (PDF). Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  41. ↑ "Tax agreements signed with Brazil and Latvia" . Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  42. ↑ "Jersey placed on 'tax haven' blacklist". Bailiwick Express. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  43. ↑ "It's official, we are not tax havens – KPMG Channel Islands". KPMG. 2019-08-14. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  44. ↑ "Written evidence from States of Jersey". Chief Minister of Jersey. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  45. ↑ "Jersey signs up to Brexit trade deal". Bailiwick Express. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
  46. 1 2 3 Brandtjen, Roland (May 2022). "The impact of Brexit on the identity of small British-European nations". {{Small States & Territories Journal]]. 5 (1): 13–30.
  47. ↑ "Channel Islands appoint representative in Brussels", BBC News, 25 January 2011
  48. ↑ "Pêche. La Normandie et la Manche ferment leurs bureaux à Jersey". Ouest-France (in French). 3 May 2021.
  49. ↑ "Jersey-France tunnel plan talks". BBC News. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  50. ↑ "Jersey fishermen 'not celebrating' Brexit deal". BBC. 29 December 2020.
  51. 1 2 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 355(5)(c) TFEU states "the Treaties shall apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man only to the extent necessary to ensure the implementation of the arrangements for those islands set out in the Treaty concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community signed on 22 January 1972".
  52. ↑ "European Communities (Jersey) Law 1973". Jersey Legal Information Board . Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  53. ↑ See Sutton, Alastair (2005). "Jersey's changing constitutional relationship with Europe". Jersey Law Review. 9 (1). Retrieved 2013-01-14– via Jersey Legal Information Board.
  54. ↑ Judgment of the Court of 16 July 1998. Rui Alberto Pereira Roque v His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, ECLI:EU:C:1998:368
  55. ↑ States of Jersey Brexit Report, 31 January 2017, p. 7 https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblypropositions/2017/p.7-2017.pdf
  56. ↑ Sesit, M (17 September 1996). "Offshore Hazard: Isle of Jersey Proves Less Than a Haven to Currency Investors". The Wall Street Journal.
  57. ↑ States of Jersey (4 February 2008). "Status of Channel Islands in the European Union" (PDF). Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  58. ↑ States of Jersey. "Islander status". Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.