Guanine nucleotide-binding protein-like 3, also known as nucleostemin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNL3 gene. [4] [5] [6] It is found within the nucleolus that binds p53. [7] Nucleostemin regulates the cell cycle and affects cell differentiation, decreasing in amount as this differentiation progresses. [7] It is a marker for many stem cells and cancer cells. [8]
p53, also known as Tumor protein P53, cellular tumor antigen p53, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory protein that is often mutated in human cancers. The p53 proteins are crucial in vertebrates, where they prevent cancer formation. As such, p53 has been described as "the guardian of the genome" because of its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation. Hence TP53 is classified as a tumor suppressor gene.
Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL1 gene located on chromosome 9. c-Abl is sometimes used to refer to the version of the gene found within the mammalian genome, while v-Abl refers to the viral gene, which was initially isolated from the Abelson murine leukemia virus.
Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) also known as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MDM2 gene. Mdm2 is an important negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mdm2 protein functions both as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that recognizes the N-terminal trans-activation domain (TAD) of the p53 tumor suppressor and as an inhibitor of p53 transcriptional activation.
p21Cip1, also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) that is capable of inhibiting all cyclin/CDK complexes, though is primarily associated with inhibition of CDK2. p21 represents a major target of p53 activity and thus is associated with linking DNA damage to cell cycle arrest. This protein is encoded by the CDKN1A gene located on chromosome 6 (6p21.2) in humans.
p14ARF is an alternate reading frame protein product of the CDKN2A locus. p14ARF is induced in response to elevated mitogenic stimulation, such as aberrant growth signaling from MYC and Ras (protein). It accumulates mainly in the nucleolus where it forms stable complexes with NPM or Mdm2. These interactions allow p14ARF to act as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting ribosome biogenesis or initiating p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, respectively. p14ARF is an atypical protein, in terms of its transcription, its amino acid composition, and its degradation: it is transcribed in an alternate reading frame of a different protein, it is highly basic, and it is polyubiquinated at the N-terminus.
The p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) also known as Bcl-2-binding component 3 (BBC3), is a pro-apoptotic protein, member of the Bcl-2 protein family. In humans, the Bcl-2-binding component 3 protein is encoded by the BBC3 gene. The expression of PUMA is regulated by the tumor suppressor p53. PUMA is involved in p53-dependent and -independent apoptosis induced by a variety of signals, and is regulated by transcription factors, not by post-translational modifications. After activation, PUMA interacts with antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, thus freeing Bax and/or Bak which are then able to signal apoptosis to the mitochondria. Following mitochondrial dysfunction, the caspase cascade is activated ultimately leading to cell death.
P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), also known as K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2B (KAT2B), is a human gene and transcriptional coactivator associated with p53.
Transcription factor E2F1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the E2F1 gene.
60S ribosomal protein L5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL5 gene.
E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIAS1 gene.
Protein Mdm4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MDM4 gene.
Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) also known as Bcl2-binding protein (Bbp) and tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 2 (p53BP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53BP2 gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Forkhead box protein O4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXO4 gene.
60S ribosomal protein L11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL11 gene.
Cyclin-G1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCNG1 gene.
60S ribosomal protein L23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL23 gene.
Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R13B gene.
60S ribosomal protein L26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL26 gene.
Protein acetylation are acetylation reactions that occur within living cells as drug metabolism, by enzymes in the liver and other organs. Pharmaceuticals frequently employ acetylation to enable such esters to cross the blood–brain barrier, where they are deacetylated by enzymes (carboxylesterases) in a manner similar to acetylcholine. Examples of acetylated pharmaceuticals are diacetylmorphine (heroin), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), THC-O-acetate, and diacerein. Conversely, drugs such as isoniazid are acetylated within the liver during drug metabolism. A drug that depends on such metabolic transformations in order to act is termed a prodrug.
G protein nucleolar 3 like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNL3L gene.
 | This article on a gene on human chromosome 3 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
