Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 | |
---|---|
Constellation | Lepus |
Right ascension | 06h 10m 34.61494s [1] |
Declination | −21° 51′ 52.6564″ [1] |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 8.14 |
Characteristics | |
Evolutionary stage | Main sequence / Brown dwarf |
Spectral type | M1Ve / T7 [2] |
U−B color index | +1.222 [2] |
B−V color index | +1.478 [2] |
Variable type | Flare star |
Astrometry | |
Radial velocity (Rv) | 4.23±0.12 [1] km/s |
Proper motion (μ) | RA: −135.692(11) mas/yr [1] Dec.: −719.178(17) mas/yr [1] |
Parallax (π) | 173.5740 ± 0.0170 mas [1] |
Distance | 18.791 ± 0.002 ly (5.7612 ± 0.0006 pc) |
Absolute magnitude (MV) | 9.326 [3] |
Absolute bolometric magnitude (Mbol) | 7.96 [4] |
Orbit [3] [5] | |
Companion | Gliese 229 B |
Period (P) | 216.925+10.604 −10.352 yr |
Semi-major axis (a) | 28.933+1.008 −1.000 AU |
Eccentricity (e) | 0.853±0.002 |
Inclination (i) | 5.497+0.153 −0.162° |
Longitude of the node (Ω) | 145.946+0.306 −0.294° |
Periastron epoch (T) | 2466912+97 −63 |
Argument of periastron (ω) (secondary) | 358.285+0.836 −0.846° |
Semi-amplitude (K1) (primary) | 0.081674+0.001688 −0.001680 km/s |
Details | |
A | |
Mass | 0.579 [3] M☉ |
Radius | 0.69 [6] R☉ |
Luminosity (bolometric) | 0.0430 [3] L☉ |
Luminosity (visual, LV) | 0.0158 [nb 1] L☉ |
Temperature | 3,700 [4] K |
Rotation | 27.3±0.2 d [7] |
Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 1 [8] km/s |
B | |
Mass | 60.423+2.339 −2.379 [5] MJup |
Radius | 1.105±0.025 [9] RJup |
Luminosity (bolometric) | ~0.000011 L☉ |
Surface gravity (log g) | 4.93+0.02 −0.03 [9] cgs |
Temperature | 869+5 −7 [9] K |
Other designations | |
Database references | |
SIMBAD | A |
B | |
Location of Gliese 229 in the constellation Lepus |
Gliese 229 (also written as Gl 229 or GJ 229) is a binary system composed of a red dwarf and the first brown dwarf seen by astronomers, 18.8 light years away in the constellation Lepus. The primary component has 58% of the mass of the Sun, [3] 69% of the Sun's radius, [6] and a very low projected rotation velocity of 1 km/s at the stellar equator. [8]
The star is known to be a low activity flare star, which means it undergoes random increases in luminosity because of magnetic activity at the surface. The spectrum shows emission lines of calcium in the H and K bands. The emission of X-rays has been detected from the corona of this star. [10] These may be caused by magnetic loops interacting with the gas of the star's outer atmosphere. No large-scale star spot activity has been detected. [2]
The space velocity components of this star are U = +12, V = –11 and W = –12 km/s. [11] The orbit of this star through the Milky Way galaxy has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an orbital inclination of 0.005. [2]
A substellar companion was discovered in 1994 by Caltech astronomers Kulkarni, Tadashi Nakajima, Keith Matthews, and Rebecca Oppenheimer, and Johns Hopkins scientists Sam Durrance and David Golimowski. It was confirmed in 1995 as Gliese 229B, [12] [13] It was the first confirmed brown dwarf. Although too small to sustain hydrogen-burning nuclear fusion as in a main sequence star, with a mass of around 40 to 60 times that of Jupiter (0.06 solar masses), [5] [9] it is still too massive to be a planet. As a brown dwarf, its core temperature is high enough to initiate the fusion of deuterium with a proton to form helium-3, but it is thought that it used up all its deuterium fuel long ago. [14] This object has a surface temperature of 950 K. [15]
The most recent parameters for Gliese 229 B as of 2022 come from a combination of data from radial velocity, astrometry, and imaging, showing that it is about 60.4 times the mass of Jupiter, and on an eccentric orbit with a semi-major axis of about 28.9 AU and an orbital period of about 217 years. [5]
Inconsistencies between the measured mass and luminosity of Gliese 229 B suggest that it may in fact be an unresolved binary brown dwarf. [3] [16]
In March 2014, a super-Neptune mass planet candidate was announced in a much closer-in orbit around GJ 229. [17] Given the proximity to the Sun, the orbit of GJ 229 Ab might be fully characterized by the Gaia space-astrometry mission or via direct imaging. In 2020, a super-Earth mass planet was discovered around GJ 229. GJ 229 Ac orbits the star closer in than GJ 229 Ab, located towards the outer edge but still well inside the star's habitable zone and in that sense similar to Mars in our own Solar System. While considering GJ 229 Ab an unconfirmed candidate, the study estimated a significantly lower minimum mass for it. [18] As of 2022 [update] , most sources consider both planets to be confirmed. [5] [19] [20] [21]
Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
c | ≥7.268±1.256 M🜨 | 0.339±0.011 | 121.995±0.161 | 0.19±0.08 | — | — |
b | ≥8.478±2.033 M🜨 | 0.898±0.031 | 526.115±4.300 | 0.10±0.06 | — | — |
If the planets Gliese 229 Ab & c orbit in the same plane as the brown dwarf Gliese 229 B, their true masses would be significantly greater than their minimum masses, making them both nearly as massive as Saturn. [nb 2]
Gliese 570 is a quaternary star system approximately 19 light-years away. The primary star is an orange dwarf star. The other secondary stars are themselves a binary system, two red dwarfs that orbit the primary star. A brown dwarf has been confirmed to be orbiting in the system. In 1998, an extrasolar planet was thought to orbit the primary star, but it was discounted in 2000.
Gliese 876 is a red dwarf star 15.2 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. It is one of the closest known stars to the Sun confirmed to possess a planetary system with more than two planets, after GJ 1061, YZ Ceti, Tau Ceti, and Wolf 1061; as of 2018, four extrasolar planets have been found to orbit the star. The planetary system is also notable for the orbital properties of its planets. It is the only known system of orbital companions to exhibit a near-triple conjunction in the rare phenomenon of Laplace resonance. It is also the first extrasolar system around a normal star with measured coplanarity. While planets b and c are located in the system's habitable zone, they are giant planets believed to be analogous to Jupiter.
Gliese 436 is a red dwarf located 31.9 light-years away in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.67, which is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye. However, it can be viewed with even a modest telescope of 2.4 in (6 cm) aperture. In 2004, the existence of an extrasolar planet, Gliese 436 b, was verified as orbiting the star. This planet was later discovered to transit its host star.
Gliese 674(GJ 674) is a small red dwarf star with an exoplanetary companion in the southern constellation of Ara. It is too faint to be visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 9.38 and an absolute magnitude of 11.09. The system is located at a distance of 14.8 light-years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −2.9 km/s. It is a candidate member of the 200 million year old Castor stream of co-moving stars.
Gliese 105 is a triple star system in the constellation of Cetus. It is located relatively near the Sun at a distance of 23.6 light-years. Despite this, even the brightest component is barely visible with the unaided eye (see Bortle scale). No planets have yet been detected around any of the stars in this system.
Gliese 849, or GJ 849, is a small, solitary star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. It has a reddish hue and is invisible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 10.41. The distance to this star is 28.8 light-years based on parallax, but it is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −15.3 km/s. It has a pair of confirmed gas giant companions.
Gliese 832 is a red dwarf of spectral type M2V in the southern constellation Grus. The apparent visual magnitude of 8.66 means that it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. It is located relatively close to the Sun, at a distance of 16.2 light years and has a high proper motion of 818.16 milliarcseconds per year. Gliese 832 has just under half the mass and radius of the Sun. Its estimated rotation period is a relatively leisurely 46 days. The star is roughly 6 billion years old.
Gliese 317 is a small red dwarf star with two exoplanetary companions in the southern constellation of Pyxis. It is located at a distance of 49.6 light-years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +87.8 km/s. This star is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 11.98 and an absolute magnitude of 11.06.
Gliese 86 is a K-type main-sequence star approximately 35 light-years away in the constellation of Eridanus. It has been confirmed that a white dwarf orbits the primary star. In 1998 the European Southern Observatory announced that an extrasolar planet was orbiting the star.
Gliese 176 is a small star with an orbiting exoplanet in the constellation of Taurus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 9.95, it is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. It is located at a distance of 30.9 light years based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a heliocentric radial velocity of 26.4 km/s.
Gliese 752 is a binary star system in the Aquila constellation. This system is relatively nearby, at a distance of 19.3 light-years.
Gliese 676 is a 10th-magnitude wide binary system of red dwarfs that has an estimated minimum separation of 800 AU with an orbital period of greater than 20,000 years. It is located approximately 54 light years away in the constellation Ara. In 2009, a gas giant was found in orbit around the primary star, in addition to its confirmation in 2011 there was also a strong indication of a companion; the second gas giant was characterised in 2012, along with two much smaller planets.
Gliese 758 is a star in the northern constellation of Lyra. At about magnitude 6 it is a challenge to view with the naked eye even in good seeing conditions, but can be easily seen through a small telescope or binoculars. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos mission give it an estimated distance of around 50.9 light-years from Earth.
Gliese 163 is a faint red dwarf star with multiple exoplanetary companions in the southern constellation of Dorado. Other stellar catalog names for it include HIP 19394 and LHS 188. It is too faint to be visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 11.79 and an absolute magnitude of 10.91. This system is located at a distance of 49.4 light-years from the Sun based on parallax measurements. Judging by its space velocity components, it is most likely a thick disk star.
Gliese 221, also known as BD-06 1339, is a star with an exoplanetary companion in the equatorial constellation of Orion. It is too faint to be visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 9.70 and an absolute magnitude of 8.15. Using parallax measurements, the distance to this system can be estimated as 66.2 light-years. It is receding from the Sun with a radial velocity of +23 km/s. This is a high proper motion star, traversing the celestial sphere at an angular rate of 0.333″·yr−1.
Gliese 754 is a dim star in the southern constellation of Telescopium. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 12.25, which requires a telescope to view. The star is located at a distance of 19.3 light-years from the Sun based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +7 km/s. It is one of the hundred closest stars to the Solar System. Calculations of its orbit around the Milky Way showed that it is eccentric, and indicate that it might be a thick disk object.
Gliese 180, is a small red dwarf star in the equatorial constellation of Eridanus. It is invisible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 10.9. The star is located at a distance of 39 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −14.6 km/s. It has a high proper motion, traversing the sky at the rate of 0.765 arcseconds per year.
Gliese 251, also known as HIP 33226 or HD 265866, is a star located about 18 light years away from the Solar System. Located in the constellation of Gemini, it is the nearest star in this constellation. It is located near the boundary with Auriga, 49 arcminutes away from the bright star Theta Geminorum; due to its apparent magnitude of +9.89 it cannot be observed with the naked eye. The closest star to Gliese 251 is QY Aurigae, which is located 3.5 light years away.
Gliese 514, also known as BD+11 2576 or HIP 65859, is a M-type main-sequence star, in the constellation Virgo 24.85 light-years away from the Sun. The proximity of Gliese 514 to the Sun was known exactly since 1988.