Gymnostoma

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Gymnostoma
Gymnostoma deplancheanum.jpg
Gymnostoma deplancheanum , very old specimen, near Prony, New Caledonia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Casuarinaceae
Genus: Gymnostoma
L.A.S.Johnson [1] [2]
Species

See text

Gymnostoma poissonianum Cultivated, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. Oct. 2002. Scott Zona from Miami, Florida, USA Gymnostoma poissonianum (Scott Zona) 002.jpg
Gymnostoma poissonianum Cultivated, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. Oct. 2002. Scott Zona from Miami, Florida, USA
Gymnostoma poissonianum Mt. Dzumac, New Caledonia, Sep 2000. Scott Zona from Miami, Florida, USA Gymnostoma poissonianum (Scott Zona) 001.jpg
Gymnostoma poissonianum Mt. Dzumac, New Caledonia, Sep 2000. Scott Zona from Miami, Florida, USA

Gymnostoma is a genus of about eighteen species of trees and shrubs, constituting one of the four genera of the plant family Casuarinaceae. [1] [2] [3] [4] The species grow naturally in the tropics, including at high elevations having temperate climates, in forests in the region of the western Pacific Ocean and Malesia. In New Caledonia, published botanical science describes eight species found growing naturally, which botanists have not found anywhere else (endemics). [5] Other species are native to Borneo, Sumatra, Maluku, and New Guinea, [6] and one endemic species each in Fiji and the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia. [7]

The genus was first scientifically described by Lawrie A. S. Johnson in 1980. [1] Many of the Gymnostoma species combinations of names (binomials) were described by him in 1982. [3] As of 2013, a global total of eighteen species have been found and described. [8] [9]

The majority of the species grow in rainforests, in the habitats of open, sunny, long-term gaps, from river bank (riparian) situations through to mountain top situations. In New Caledonia two endemic species G. chamaecyparis and G. deplancheanum have specialised adaptations, growing in wet "shrub maquis and paraforest maquis formations. G. chamaecyparis is associated with hypermagnesian soils (hypermagnesian inceptisol) below 600 m altitude at the base of ultramafic massifs. G. deplancheanum occurs on ferralitic ferritic desaturated hardpan or gravelly soils (oxisol) on the southern massif at altitudes between 200 and 1,000 m". [5]

Species

There are 14 formally described species: [10] [6]

There are approximately four additional species, found in New Guinea and collections preserved, that are awaiting formal description. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Casuarinaceae</span> Family of plants

The Casuarinaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Fagales, consisting of four genera and 91 species of trees and shrubs native to eastern Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, and the Pacific Islands. At one time, all species were placed in the genus Casuarina. Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson separated out many of those species and renamed them into the new genera of Gymnostoma in 1980 and 1982, Allocasuarina in 1982, and Ceuthostoma in 1988, with some additional formal descriptions of new species in each other genus. At the time, it was somewhat controversial. The monophyly of these genera was later supported in a 2003 phylogenetic study of the family. In the Wettstein system, this family was the only one placed in the order Verticillatae. Likewise, in the Engler, Cronquist, and Kubitzki systems, the Casuarinaceae were the only family placed in the order Casuarinales.

<i>Alectryon</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Alectryon is a genus of about 30 species of trees and shrubs from the family Sapindaceae. They grow naturally across Australasia, Papuasia, Melanesia, western Polynesia, east Malesia and Southeast Asia, including across mainland Australia, especially diverse in eastern Queensland and New South Wales, the Torres Strait Islands, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Hawaii, Indonesia and the Philippines. They grow in a wide variety of natural habitats, from rainforests, gallery forests and coastal forests to arid savannas and heaths.

<i>Casuarina</i> Genus of trees

Casuarina, also known as she-oak, Australian pine and native pine, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Casuarinaceae, and is native to Australia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, islands of the western Pacific Ocean, and eastern Africa.

<i>Cupaniopsis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Cupaniopsis is a genus of about 67 species of trees and shrubs of the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. They grow naturally in New Guinea, New Caledonia, Australia, Torres Strait Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Sulawesi, Micronesia. Many species have been threatened with extinction globally or nationally, with official recognition by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and several national and state governments.

Pilidiostigma is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. All species occur in Australia and one, P. papuanum, also occurs in Papua New Guinea. They are not generally known to horticulture. The species P. sessile is rare.

<i>Harpullia</i> Genus of trees

Harpullia is a genus of about 27 species of small to medium-sized rainforest trees from the family Sapindaceae. They have a wide distribution ranging from India eastwards through Malesia, Papuasia and Australasia to the Pacific Islands. They grow naturally usually in or on the margins of rainforests or associated vegetation.

<i>Jagera</i> (plant) Genus of trees

Jagera is a genus of 4 species of forest trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

<i>Canarium australianum</i> Species of plant in the family Burseraceae

Canarium australianum, commonly known as scrub turpentine, is a species of tree in the family Burseraceae native to Australia and Papua New Guinea. Other common names include mango bark, carrot wood, parsnip wood, Melville Island white beech and brown cudgerie.

<i>Arytera</i> Genus of flowering plants

Arytera is a genus of about twenty–eight species known to science, of trees and shrubs and constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae. They grow naturally in New Guinea, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Australia, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga; and the most widespread species and type species A. littoralis grows throughout Malesia and across Southeast Asia, from NE. India, southern China, Borneo, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines to as far east as New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.

<i>Elattostachys</i> Genus of flowering plants

Elattostachys is a genus of about 21 species of trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

<i>Storckiella</i> Genus of legumes

Storckiella is a genus of four recognised species of trees, of the plant family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Dialioideae. They grow naturally in New Caledonia, Fiji and Australia.

<i>Pseuduvaria</i> Genus of plants

Pseuduvaria is a genus of the plant family Annonaceae and tribe Miliuseae: with a native range is Tropical Asia.

<i>Gymnostoma australianum</i> Species of tree in the family Casuarinaceae

Gymnostoma australianum, commonly known as the Daintree pine or Daintree oak, is a species of small tree which is endemic to a restricted area of the Daintree tropical rainforests region, within the Wet Tropics of north-eastern Queensland, Australia. It is a member of the plant family Casuarinaceae, often named she-oaks, members of which are characterised by drooping equisetoid evergreen foliage, and separate male and female flowers (unisexual). Superficially they look like well known scale–leaved gymnosperm trees species, such as Cupressus in the northern hemisphere and Callitris in the southern hemisphere.

Ceuthostoma is a genus of two species of trees, constituting part of the plant family Casuarinaceae.

Hollandaea is a small genus of plants in the family Proteaceae containing four species of Australian rainforest trees. All four species are endemic to restricted areas of the Wet Tropics of northeast Queensland.

<i>Mischarytera</i> Genus of plants

Mischarytera is a genus of rainforest trees, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae. Four species are known to science as of December 2013, found growing naturally in eastern Queensland, Australia, and in New Guinea. Formerly until 1995, they had names within the genus Arytera, subgenus Mischarytera.

<i>Sarcotoechia</i> Genus of trees

Sarcotoechia is a genus of tropical rainforest trees, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

<i>Synima</i> Genus of trees

Synima is a genus of tropical rainforest trees, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

Cnesmocarpon is a genus of 4 species of rainforest trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae.

<i>Gillbeea</i> Genus of flowering plants

Gillbeea is a genus of three species of Australasian rainforest trees from the family Cunoniaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Johnson, Lawrie A. S. (1980). "Notes on Casuarinaceae". Telopea. (Online page archive version, link via APNI Gymnostoma ref's). 2 (1): 83–84. doi:10.7751/telopea19804114. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 "Gymnostoma%". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) database (listing by % wildcard matching of all taxa relevant to Australia). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 15 Nov 2013.
  3. 1 2 Johnson, Lawrie A. S. (23 December 1982). "Notes on the Casuarinaceae II" (PDF). Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 6 (1): 73–87. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  4. Johnson, Lawrie A. S. (1988). "Notes on Casuarinaceae III: The new genus Ceuthostoma". Telopea. (Online page archive version, link via APNI Ceuthostoma ref's). 3 (2): 133–137. doi: 10.7751/telopea19884801 . A synoptic key for the four genera of the family is given.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jaffré, Tanguy; Gauthier, Daniel; Rigault, Frédéric; McCoy, Stéphane (1994). "Les Casuarinacées endémiques - Caractéristiques écologiques et nutritionnelles" [The Endemic Casuarinaceae (of New Caledonia) – Ecological and Nutritional Characteristics](PDF). Bois et Forêts des Tropiques (in French and English) (242 New Caledonia Special). ORSOM (Nouvelle-Calédonie): 31–43.
  6. 1 2 Govaerts R. "Gymnostoma L.A.S.Johnson". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  7. "Gymnostoma L.A.S.Johnson". Atlas of Living Australia.
  8. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Casuarinaceae". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  9. "Gymnostoma". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
  10. "The Plant List entry for Gymnostoma". The Plant List, v.1.1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. September 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  11. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Gymnostoma australianum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  12. Conn, Barry J. (2013) [2008+]. "Gymnostoma" (Online, from pngplants.org/PNGCensus). Census of Vascular Plants of Papua New Guinea. Retrieved 15 November 2013.